David Skarbek
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190672492
- eISBN:
- 9780190090234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190672492.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Chapter 4 discusses the case of the Andersonville Prisoner of War Camp established during the American Civil War, which stands out as one of the most brutal and deadly camps then in operation. It ...
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Chapter 4 discusses the case of the Andersonville Prisoner of War Camp established during the American Civil War, which stands out as one of the most brutal and deadly camps then in operation. It describes how officials provided shockingly few resources, no basic infrastructure, and essentially no governance within the facility. However, prisoners themselves did little to organize because there were few benefits from doing so. There was no access to outside economic activity, no trade was possible, and there were few natural resources within the perimeter of the camp. As such, there were no gains from acting collectively. As chapter 4 explains, the case of Andersonville shows that governance institutions do not emerge automatically, even in the face of state failure.Less
Chapter 4 discusses the case of the Andersonville Prisoner of War Camp established during the American Civil War, which stands out as one of the most brutal and deadly camps then in operation. It describes how officials provided shockingly few resources, no basic infrastructure, and essentially no governance within the facility. However, prisoners themselves did little to organize because there were few benefits from doing so. There was no access to outside economic activity, no trade was possible, and there were few natural resources within the perimeter of the camp. As such, there were no gains from acting collectively. As chapter 4 explains, the case of Andersonville shows that governance institutions do not emerge automatically, even in the face of state failure.
Suzannah Linton (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199643288
- eISBN:
- 9780191749070
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199643288.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British military held forty-six trials in Hong Kong in which 123 defendants, from Japan and Formosa (Taiwan), were tried for war crimes. This book ...
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In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British military held forty-six trials in Hong Kong in which 123 defendants, from Japan and Formosa (Taiwan), were tried for war crimes. This book provides a legal analysis of these trials. The subject matter of the trials spanned war crimes committed during the fall of Hong Kong, its occupation, and in the period after the capitulation following the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but before the formal surrender. They included killings of hors de combat, abuses in prisoner-of-war camps, abuse and murder of civilians during the military occupation, forced labour, and offences on the High Seas. The events adjudicated included those from Hong Kong, China, Japan, the High Seas, and Formosa (Taiwan). Taking place in the same historical period as the more famous Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, the Hong Kong war crimes trials provide key insights into events of the time, and the development of international criminal law and procedure in this period. The book examines these trials in detail, placing them in their historical context, investigating how the courts conducted their proceedings and adjudicated acts alleged to be war crimes, and evaluating the extent to which the Hong Kong trials contributed to the development of contemporary issues, such as joint criminal enterprise and superior orders. There is also comparative analysis with contemporaneous proceedings, such as the Australian War Crimes trials, trials in China, and those conducted by the British in Singapore and Germany, placing them within the wider history of international justice.Less
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British military held forty-six trials in Hong Kong in which 123 defendants, from Japan and Formosa (Taiwan), were tried for war crimes. This book provides a legal analysis of these trials. The subject matter of the trials spanned war crimes committed during the fall of Hong Kong, its occupation, and in the period after the capitulation following the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but before the formal surrender. They included killings of hors de combat, abuses in prisoner-of-war camps, abuse and murder of civilians during the military occupation, forced labour, and offences on the High Seas. The events adjudicated included those from Hong Kong, China, Japan, the High Seas, and Formosa (Taiwan). Taking place in the same historical period as the more famous Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, the Hong Kong war crimes trials provide key insights into events of the time, and the development of international criminal law and procedure in this period. The book examines these trials in detail, placing them in their historical context, investigating how the courts conducted their proceedings and adjudicated acts alleged to be war crimes, and evaluating the extent to which the Hong Kong trials contributed to the development of contemporary issues, such as joint criminal enterprise and superior orders. There is also comparative analysis with contemporaneous proceedings, such as the Australian War Crimes trials, trials in China, and those conducted by the British in Singapore and Germany, placing them within the wider history of international justice.
Peter Zinoman
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520224124
- eISBN:
- 9780520925175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520224124.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter traces the possible origins of the ill-disciplined prison system in French Indochina. It explains that the establishment of a colonial prison system in French Indochina during the ...
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This chapter traces the possible origins of the ill-disciplined prison system in French Indochina. It explains that the establishment of a colonial prison system in French Indochina during the nineteenth century coincided with the emergence of the modern penitentiary in Europe and the U.S. which focused on modifying inmate behavior through a series of coercive and corrective practices. It also discusses the evolution of the colonial prison, the prisoner-of-war camp, and the tightfisted character of the colonial state and its stubborn refusal to provide the resources necessary for the creation of a truly disciplinary penal system.Less
This chapter traces the possible origins of the ill-disciplined prison system in French Indochina. It explains that the establishment of a colonial prison system in French Indochina during the nineteenth century coincided with the emergence of the modern penitentiary in Europe and the U.S. which focused on modifying inmate behavior through a series of coercive and corrective practices. It also discusses the evolution of the colonial prison, the prisoner-of-war camp, and the tightfisted character of the colonial state and its stubborn refusal to provide the resources necessary for the creation of a truly disciplinary penal system.
Birgit Menzel
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813175416
- eISBN:
- 9780813175447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813175416.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Reinhard Nachtigal addresses the fate of the nearly 7 million prisoners of war in Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary and the challenges they both encountered and created in the early phase of the ...
