Jay Schulkin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157443
- eISBN:
- 9781400849031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157443.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter examines the evolution of bird brain, social contact, and birdsong. Communicative capabilities are widespread, whether in song or through other forms of intimate social contact. One ...
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This chapter examines the evolution of bird brain, social contact, and birdsong. Communicative capabilities are widespread, whether in song or through other forms of intimate social contact. One mechanism for this is the regulation of information molecules in the brain such as vasopressin and oxytocin. The chapter first provides an overview of information molecules before connecting these processes to song in frogs, crickets, and birds. It then considers neurogenesis and how information molecules work in the human brain, focusing on some core biology underlying animal song and social contact. It shows that steroid hormones facilitate neuropeptide expression in many species, which underlies song tied to the regulation of the internal milieu, territorial expression, reproduction, and a much wider range of social behaviors.Less
This chapter examines the evolution of bird brain, social contact, and birdsong. Communicative capabilities are widespread, whether in song or through other forms of intimate social contact. One mechanism for this is the regulation of information molecules in the brain such as vasopressin and oxytocin. The chapter first provides an overview of information molecules before connecting these processes to song in frogs, crickets, and birds. It then considers neurogenesis and how information molecules work in the human brain, focusing on some core biology underlying animal song and social contact. It shows that steroid hormones facilitate neuropeptide expression in many species, which underlies song tied to the regulation of the internal milieu, territorial expression, reproduction, and a much wider range of social behaviors.
Julie L. Hall, Steven J. Stanton, and Oliver C. Schultheiss
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as ...
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In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as well as stress axis activation in power motivation arousal and satisfaction/frustration, summarize recent research on the role of progesterone and affiliation motivation, and discuss a possible role for arginine–vasopressin in achievement motivation. We also present findings from brain imaging work that indicate that the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement modulate activity in a core motivational circuit consisting of striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula when nonverbal social incentives are processed.Less
In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as well as stress axis activation in power motivation arousal and satisfaction/frustration, summarize recent research on the role of progesterone and affiliation motivation, and discuss a possible role for arginine–vasopressin in achievement motivation. We also present findings from brain imaging work that indicate that the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement modulate activity in a core motivational circuit consisting of striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula when nonverbal social incentives are processed.
Patrick Sylvers, Stacy R. Ryan, S. Amanda Alden, and Patricia A. Brennan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter orients the reader to the current biological models of delinquent psychopathology and provides an overview of the biological literature; including heritability, psychophysiology, ...
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This chapter orients the reader to the current biological models of delinquent psychopathology and provides an overview of the biological literature; including heritability, psychophysiology, neurobiology, and endocrinology related to the development of persistent criminal behavior in children and adolescents. The four areas of crime-related psychopathology discussed are early-onset conduct disorder, juvenile psychopathy, bullying, and sex offending. Research is presented in connection with widely accepted biological models of behavior. This chapter also highlights the strengths and limitations of the existing literature, consolidates this literature to identify patterns of convergence and divergence across disorders, and suggests areas for future research.Less
This chapter orients the reader to the current biological models of delinquent psychopathology and provides an overview of the biological literature; including heritability, psychophysiology, neurobiology, and endocrinology related to the development of persistent criminal behavior in children and adolescents. The four areas of crime-related psychopathology discussed are early-onset conduct disorder, juvenile psychopathy, bullying, and sex offending. Research is presented in connection with widely accepted biological models of behavior. This chapter also highlights the strengths and limitations of the existing literature, consolidates this literature to identify patterns of convergence and divergence across disorders, and suggests areas for future research.
Joel Weinberger, Tanya Cotler, and Daniel Fishman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Affiliation motivation, unlike other implicit motives, seems to have a dual nature. There is a bright positive side and a dark negative side to this implicit motive. The former is best captured by ...
