Krister Andersson and Diego Pacheco
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199204762
- eISBN:
- 9780191603860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199204764.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
How can formal, national-level policies be structured so that they enhance rural people’s capabilities for sustained improvements of their quality of life? This paper analyses this question in the ...
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How can formal, national-level policies be structured so that they enhance rural people’s capabilities for sustained improvements of their quality of life? This paper analyses this question in the rural context, drawing upon first-hand observations of the consequences from a recent public policy reform in Bolivia’s forestry sector. It examines the effect the new legislation on forest users’ incentives to invest in forestry activities as compared to other production alternatives. Data from six smallholder communities in the tropical lowlands showed that although formalized forestry activities can be relatively profitable for smallholders, complicated acquisition rules and traditional policy bias against agricultural activities often make forestry a less attractive land use alternative.Less
How can formal, national-level policies be structured so that they enhance rural people’s capabilities for sustained improvements of their quality of life? This paper analyses this question in the rural context, drawing upon first-hand observations of the consequences from a recent public policy reform in Bolivia’s forestry sector. It examines the effect the new legislation on forest users’ incentives to invest in forestry activities as compared to other production alternatives. Data from six smallholder communities in the tropical lowlands showed that although formalized forestry activities can be relatively profitable for smallholders, complicated acquisition rules and traditional policy bias against agricultural activities often make forestry a less attractive land use alternative.
Jonathan Fox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199208852
- eISBN:
- 9780191709005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208852.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter continues the emphasis on cross-regional comparison, addressing the role of both transnational and national actors by focusing on World Bank-funded rural development projects. The ...
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This chapter continues the emphasis on cross-regional comparison, addressing the role of both transnational and national actors by focusing on World Bank-funded rural development projects. The question is to what degree the World Bank's ostensibly new-style projects actually contributed to the ‘enabling environment’ that allow poor people to consolidate representative organizations. The term ‘enabling environments’ refers to the institutional context that either facilitates or blocks the collective action that is critical to providing leverage and voice to under-represented people. The study documents whether or not enabling environments were in fact created by assessing the degree to which the projects complied with the World Bank's own policy reforms involving public information disclosure and informed participation by indigenous peoples. The study documents outcomes, both across projects and across regions within projects. With few exceptions, the projects did not significantly improve the enabling policy environment for the organizations of the rural poor.Less
This chapter continues the emphasis on cross-regional comparison, addressing the role of both transnational and national actors by focusing on World Bank-funded rural development projects. The question is to what degree the World Bank's ostensibly new-style projects actually contributed to the ‘enabling environment’ that allow poor people to consolidate representative organizations. The term ‘enabling environments’ refers to the institutional context that either facilitates or blocks the collective action that is critical to providing leverage and voice to under-represented people. The study documents whether or not enabling environments were in fact created by assessing the degree to which the projects complied with the World Bank's own policy reforms involving public information disclosure and informed participation by indigenous peoples. The study documents outcomes, both across projects and across regions within projects. With few exceptions, the projects did not significantly improve the enabling policy environment for the organizations of the rural poor.
Douglas Torgerson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295099
- eISBN:
- 9780191599262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829509X.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Green movements on the Western European model need to be more aware that their predilection for open public debate and transparency of government decision‐making can be insensitive to the interests ...