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Reinhard Nachtigal addresses the fate of the nearly 7 million prisoners of war in Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary and the challenges they both encountered and created in the early phase of the First World War. Among the issues discussed in this comparative analysis of prisoner of war camps are the different treatment prisoners were accorded based on nationality or ethnicity, the incidence of epidemics, housing shortages for inmates, enemy combatants used as a workforce for the custodial country, and abuse of prisoners.Less
Reinhard Nachtigal addresses the fate of the nearly 7 million prisoners of war in Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary and the challenges they both encountered and created in the early phase of the First World War. Among the issues discussed in this comparative analysis of prisoner of war camps are the different treatment prisoners were accorded based on nationality or ethnicity, the incidence of epidemics, housing shortages for inmates, enemy combatants used as a workforce for the custodial country, and abuse of prisoners.
Jenna M. Loyd and Alison Mountz
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520287969
- eISBN:
- 9780520962965
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520287969.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Chapter 4 examines how migrant detention became one part of the vast carceral landscape in Florence and Eloy, Arizona. Neither proximity to the border nor privatization adequately explains the ...
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Chapter 4 examines how migrant detention became one part of the vast carceral landscape in Florence and Eloy, Arizona. Neither proximity to the border nor privatization adequately explains the patchwork of carceral facilities in this central Arizona locale. Rather, the landscape of migrant detention builds on multiple histories of confinement, including WWII prisoner of war camps and Florence’s status as Arizona’s prison town, thereby setting the stage to examine the growing interconnections between migrant detention and the burgeoning prison system. The chapter further explores the legal histories of expulsion that form the basis for the development of “criminal alien” legislation, bolstering rationales for detention construction.Less
Chapter 4 examines how migrant detention became one part of the vast carceral landscape in Florence and Eloy, Arizona. Neither proximity to the border nor privatization adequately explains the patchwork of carceral facilities in this central Arizona locale. Rather, the landscape of migrant detention builds on multiple histories of confinement, including WWII prisoner of war camps and Florence’s status as Arizona’s prison town, thereby setting the stage to examine the growing interconnections between migrant detention and the burgeoning prison system. The chapter further explores the legal histories of expulsion that form the basis for the development of “criminal alien” legislation, bolstering rationales for detention construction.
Eugene Marlow
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496817990
- eISBN:
- 9781496818034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496817990.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
During World War II, the Japanese constructed prisoner of war camps in fifteen countries, including China. These camps numbered approximately 240. The Japanese—whose attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 ...
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During World War II, the Japanese constructed prisoner of war camps in fifteen countries, including China. These camps numbered approximately 240. The Japanese—whose attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 brought the United States into World War II— saw their global role as manifest destiny, particularly with respect to China. Militarist Japan's attempt to conquer China began by seizing Manchuria in 1931 and became a full-fledged invasion from 1937 [when they attacked Shanghai] to 1945. This chapters shows that American jazz musicians—all of whom were playing in Shanghai—were not immune to the Japanese invasion and occupation. Some landed in internment camps in China and the Philippines.Less
During World War II, the Japanese constructed prisoner of war camps in fifteen countries, including China. These camps numbered approximately 240. The Japanese—whose attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 brought the United States into World War II— saw their global role as manifest destiny, particularly with respect to China. Militarist Japan's attempt to conquer China began by seizing Manchuria in 1931 and became a full-fledged invasion from 1937 [when they attacked Shanghai] to 1945. This chapters shows that American jazz musicians—all of whom were playing in Shanghai—were not immune to the Japanese invasion and occupation. Some landed in internment camps in China and the Philippines.
Fred L. Borch
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198777168
- eISBN:
- 9780191822964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198777168.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The 300,000 Europeans and Eurasians residing in the Indies in March 1942 soon learned that the Japanese occupiers planned to implement political, economic, and cultural policies that would integrate ...
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The 300,000 Europeans and Eurasians residing in the Indies in March 1942 soon learned that the Japanese occupiers planned to implement political, economic, and cultural policies that would integrate the newly “liberated” colony into the “Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere.” This goal of “Japanization” was to transform everyone living in the Indies into loyal subjects of the Emperor, with one important exception: “Asia for the Asians” meant there was no place for the white race in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI). Additionally, the Japanese in the archipelago were true believers in the warrior code of Bushido, which led to widespread mistreatment of prisoners of war and spilled-over into the treatment of civilian internees. This chapter explains how the Japanese intended to eradicate Dutch civilization and how the “Asia for the Asians” philosophy and Bushido code of behavior resulted in the commission of horrific war crimes, especially against whites and Eurasians.Less
The 300,000 Europeans and Eurasians residing in the Indies in March 1942 soon learned that the Japanese occupiers planned to implement political, economic, and cultural policies that would integrate the newly “liberated” colony into the “Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere.” This goal of “Japanization” was to transform everyone living in the Indies into loyal subjects of the Emperor, with one important exception: “Asia for the Asians” meant there was no place for the white race in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI). Additionally, the Japanese in the archipelago were true believers in the warrior code of Bushido, which led to widespread mistreatment of prisoners of war and spilled-over into the treatment of civilian internees. This chapter explains how the Japanese intended to eradicate Dutch civilization and how the “Asia for the Asians” philosophy and Bushido code of behavior resulted in the commission of horrific war crimes, especially against whites and Eurasians.
