David M. Day and Margit Wiesner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479880058
- eISBN:
- 9781479888276
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479880058.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This book is a nontechnical, accessible, scholarly volume about criminal trajectories within a developmental context. The book provides a comprehensive overview of criminal trajectories as a concept ...
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This book is a nontechnical, accessible, scholarly volume about criminal trajectories within a developmental context. The book provides a comprehensive overview of criminal trajectories as a concept and methodology. It addresses the complexities, controversies, findings, and applications from the rich criminal trajectory literature. It synthesizes material from the current literature in a range of fields, including developmental psychology, developmental and life-course criminology, quantitative methods, and crime prevention, to illustrate the theoretical, empirical, and practical utility of considering the heterogeneity underlying offender populations (i.e., of criminal trajectories) in the conceptualization, response to, and prevention of crime. Each chapter ends with suggested supplemental readings.Less
This book is a nontechnical, accessible, scholarly volume about criminal trajectories within a developmental context. The book provides a comprehensive overview of criminal trajectories as a concept and methodology. It addresses the complexities, controversies, findings, and applications from the rich criminal trajectory literature. It synthesizes material from the current literature in a range of fields, including developmental psychology, developmental and life-course criminology, quantitative methods, and crime prevention, to illustrate the theoretical, empirical, and practical utility of considering the heterogeneity underlying offender populations (i.e., of criminal trajectories) in the conceptualization, response to, and prevention of crime. Each chapter ends with suggested supplemental readings.
Marilyn May Vihman
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- December 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198793564
- eISBN:
- 9780191835346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198793564.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter adds longitudinal analyses of children learning two languages not yet included here, Lebanese Arabic and Brazilian Portuguese. It then looks at two more children learning British ...
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This chapter adds longitudinal analyses of children learning two languages not yet included here, Lebanese Arabic and Brazilian Portuguese. It then looks at two more children learning British English, a diary and an observational study, each of which permits closer examination of the emergence and facing of templates. The chapter then reviews a study of expressive late talkers, providing a procedure for quantifying template use and illustrating it with analyses of three British late talkers with good comprehension skills. The study was too small to draw firm conclusions, but it did show that for late talkers, unlike typically developing children, templates may prove more of a hindrance than a help in phonological and lexical advance. In concluding the chapter considers the function of child templates, noting ways in which they may be supporting of word learning for children whose strongest phonetic limitations fall within the first two years.Less
This chapter adds longitudinal analyses of children learning two languages not yet included here, Lebanese Arabic and Brazilian Portuguese. It then looks at two more children learning British English, a diary and an observational study, each of which permits closer examination of the emergence and facing of templates. The chapter then reviews a study of expressive late talkers, providing a procedure for quantifying template use and illustrating it with analyses of three British late talkers with good comprehension skills. The study was too small to draw firm conclusions, but it did show that for late talkers, unlike typically developing children, templates may prove more of a hindrance than a help in phonological and lexical advance. In concluding the chapter considers the function of child templates, noting ways in which they may be supporting of word learning for children whose strongest phonetic limitations fall within the first two years.
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190069797
- eISBN:
- 9780190069834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190069797.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Gerontology and Ageing
This chapter presents a review of the research and theorizing about age and crime as depicted in control theory. It critiques psychological and sociological studies of the meaning of the age–crime ...
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This chapter presents a review of the research and theorizing about age and crime as depicted in control theory. It critiques psychological and sociological studies of the meaning of the age–crime relationship. It also discusses testing general theory when age is a direct cause of crime, methods of accounting for the age–crime relationship in criminology, and the value of typologies and statistical treatments of age and crime. The accumulated evidence from the best research supports the conclusion that statistical and theoretical models meant to account for the age effect in criminology lack empirical and methodological support. As a result, the best stance for criminology, in both theory and policy, is to assume a direct effect for age. Implications for juvenile justice and the role of age in separate systems for adults and juveniles are discussed.Less
This chapter presents a review of the research and theorizing about age and crime as depicted in control theory. It critiques psychological and sociological studies of the meaning of the age–crime relationship. It also discusses testing general theory when age is a direct cause of crime, methods of accounting for the age–crime relationship in criminology, and the value of typologies and statistical treatments of age and crime. The accumulated evidence from the best research supports the conclusion that statistical and theoretical models meant to account for the age effect in criminology lack empirical and methodological support. As a result, the best stance for criminology, in both theory and policy, is to assume a direct effect for age. Implications for juvenile justice and the role of age in separate systems for adults and juveniles are discussed.
Abbie E. Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190692032
- eISBN:
- 9780190692063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190692032.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter draws from interview data at multiple phases of the family life cycle (preadoption, 3 months postadoption, 5 years postadoption, and 8 years postadoption) to describe the diverse ...