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Green movements on the Western European model need to be more aware that their predilection for open public debate and transparency of government decision‐making can be insensitive to the interests of aboriginal peoples who do not share that predilection. While both environmentalists and aboriginals have a common cause in defending against encroachments by the forces of industrialism, there is an inherent paradox in the Green political concept of ‘defence of place’ arising from the fact that their cultural conceptions, of what is to be preserved and why, may conflict with those of the aboriginal peoples actually living there. An instructive case study of the protests over logging practices in Clayoquot Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia is presented. The initial alignment between environmental activists and the Nuu‐chah‐nulth aboriginals gave way to estrangement when, after hundreds of the former had been arrested, fined, or jailed, the representatives of the latter arrived at a political understanding with the authorities in respect of land claims and forest management practices. The shock experienced by some environmentalists over the independent direction taken by the Nuu‐chah‐nulth may suggest that environmentalists and aboriginals were, in fact, operating with quite different images of the forest as property. A greater degree of cultural sensitivity is required to prevent such misunderstandings in future. It is also important to recognize how politicization can change culture—a deliberate political campaign to defend a traditional culture can itself change the culture being defended. It is entirely conceivable for a defence of place—through its own political and cultural dynamics—to undermine the very culture that has given the place its unique meaning and value.Less
Green movements on the Western European model need to be more aware that their predilection for open public debate and transparency of government decision‐making can be insensitive to the interests of aboriginal peoples who do not share that predilection. While both environmentalists and aboriginals have a common cause in defending against encroachments by the forces of industrialism, there is an inherent paradox in the Green political concept of ‘defence of place’ arising from the fact that their cultural conceptions, of what is to be preserved and why, may conflict with those of the aboriginal peoples actually living there. An instructive case study of the protests over logging practices in Clayoquot Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia is presented. The initial alignment between environmental activists and the Nuu‐chah‐nulth aboriginals gave way to estrangement when, after hundreds of the former had been arrested, fined, or jailed, the representatives of the latter arrived at a political understanding with the authorities in respect of land claims and forest management practices. The shock experienced by some environmentalists over the independent direction taken by the Nuu‐chah‐nulth may suggest that environmentalists and aboriginals were, in fact, operating with quite different images of the forest as property. A greater degree of cultural sensitivity is required to prevent such misunderstandings in future. It is also important to recognize how politicization can change culture—a deliberate political campaign to defend a traditional culture can itself change the culture being defended. It is entirely conceivable for a defence of place—through its own political and cultural dynamics—to undermine the very culture that has given the place its unique meaning and value.
Ludwig Fahrmeir and Thomas Kneib
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199533022
- eISBN:
- 9780191728501
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533022.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Biostatistics
Several recent advances in smoothing and semiparametric regression are presented in this book from a unifying, Bayesian perspective. Simulation-based full Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) ...
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Several recent advances in smoothing and semiparametric regression are presented in this book from a unifying, Bayesian perspective. Simulation-based full Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference, as well as empirical Bayes procedures closely related to penalized likelihood estimation and mixed models, are considered here. Throughout, the focus is on semiparametric regression and smoothing based on basis expansions of unknown functions and effects in combination with smoothness priors for the basis coefficients. Beginning with a review of basic methods for smoothing and mixed models, longitudinal data, spatial data, and event history data are treated in separate chapters. Worked examples from various fields such as forestry, development economics, medicine, and marketing are used to illustrate the statistical methods covered in this book. Most of these examples have been analysed using implementations in the Bayesian software, BayesX, and some with R Codes.Less
Several recent advances in smoothing and semiparametric regression are presented in this book from a unifying, Bayesian perspective. Simulation-based full Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference, as well as empirical Bayes procedures closely related to penalized likelihood estimation and mixed models, are considered here. Throughout, the focus is on semiparametric regression and smoothing based on basis expansions of unknown functions and effects in combination with smoothness priors for the basis coefficients. Beginning with a review of basic methods for smoothing and mixed models, longitudinal data, spatial data, and event history data are treated in separate chapters. Worked examples from various fields such as forestry, development economics, medicine, and marketing are used to illustrate the statistical methods covered in this book. Most of these examples have been analysed using implementations in the Bayesian software, BayesX, and some with R Codes.
S. RAVI RAJAN
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277964
- eISBN:
- 9780191707827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277964.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The emphasis in this study is forestry in the British Empire. This choice stems from the fact that British colonial forestry was arguably one of the most extensive imperial frameworks of scientific ...
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The emphasis in this study is forestry in the British Empire. This choice stems from the fact that British colonial forestry was arguably one of the most extensive imperial frameworks of scientific natural resource management anywhere, and continues to be a key locus of environmental conflicts across Asia and Africa. This introductory chapter sets the context for the argument to follow. It begins by critically discussing what is involved in focusing on science and technology in doing environmental history. It then locates the historiography of British colonial forestry within the context of this analysis, thereby laying the groundwork for the ensuing chapters.Less
The emphasis in this study is forestry in the British Empire. This choice stems from the fact that British colonial forestry was arguably one of the most extensive imperial frameworks of scientific natural resource management anywhere, and continues to be a key locus of environmental conflicts across Asia and Africa. This introductory chapter sets the context for the argument to follow. It begins by critically discussing what is involved in focusing on science and technology in doing environmental history. It then locates the historiography of British colonial forestry within the context of this analysis, thereby laying the groundwork for the ensuing chapters.
S. RAVI RAJAN
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277964
- eISBN:
- 9780191707827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277964.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter describes the growth of the idea of forest conservancy in the British Empire throughout the 19th century. It begins by examining the period 1800-60, when colonial scientists in India, ...