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Affiliation motivation, unlike other implicit motives, seems to have a dual nature. There is a bright positive side and a dark negative side to this implicit motive. The former is best captured by Intimacy motivation; the latter by Affiliation motivation. Research and theory supporting this duality is reviewed. These include data on social interaction, hormone profiles and correlates, autobiographical memory, social sensitivity, and leadership. Measurement issues are also reviewed. Basically, affiliation motivation is focused on not being alone and on a fear of rejection. This explains its dark side. Intimacy motivation is focused on close, meaningful, and mutually satisfying interactions. This explains its mostly positive correlates. Work carried out on dependency also shows a positive and negative side to this variable. These results come from a research tradition completely independent of implicit motives and yet parallel the findings concerning affiliation and intimacy very closely. These independent findings therefore provide support for the model. Finally, the results are shown to parallel the phenomenology of affiliation in the real, interpersonal world.Less
Affiliation motivation, unlike other implicit motives, seems to have a dual nature. There is a bright positive side and a dark negative side to this implicit motive. The former is best captured by Intimacy motivation; the latter by Affiliation motivation. Research and theory supporting this duality is reviewed. These include data on social interaction, hormone profiles and correlates, autobiographical memory, social sensitivity, and leadership. Measurement issues are also reviewed. Basically, affiliation motivation is focused on not being alone and on a fear of rejection. This explains its dark side. Intimacy motivation is focused on close, meaningful, and mutually satisfying interactions. This explains its mostly positive correlates. Work carried out on dependency also shows a positive and negative side to this variable. These results come from a research tradition completely independent of implicit motives and yet parallel the findings concerning affiliation and intimacy very closely. These independent findings therefore provide support for the model. Finally, the results are shown to parallel the phenomenology of affiliation in the real, interpersonal world.
David M. Erlanger, Geoffrey Tremont, and Jennifer Duncan Davis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234110
- eISBN:
- 9780191594250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234110.003.30
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology, Clinical Psychology
A basic understanding of how endocrine dysfunction affects the central nervous system is important for a majority of cases referred for assessment by clinical neuropsychologists. Beyond playing a ...
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A basic understanding of how endocrine dysfunction affects the central nervous system is important for a majority of cases referred for assessment by clinical neuropsychologists. Beyond playing a role in assessment and management in more obvious scenarios, such as pituitary adenoma and Graves' disease, increasing attention is being paid to the role of neuropsychology in assessment and management of cognitive dysfunction due to illnesses with direct or indirect effects on the endocrine system and, secondarily, the central nervous system. This chapter discusses principal syndromes of the neuroendocrine system, disorders involving the thyroid hormones, diabetes mellitus, disorders involving the reproductive hormones, disorders involving the adrenal hormones, and melatonin.Less
A basic understanding of how endocrine dysfunction affects the central nervous system is important for a majority of cases referred for assessment by clinical neuropsychologists. Beyond playing a role in assessment and management in more obvious scenarios, such as pituitary adenoma and Graves' disease, increasing attention is being paid to the role of neuropsychology in assessment and management of cognitive dysfunction due to illnesses with direct or indirect effects on the endocrine system and, secondarily, the central nervous system. This chapter discusses principal syndromes of the neuroendocrine system, disorders involving the thyroid hormones, diabetes mellitus, disorders involving the reproductive hormones, disorders involving the adrenal hormones, and melatonin.
Agneta Herlitz and Julie E. Yonker
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198525691
- eISBN:
- 9780191689369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525691.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
In the search for biological influences on cognition, steroid hormones have proven to be engaging variables in psychological research for over two decades. Hormones have been claimed to influence a ...
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In the search for biological influences on cognition, steroid hormones have proven to be engaging variables in psychological research for over two decades. Hormones have been claimed to influence a variety of cognitive abilities from spatial and verbal abilities to various forms of memory. Hormones and cognition have been compared both within and between men and women. This chapter presents the rationale for studying sex hormones in relation to cognition, and reviews and discusses hormonal influences on cognitive functioning in adulthood and old age. It focuses on the potential role of steroid hormones on sex differences in cognitive function across the adult life span. Testosterone (T), in particular, is examined for its possible influence on spatial abilities in both men and women. The chapter also addresses questions regarding the effect on cognition of endogenous estrogen levels in pre- and postmenopausal women, the contribution of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on cognition in postmenopausal women, and the potentially protective effect of estrogen for the development of Alzheimer’s disease.Less
In the search for biological influences on cognition, steroid hormones have proven to be engaging variables in psychological research for over two decades. Hormones have been claimed to influence a variety of cognitive abilities from spatial and verbal abilities to various forms of memory. Hormones and cognition have been compared both within and between men and women. This chapter presents the rationale for studying sex hormones in relation to cognition, and reviews and discusses hormonal influences on cognitive functioning in adulthood and old age. It focuses on the potential role of steroid hormones on sex differences in cognitive function across the adult life span. Testosterone (T), in particular, is examined for its possible influence on spatial abilities in both men and women. The chapter also addresses questions regarding the effect on cognition of endogenous estrogen levels in pre- and postmenopausal women, the contribution of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on cognition in postmenopausal women, and the potentially protective effect of estrogen for the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
BRUCE S. RABIN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195143607
- eISBN:
- 9780199893256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143607.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter explains how psychological stress affects the brain, neuroendocrine system and ultimately, the cardiovascular and immune systems. A theoretical model is presented that details the ...