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This chapter draws from interview data at multiple phases of the family life cycle (preadoption, 3 months postadoption, 5 years postadoption, and 8 years postadoption) to describe the diverse patterns of adoptive–birth family relationships that unfolded, from the perspective of parents who pursued private domestic adoptions. The chapter addresses the intersecting dimensions of structural and communicative openness, with attention to how they change over time. It outlines a typology of contact dynamics over time, such that couples were classified as embodying one of these patterns: (a) low enthusiasm for openness maintained, little contact; (b) increasing enthusiasm for openness, some contact; (c) increasing enthusiasm for openness, little contact; (d) high enthusiasm for openness maintained, some contact; (e) high enthusiasm for openness maintained, no contact; (f) decreasing enthusiasm for openness amid boundary challenges, contact terminated or reduced; and (g) enthusiasm for openness maintained amid boundary challenges, contact maintained.Less
This chapter draws from interview data at multiple phases of the family life cycle (preadoption, 3 months postadoption, 5 years postadoption, and 8 years postadoption) to describe the diverse patterns of adoptive–birth family relationships that unfolded, from the perspective of parents who pursued private domestic adoptions. The chapter addresses the intersecting dimensions of structural and communicative openness, with attention to how they change over time. It outlines a typology of contact dynamics over time, such that couples were classified as embodying one of these patterns: (a) low enthusiasm for openness maintained, little contact; (b) increasing enthusiasm for openness, some contact; (c) increasing enthusiasm for openness, little contact; (d) high enthusiasm for openness maintained, some contact; (e) high enthusiasm for openness maintained, no contact; (f) decreasing enthusiasm for openness amid boundary challenges, contact terminated or reduced; and (g) enthusiasm for openness maintained amid boundary challenges, contact maintained.
Abbie E. Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190692032
- eISBN:
- 9780190692063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190692032.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter traces how parents communicate about adoption with their children over time, with attention to how children’s developmental stage reflects and impacts parents’ approach to talking about ...
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This chapter traces how parents communicate about adoption with their children over time, with attention to how children’s developmental stage reflects and impacts parents’ approach to talking about adoption—and the topic of families more generally and the topic of race specifically. Many parents described an awareness of and commitment to communicative openness. However, not all parents believed that it was necessary to talk about adoption—possibly reflecting a desire to avoid talking about difference (Kirk, 1964) and their own concerns about the consequences of doing so. Among the themes discussed include adoption talk at various stages, the role of the child in shaping the nature of adoption talk, and the possibility for difficult but honest questions and conversations to unfold over time.Less
This chapter traces how parents communicate about adoption with their children over time, with attention to how children’s developmental stage reflects and impacts parents’ approach to talking about adoption—and the topic of families more generally and the topic of race specifically. Many parents described an awareness of and commitment to communicative openness. However, not all parents believed that it was necessary to talk about adoption—possibly reflecting a desire to avoid talking about difference (Kirk, 1964) and their own concerns about the consequences of doing so. Among the themes discussed include adoption talk at various stages, the role of the child in shaping the nature of adoption talk, and the possibility for difficult but honest questions and conversations to unfold over time.
David M. Day and Margit Wiesner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479880058
- eISBN:
- 9781479888276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479880058.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter develops the thesis that a developmental perspective is essential to advancing knowledge about criminal trajectories and to gaining a deeper, more nuanced understanding of criminal ...
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This chapter develops the thesis that a developmental perspective is essential to advancing knowledge about criminal trajectories and to gaining a deeper, more nuanced understanding of criminal behavior across the life span. In discussing criminal trajectories, an emphasis is placed on the importance of longitudinal data, person-oriented analyses, developmental processes, a life-span approach, and dynamic transactions between the individual and the environment. Last, the chapter details three premises on which the book is based (a) crime is a product of developmental processes, (b) criminals compose a heterogeneous population, and (c) process models are essential to understand criminal behavior in a developmental context.Less
This chapter develops the thesis that a developmental perspective is essential to advancing knowledge about criminal trajectories and to gaining a deeper, more nuanced understanding of criminal behavior across the life span. In discussing criminal trajectories, an emphasis is placed on the importance of longitudinal data, person-oriented analyses, developmental processes, a life-span approach, and dynamic transactions between the individual and the environment. Last, the chapter details three premises on which the book is based (a) crime is a product of developmental processes, (b) criminals compose a heterogeneous population, and (c) process models are essential to understand criminal behavior in a developmental context.
Jouko Nätti and Kristine Nergaard
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447348603
- eISBN:
- 9781447348658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447348603.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
In this chapter we discuss the development of part-time work in Finland and Norway and ask if there is a trend towards more marginalised part-time work also in the well-regulated Nordic labour ...
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In this chapter we discuss the development of part-time work in Finland and Norway and ask if there is a trend towards more marginalised part-time work also in the well-regulated Nordic labour markets. Furthermore, we investigate if there are differences between Norway, with its long tradition for normalised part-time jobs among women, and Finland, where full-time work has been the normal choice for women. Part-time jobs are more common among young persons, women, and in the service sectors. In both countries, part-time jobs are more insecure than full-time jobs. However, there is no strong tendency towards more insecure part-time jobs over time. We also examine mobility from part-time jobs to other positions in the labour market. In both countries, part-time work is characterised by high stability. Hence, the results do not give support for increased polarisation in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees. in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees.Less
In this chapter we discuss the development of part-time work in Finland and Norway and ask if there is a trend towards more marginalised part-time work also in the well-regulated Nordic labour markets. Furthermore, we investigate if there are differences between Norway, with its long tradition for normalised part-time jobs among women, and Finland, where full-time work has been the normal choice for women. Part-time jobs are more common among young persons, women, and in the service sectors. In both countries, part-time jobs are more insecure than full-time jobs. However, there is no strong tendency towards more insecure part-time jobs over time. We also examine mobility from part-time jobs to other positions in the labour market. In both countries, part-time work is characterised by high stability. Hence, the results do not give support for increased polarisation in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees. in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees.