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This chapter describes the growth of the idea of forest conservancy in the British Empire throughout the 19th century. It begins by examining the period 1800-60, when colonial scientists in India, and to an extent the Cape, began to lobby their respective governments to establish permanent forest conservancy. The primary method in this section of the chapter is prosopography. By compiling a collective biography of the key scientists involved in the campaign in India and the Cape, as identified from historical accounts and publications, it builds a picture of their intellectual networks and thereby explores their motivations and agendas. The second half of the chapter concentrates on India in the second half of the 19th century and examines the agendas of the Indian forestry community, culminating in the publication of Schlich's Manual of Forestry. A central concern throughout the chapter is to determine whether and to what extent the European forestry tradition influenced the formation of agendas in the British Empire.Less
This chapter describes the growth of the idea of forest conservancy in the British Empire throughout the 19th century. It begins by examining the period 1800-60, when colonial scientists in India, and to an extent the Cape, began to lobby their respective governments to establish permanent forest conservancy. The primary method in this section of the chapter is prosopography. By compiling a collective biography of the key scientists involved in the campaign in India and the Cape, as identified from historical accounts and publications, it builds a picture of their intellectual networks and thereby explores their motivations and agendas. The second half of the chapter concentrates on India in the second half of the 19th century and examines the agendas of the Indian forestry community, culminating in the publication of Schlich's Manual of Forestry. A central concern throughout the chapter is to determine whether and to what extent the European forestry tradition influenced the formation of agendas in the British Empire.
S. RAVI RAJAN
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277964
- eISBN:
- 9780191707827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277964.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter examines the origins of the Empire Forestry Conferences, and in particular the role of the imperial forestry community and its allies in the United Kingdom in bringing the conferences ...
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This chapter examines the origins of the Empire Forestry Conferences, and in particular the role of the imperial forestry community and its allies in the United Kingdom in bringing the conferences about. It then examines the agendas of the first two conferences, as they pertain to forest policy.Less
This chapter examines the origins of the Empire Forestry Conferences, and in particular the role of the imperial forestry community and its allies in the United Kingdom in bringing the conferences about. It then examines the agendas of the first two conferences, as they pertain to forest policy.
S. RAVI RAJAN
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277964
- eISBN:
- 9780191707827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277964.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter explores the forest management agendas and environmentalist ideologies of colonial forestry as expressed at the Empire Forestry Conferences during the first half of the 20th century. In ...
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This chapter explores the forest management agendas and environmentalist ideologies of colonial forestry as expressed at the Empire Forestry Conferences during the first half of the 20th century. In keeping with the broad structure of the conference deliberations, the discussion comprises two parts: the ‘classical’ problems associated with paradigm articulation, and the policy dilemmas posed by agro-forestry challenges such as shifting cultivation and soil erosion.Less
This chapter explores the forest management agendas and environmentalist ideologies of colonial forestry as expressed at the Empire Forestry Conferences during the first half of the 20th century. In keeping with the broad structure of the conference deliberations, the discussion comprises two parts: the ‘classical’ problems associated with paradigm articulation, and the policy dilemmas posed by agro-forestry challenges such as shifting cultivation and soil erosion.
Charles Perrings, Harold Mooney, and Mark Williamson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199560158
- eISBN:
- 9780191721557
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560158.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Bioinvasions and Globalization synthesises our current knowledge of the ecology and economics of biological invasions, providing an in-depth evaluation of the science and its ...