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This chapter explains how psychological stress affects the brain, neuroendocrine system and ultimately, the cardiovascular and immune systems. A theoretical model is presented that details the effects of stress on the locus ceruleus and sympathetic nervous system, which connect the brain to primary and secondary lymph organs. The chapter discusses how stress affects the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland, and the hormones produced by these glands which ultimately affect cellular immunity, antibody production and cytokine activity. It also examines how religious beliefs and activity might influence this system by improving coping and increasing support or, alternatively, may simply be a marker for some other factor (genetic or acquired) that is associated with lower stress and greater sociability.Less
This chapter explains how psychological stress affects the brain, neuroendocrine system and ultimately, the cardiovascular and immune systems. A theoretical model is presented that details the effects of stress on the locus ceruleus and sympathetic nervous system, which connect the brain to primary and secondary lymph organs. The chapter discusses how stress affects the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland, and the hormones produced by these glands which ultimately affect cellular immunity, antibody production and cytokine activity. It also examines how religious beliefs and activity might influence this system by improving coping and increasing support or, alternatively, may simply be a marker for some other factor (genetic or acquired) that is associated with lower stress and greater sociability.
Stephen W. Porges and C. Sue Carter
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388107
- eISBN:
- 9780199918386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388107.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This essay describes neurobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms that are implicated in human caregiving. Anatomical and biochemical systems that first appeared in the evolutionary transition from ...
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This essay describes neurobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms that are implicated in human caregiving. Anatomical and biochemical systems that first appeared in the evolutionary transition from reptiles to mammals allowed the emergence of mammalian sociality. Human behaviors are characterized by symbiotic and reciprocal interactions, which are necessary for successful caregiving. The autonomic nervous system, and especially the mammalian changes in the parasympathetic system, provides an essential neural platform for social behavior. Especially critical to coordinating the features of positive sociality are neuropeptides including oxytocin and vasopressin. These neuropeptides modulate the mammalian autonomic nervous system to foster the expression of social behaviors and, when adaptive, defensive behaviors. Oxytocin, the same peptide that regulates various aspects of mammalian reproduction including birth, lactation and maternal behavior, is also involved in the beneficial and reciprocal effects of caregiving on physiology, behavior and health.Less
This essay describes neurobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms that are implicated in human caregiving. Anatomical and biochemical systems that first appeared in the evolutionary transition from reptiles to mammals allowed the emergence of mammalian sociality. Human behaviors are characterized by symbiotic and reciprocal interactions, which are necessary for successful caregiving. The autonomic nervous system, and especially the mammalian changes in the parasympathetic system, provides an essential neural platform for social behavior. Especially critical to coordinating the features of positive sociality are neuropeptides including oxytocin and vasopressin. These neuropeptides modulate the mammalian autonomic nervous system to foster the expression of social behaviors and, when adaptive, defensive behaviors. Oxytocin, the same peptide that regulates various aspects of mammalian reproduction including birth, lactation and maternal behavior, is also involved in the beneficial and reciprocal effects of caregiving on physiology, behavior and health.
George P. Chrousos and Philip W.P. Gold
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195118872
- eISBN:
- 9780199848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118872.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter describes fear and its neuroendocrine regulation. It specifically highlights the role of elevated cortisol and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the regulation of fear responses, ...
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This chapter describes fear and its neuroendocrine regulation. It specifically highlights the role of elevated cortisol and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the regulation of fear responses, placing a particular emphasis on the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. It starts with a discussion of the central motive state of fear and its biological basis. It then discusses the neural circuitry that underlies the perception of fearful events and fear-related behaviors. Next, it presents a description of the neuroendocrine basis of fear and a discussion of glucocorticoids and CRH in sustaining fear-related behaviors. Moreover, it evaluates the role of norepinephrine and epinephrine in facilitating responses to and memory of aversive events. It is showed that neuropeptides such as CRH chemically code the sense of fear that is sustained by elevated cortisol and that may underlie the excessively shy, fearful child's hyperexcitable central state.Less
This chapter describes fear and its neuroendocrine regulation. It specifically highlights the role of elevated cortisol and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the regulation of fear responses, placing a particular emphasis on the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. It starts with a discussion of the central motive state of fear and its biological basis. It then discusses the neural circuitry that underlies the perception of fearful events and fear-related behaviors. Next, it presents a description of the neuroendocrine basis of fear and a discussion of glucocorticoids and CRH in sustaining fear-related behaviors. Moreover, it evaluates the role of norepinephrine and epinephrine in facilitating responses to and memory of aversive events. It is showed that neuropeptides such as CRH chemically code the sense of fear that is sustained by elevated cortisol and that may underlie the excessively shy, fearful child's hyperexcitable central state.
Deborah C. Beidel and Samuel M. Turner
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195118872
- eISBN:
- 9780199848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118872.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter explores the influences of hormones on brain development and how these effects have implications for understanding the development of both shyness and disease. It reviews studies of ...
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This chapter explores the influences of hormones on brain development and how these effects have implications for understanding the development of both shyness and disease. It reviews studies of hormone action that illuminate these principles and illustrate the rapidly increasing understanding of the lifelong interactions between genes and environment as they affect the progression toward disease. The data presented display some of the new information indicating that the brain is a plastic and ever-changing organ of the body and is very much influenced by life experiences. It appears very likely that the condition of extreme fear and shyness offers to a lifelong pattern of allostatic load and that structural and functional correlates will be found to exist in the brains of those individuals who are extremely shy and fearful.Less
This chapter explores the influences of hormones on brain development and how these effects have implications for understanding the development of both shyness and disease. It reviews studies of hormone action that illuminate these principles and illustrate the rapidly increasing understanding of the lifelong interactions between genes and environment as they affect the progression toward disease. The data presented display some of the new information indicating that the brain is a plastic and ever-changing organ of the body and is very much influenced by life experiences. It appears very likely that the condition of extreme fear and shyness offers to a lifelong pattern of allostatic load and that structural and functional correlates will be found to exist in the brains of those individuals who are extremely shy and fearful.
Andrea L. Glenn and Adrian Raine
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814777053
- eISBN:
- 9780814777077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814777053.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter discusses hormones in relation to psychopathy. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and bind to receptors in the brain and body. When hormones bind to ...
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This chapter discusses hormones in relation to psychopathy. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and bind to receptors in the brain and body. When hormones bind to receptors in the brain, they can affect the functioning of brain regions. Hence, hormones can be thought of as an intermediate step between genetic or environmental factors and brain functioning. In addition, hormone systems are highly sensitive to environmental and psychological factors such as stress. The chapter specifically studies two primary hormones that have been associated with psychopathy—cortisol and testosterone. Cortisol and testosterone have been associated with several features that are observed in psychopathy, including blunted stress reactivity, fearlessness, aggression, and stimulation seeking.Less
This chapter discusses hormones in relation to psychopathy. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and bind to receptors in the brain and body. When hormones bind to receptors in the brain, they can affect the functioning of brain regions. Hence, hormones can be thought of as an intermediate step between genetic or environmental factors and brain functioning. In addition, hormone systems are highly sensitive to environmental and psychological factors such as stress. The chapter specifically studies two primary hormones that have been associated with psychopathy—cortisol and testosterone. Cortisol and testosterone have been associated with several features that are observed in psychopathy, including blunted stress reactivity, fearlessness, aggression, and stimulation seeking.
David Huron
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198525202
- eISBN:
- 9780191689314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525202.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology
This chapter reviews the basic arguments related to evolutionary claims for music. In particular, it describes the theory of evolution by natural selection. Before entertaining some possible ...
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This chapter reviews the basic arguments related to evolutionary claims for music. In particular, it describes the theory of evolution by natural selection. Before entertaining some possible evolutionary views of music's origins, first it considers two pertinent complicating points of views. One view is that music is a form of nonadaptive pleasure seeking (NAPS). A second view is that music is an evolutionary vestige. It then measures the adaptive value of music. Of the various proposals concerning a possible evolutionary origin for music, eight broad theories can be identified: mate selection, social cohesion, group effort, perceptual development, motor skill development, conflict reduction, safe time passing and transgenerational communication. There are four types of evidence considered in presenting a case for the evolutionary origins of music. Next, it reports some of the archaeological, anthropological, and ethological facts. Moreover, it explores some of the evolutionary arguments that have been advanced to account for the origins of language. The evidence on music and social bonding is shown. Furthermore, a discussion on music and social function, social bonding and hormones, oxytocin and the biology of social bonding, and mood regulation is provided.Less
This chapter reviews the basic arguments related to evolutionary claims for music. In particular, it describes the theory of evolution by natural selection. Before entertaining some possible evolutionary views of music's origins, first it considers two pertinent complicating points of views. One view is that music is a form of nonadaptive pleasure seeking (NAPS). A second view is that music is an evolutionary vestige. It then measures the adaptive value of music. Of the various proposals concerning a possible evolutionary origin for music, eight broad theories can be identified: mate selection, social cohesion, group effort, perceptual development, motor skill development, conflict reduction, safe time passing and transgenerational communication. There are four types of evidence considered in presenting a case for the evolutionary origins of music. Next, it reports some of the archaeological, anthropological, and ethological facts. Moreover, it explores some of the evolutionary arguments that have been advanced to account for the origins of language. The evidence on music and social bonding is shown. Furthermore, a discussion on music and social function, social bonding and hormones, oxytocin and the biology of social bonding, and mood regulation is provided.
Ken Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231178426
- eISBN:
- 9780231543767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231178426.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Chapter 5 describes development as also an “intelligent” process, transforming an original “speck” of matter into bodies and brains of dazzling competencies and varieties, all utilizing a single ...
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Chapter 5 describes development as also an “intelligent” process, transforming an original “speck” of matter into bodies and brains of dazzling competencies and varieties, all utilizing a single genome. It starts to tell us how potential and variation are actively created through the system dynamics, rather than passively “received” in genes. A dynamical, “intelligent” physiology, coordinating activities in disparate tissues, also has much to tell us about the nature of individual differences. The chapter begins to show how intelligent systems have evolved at many different levels, corresponding with more changeable environments.Less
Chapter 5 describes development as also an “intelligent” process, transforming an original “speck” of matter into bodies and brains of dazzling competencies and varieties, all utilizing a single genome. It starts to tell us how potential and variation are actively created through the system dynamics, rather than passively “received” in genes. A dynamical, “intelligent” physiology, coordinating activities in disparate tissues, also has much to tell us about the nature of individual differences. The chapter begins to show how intelligent systems have evolved at many different levels, corresponding with more changeable environments.
Allyson J. Bennett, William D. Hopkins, Ruth Feldman, Valeria Gazzola, Jay Giedd, Michael E. Lamb, Dirk Scheele, Margaret A. Sheridan, Stephen J. Suomi, Akemi Tomoda, and Nim Tottenham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036900
- eISBN:
- 9780262342872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036900.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience offers insight into processes that support the development of the social brain within the cultural contexts that permit attachment relationships to form. Both human and nonhuman animal ...
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Neuroscience offers insight into processes that support the development of the social brain within the cultural contexts that permit attachment relationships to form. Both human and nonhuman animal studies are critical to inform theory development and hypothesis testing via descriptive and experimental studies. A scientifically valid evolutionary theory is necessary to account for the remarkable diversity of parenting systems across human and many nonhuman animals. This chapter examines the neural foundations of attachment and poses critical questions that relate to the initiation of this relationship: How does attachment interface with brain development? What is the interplay between attachment and brain development (including elements of bidirectionality)? Are there negative consequences associated with variation in attachment, and are they reversible? Rather than conceptualizing attachment in terms of a single type of relationship, or a rigid developmental channel, this chapter proposes that an expanded consideration of variation is necessary to understand the neural foundations of infant-caregiver relationships, and the role of those relationships in developing competence across the life span. This approach will permit identification of common neurobiological elements of attachment as well as the remarkable plasticity and diversity within and across individuals, cultures, and species.Less
Neuroscience offers insight into processes that support the development of the social brain within the cultural contexts that permit attachment relationships to form. Both human and nonhuman animal studies are critical to inform theory development and hypothesis testing via descriptive and experimental studies. A scientifically valid evolutionary theory is necessary to account for the remarkable diversity of parenting systems across human and many nonhuman animals. This chapter examines the neural foundations of attachment and poses critical questions that relate to the initiation of this relationship: How does attachment interface with brain development? What is the interplay between attachment and brain development (including elements of bidirectionality)? Are there negative consequences associated with variation in attachment, and are they reversible? Rather than conceptualizing attachment in terms of a single type of relationship, or a rigid developmental channel, this chapter proposes that an expanded consideration of variation is necessary to understand the neural foundations of infant-caregiver relationships, and the role of those relationships in developing competence across the life span. This approach will permit identification of common neurobiological elements of attachment as well as the remarkable plasticity and diversity within and across individuals, cultures, and species.
Pamela M. Greenwood and Raja Parasuraman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017145
- eISBN:
- 9780262301336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017145.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses the pros and cons of using estrogen and cognition-enhancing drugs in treating neuropsychiatric conditions, and presents health risks related to a decrease in estrogen levels in ...
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This chapter discusses the pros and cons of using estrogen and cognition-enhancing drugs in treating neuropsychiatric conditions, and presents health risks related to a decrease in estrogen levels in middle-age women, including Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and cognitive impairment. The use of hormone-replacement therapy for women during and after menopause, whose estrogen levels were low, was questioned following the Women’s Health Initiative report of risks and benefits of estrogen replacement. The chapter presents studies on the use of cognition-enhancing drugs by healthy, older individuals. The use of amphetamines to enhance cognition in older people is discussed along with its drawback of being addictive. The chapter discusses the positive effect of caffeine on improving cognition and its impact on the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease.Less
This chapter discusses the pros and cons of using estrogen and cognition-enhancing drugs in treating neuropsychiatric conditions, and presents health risks related to a decrease in estrogen levels in middle-age women, including Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and cognitive impairment. The use of hormone-replacement therapy for women during and after menopause, whose estrogen levels were low, was questioned following the Women’s Health Initiative report of risks and benefits of estrogen replacement. The chapter presents studies on the use of cognition-enhancing drugs by healthy, older individuals. The use of amphetamines to enhance cognition in older people is discussed along with its drawback of being addictive. The chapter discusses the positive effect of caffeine on improving cognition and its impact on the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease.
Barbara Demeneix
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199917518
- eISBN:
- 9780190232382
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917518.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Behavioural Neuroendocrinology
There is a global acceleration in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Numbers of children affected by an autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the United States has reached 1 in 88 (1 in 56 ...
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There is a global acceleration in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Numbers of children affected by an autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the United States has reached 1 in 88 (1 in 56 boys), and even more have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The cost of these disorders to the individual and society is enormous: ASD alone costs the United States a staggering 130 billion US dollars annually. Genetic causes cannot account for these increases. Surges in incidence must implicate environmental factors. Environmental chemicals interfering with thyroid hormone signaling are potential culprits. This argument is substantiated by four facts. First, thyroid hormone is essential for brain growth; second, lack of thyroid hormone causes intellectual deficiency; third, many chemicals found in the environment have thyroid hormone–disrupting properties; and finally, many women enter pregnancy with insufficient iodine. Chemical pollution and iodine deficiency can also decrease the overall IQ of the population. Just a 5% decrease in overall IQ can have serious socioeconomic consequences, decreasing the numbers of gifted people and increasing those with IQs below 70. The author provides an historical overview of cases documenting environmental pollution causing IQ losses across populations, explains the physiology of thyroid hormone action, the importance of iodine and selenium for thyroid hormone signaling and brain development, why thyroid hormone is such a sensitive target of environmental pollution, and the role of gene × environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders. What can and is to be done by individuals, associations, and decision makers to staunch these epidemics is also detailed.Less
There is a global acceleration in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Numbers of children affected by an autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the United States has reached 1 in 88 (1 in 56 boys), and even more have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The cost of these disorders to the individual and society is enormous: ASD alone costs the United States a staggering 130 billion US dollars annually. Genetic causes cannot account for these increases. Surges in incidence must implicate environmental factors. Environmental chemicals interfering with thyroid hormone signaling are potential culprits. This argument is substantiated by four facts. First, thyroid hormone is essential for brain growth; second, lack of thyroid hormone causes intellectual deficiency; third, many chemicals found in the environment have thyroid hormone–disrupting properties; and finally, many women enter pregnancy with insufficient iodine. Chemical pollution and iodine deficiency can also decrease the overall IQ of the population. Just a 5% decrease in overall IQ can have serious socioeconomic consequences, decreasing the numbers of gifted people and increasing those with IQs below 70. The author provides an historical overview of cases documenting environmental pollution causing IQ losses across populations, explains the physiology of thyroid hormone action, the importance of iodine and selenium for thyroid hormone signaling and brain development, why thyroid hormone is such a sensitive target of environmental pollution, and the role of gene × environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders. What can and is to be done by individuals, associations, and decision makers to staunch these epidemics is also detailed.
Barbara Demeneix
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199917518
- eISBN:
- 9780190232382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917518.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Behavioural Neuroendocrinology
Iodine and selenium are required for the production and activation of thyroid hormone (TH). As TH is needed for brain development, iodine and selenium are required in the foetus and child and for ...
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Iodine and selenium are required for the production and activation of thyroid hormone (TH). As TH is needed for brain development, iodine and selenium are required in the foetus and child and for normal brain growth. Iodine is needed to synthesise TH. Selenium is a constituent of the deiodinase enzyme that activates TH. A common environmental pollutant, mercury, interferes with selenium-based mechanisms and can therefore interfere with TH signalling by inhibiting deiodinase action. Pregnant and breastfeeding women and infants have particularly high requirements for TH and for iodine and selenium. TH deficiency during development causes intellectual disability. Extreme lack of iodine, and hence lack of TH, causes a particularly severe form known as cretinism. However, even mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy can have a detrimental effect on the child's cognitive development.Less
Iodine and selenium are required for the production and activation of thyroid hormone (TH). As TH is needed for brain development, iodine and selenium are required in the foetus and child and for normal brain growth. Iodine is needed to synthesise TH. Selenium is a constituent of the deiodinase enzyme that activates TH. A common environmental pollutant, mercury, interferes with selenium-based mechanisms and can therefore interfere with TH signalling by inhibiting deiodinase action. Pregnant and breastfeeding women and infants have particularly high requirements for TH and for iodine and selenium. TH deficiency during development causes intellectual disability. Extreme lack of iodine, and hence lack of TH, causes a particularly severe form known as cretinism. However, even mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy can have a detrimental effect on the child's cognitive development.
Barbara Demeneix
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199917518
- eISBN:
- 9780190232382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917518.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Behavioural Neuroendocrinology
This chapter provides a physiological framework for understanding why chemicals that interfere with thyroid hormone (TH) signaling are such a cause for concern. TH production, distribution, ...
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This chapter provides a physiological framework for understanding why chemicals that interfere with thyroid hormone (TH) signaling are such a cause for concern. TH production, distribution, metabolism, entry into cells, and activation are explained. Each can be a target of chemical disruption. Initial focus is placed on development of the hypothalamic/pituitary axis that regulates the production of TH by the thyroid gland, identifying components or mechanisms that could be targets of disruption. The second idea is the complexity of the thyroid gland itself and the many processes required for uptake and incorporation of iodine into TH. A third consideration is the large number of proteins with which TH interacts as it is distributed through the body, taken up by and then activated or metabolized within target cells.Less
This chapter provides a physiological framework for understanding why chemicals that interfere with thyroid hormone (TH) signaling are such a cause for concern. TH production, distribution, metabolism, entry into cells, and activation are explained. Each can be a target of chemical disruption. Initial focus is placed on development of the hypothalamic/pituitary axis that regulates the production of TH by the thyroid gland, identifying components or mechanisms that could be targets of disruption. The second idea is the complexity of the thyroid gland itself and the many processes required for uptake and incorporation of iodine into TH. A third consideration is the large number of proteins with which TH interacts as it is distributed through the body, taken up by and then activated or metabolized within target cells.
Barbara Demeneix
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199917518
- eISBN:
- 9780190232382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917518.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Behavioural Neuroendocrinology
Schematically, thyroid hormone (TH) structure is an iodinated pair of phenyl rings, resembling a pair of spectacles. The phenyl ring is an extremely versatile base for chemists to synthesize new ...
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Schematically, thyroid hormone (TH) structure is an iodinated pair of phenyl rings, resembling a pair of spectacles. The phenyl ring is an extremely versatile base for chemists to synthesize new compounds, especially with halogens such as bromine, chlorine, and fluorine. The result is that the environment is heavily polluted by a spectrum of chemicals with some structural similarity to TH, including flame retardants, dioxin-like substances, certain pesticides, and plasticizers. However, given the complexity of TH synthesis, distribution, and activation, many chemicals with no homology with TH structure also interfere with TH homeostasis. There are probably more chemicals affecting TH signaling than any other endocrine pathway. Further, given the role of TH in brain development, TH deficiency can exacerbate the effects of chemicals affecting other pathways implicated in brain development. As the structure of TH is conserved across vertebrates, implications for TH disruption go beyond human health, having wide ecological implications.Less
Schematically, thyroid hormone (TH) structure is an iodinated pair of phenyl rings, resembling a pair of spectacles. The phenyl ring is an extremely versatile base for chemists to synthesize new compounds, especially with halogens such as bromine, chlorine, and fluorine. The result is that the environment is heavily polluted by a spectrum of chemicals with some structural similarity to TH, including flame retardants, dioxin-like substances, certain pesticides, and plasticizers. However, given the complexity of TH synthesis, distribution, and activation, many chemicals with no homology with TH structure also interfere with TH homeostasis. There are probably more chemicals affecting TH signaling than any other endocrine pathway. Further, given the role of TH in brain development, TH deficiency can exacerbate the effects of chemicals affecting other pathways implicated in brain development. As the structure of TH is conserved across vertebrates, implications for TH disruption go beyond human health, having wide ecological implications.
Heather B. Patisaul and Scott M. Belcher
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199935734
- eISBN:
- 9780190678524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Behavioural Neuroendocrinology
The neuroendocrine system is the interface between the endocrine and nervous systems. This chapter presents an overview of the neuroendocrine system and endogenous hormones, with a primary focus on ...
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The neuroendocrine system is the interface between the endocrine and nervous systems. This chapter presents an overview of the neuroendocrine system and endogenous hormones, with a primary focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). The importance of impacts of exogenous compounds, both natural and man-made, on the neuroendocrine system is discussed, with a focus on endocrine-disruptive actions of plant-derived phytoestrogens and the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as an environmental sensor. The impacts of EDCs on feed-forward and negative feedback regulation of neuroendocrine functions, including those mediated by estrogen, androgen, and thyroid pathways, as well as other less studied pathways of hormonal signaling that involve disruption of neurosteroids, peptide hormones, and adrenal hormone signaling are also presented.Less
The neuroendocrine system is the interface between the endocrine and nervous systems. This chapter presents an overview of the neuroendocrine system and endogenous hormones, with a primary focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). The importance of impacts of exogenous compounds, both natural and man-made, on the neuroendocrine system is discussed, with a focus on endocrine-disruptive actions of plant-derived phytoestrogens and the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as an environmental sensor. The impacts of EDCs on feed-forward and negative feedback regulation of neuroendocrine functions, including those mediated by estrogen, androgen, and thyroid pathways, as well as other less studied pathways of hormonal signaling that involve disruption of neurosteroids, peptide hormones, and adrenal hormone signaling are also presented.