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Bioinvasions and Globalization synthesises our current knowledge of the ecology and economics of biological invasions, providing an in-depth evaluation of the science and its implications for managing the causes and consequences of one of the most pressing environmental issues facing humanity today. Emergent zoonotic diseases such as HIV and SARS have already imposed major costs in terms of human health, whilst plant and animal pathogens have had similar effects on agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. The introduction of pests, predators, and competitors into many ecosystems has disrupted the benefits they provide to people, in many cases leading to the extirpation or even extinction of native species. This book analyzes the main drivers of bioinvasions — the growth of world trade, global transport and travel, habitat conversion and land-use intensification, and climate change — and their consequences for ecosystem functioning. It shows how bioinvasions impose disproportionately high costs on countries where a large proportion of people depend heavily on the exploitation of natural resources. It considers the options for improving assessment and management of invasive species risks, and especially for achieving the international cooperation needed to address bioinvasions as a negative externality of international trade.Less
Bioinvasions and Globalization synthesises our current knowledge of the ecology and economics of biological invasions, providing an in-depth evaluation of the science and its implications for managing the causes and consequences of one of the most pressing environmental issues facing humanity today. Emergent zoonotic diseases such as HIV and SARS have already imposed major costs in terms of human health, whilst plant and animal pathogens have had similar effects on agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. The introduction of pests, predators, and competitors into many ecosystems has disrupted the benefits they provide to people, in many cases leading to the extirpation or even extinction of native species. This book analyzes the main drivers of bioinvasions — the growth of world trade, global transport and travel, habitat conversion and land-use intensification, and climate change — and their consequences for ecosystem functioning. It shows how bioinvasions impose disproportionately high costs on countries where a large proportion of people depend heavily on the exploitation of natural resources. It considers the options for improving assessment and management of invasive species risks, and especially for achieving the international cooperation needed to address bioinvasions as a negative externality of international trade.
S. Ravi Rajan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277964
- eISBN:
- 9780191707827
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277964.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This book contributes to the debate regarding the origins, institutionalization, and politics of the sciences and systems of knowledge underlying colonial frameworks of environmental management. It ...
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This book contributes to the debate regarding the origins, institutionalization, and politics of the sciences and systems of knowledge underlying colonial frameworks of environmental management. It departs from the widely prevalent scholarly perspective that colonial science can be understood predominantly as a handmaiden of imperialism. Instead, it argues that the myriad colonial sciences had ideological and interventionist traditions distinct from each other and from the colonial bureaucracy, and that these tensions better explain environmental politics and policy dilemmas in the post-colonial era. The author argues that tropical forestry in the 19th century consisted of at least two distinct approaches towards nature, resource, and people; and what won out in the end was the Continental European forestry paradigm. He also shows that science and scientists were relatively marginal until the First World War. It was the acute scientific and resource crisis felt during the War, along with the rise of experts and expertise in Britain during that period and the lobby-politics of an organized empire-wide scientific community, that resulted in resource management regimes such as forestry beginning to get serious state backing. Over time, considerable differences in approach and outlook towards policy emerged between different colonial scientific communities, such as foresters and agriculturists. These different colonial sciences represented different situated knowledges, with different visions of nature, people, and empire, and in different configurations of power. Finally, in a panoramic overview of post-colonial developments, the author argues that the hegemony of these state-scientific regimes of resource management during the period 1950-1990 engendered not just social revolt, as recent historical work has shown, but also intellectual protest. Consequently, the discipline of forestry became systematically re-conceptualized, with new approaches to sylviculture, economics, law, and crucially, new visions of modernity. This disciplinary change constitutes nothing short of a cognitive revolution, one that has been brought about by a clearly articulated political perspective on the orientation of the discipline of forestry by its practitioners.Less
This book contributes to the debate regarding the origins, institutionalization, and politics of the sciences and systems of knowledge underlying colonial frameworks of environmental management. It departs from the widely prevalent scholarly perspective that colonial science can be understood predominantly as a handmaiden of imperialism. Instead, it argues that the myriad colonial sciences had ideological and interventionist traditions distinct from each other and from the colonial bureaucracy, and that these tensions better explain environmental politics and policy dilemmas in the post-colonial era. The author argues that tropical forestry in the 19th century consisted of at least two distinct approaches towards nature, resource, and people; and what won out in the end was the Continental European forestry paradigm. He also shows that science and scientists were relatively marginal until the First World War. It was the acute scientific and resource crisis felt during the War, along with the rise of experts and expertise in Britain during that period and the lobby-politics of an organized empire-wide scientific community, that resulted in resource management regimes such as forestry beginning to get serious state backing. Over time, considerable differences in approach and outlook towards policy emerged between different colonial scientific communities, such as foresters and agriculturists. These different colonial sciences represented different situated knowledges, with different visions of nature, people, and empire, and in different configurations of power. Finally, in a panoramic overview of post-colonial developments, the author argues that the hegemony of these state-scientific regimes of resource management during the period 1950-1990 engendered not just social revolt, as recent historical work has shown, but also intellectual protest. Consequently, the discipline of forestry became systematically re-conceptualized, with new approaches to sylviculture, economics, law, and crucially, new visions of modernity. This disciplinary change constitutes nothing short of a cognitive revolution, one that has been brought about by a clearly articulated political perspective on the orientation of the discipline of forestry by its practitioners.
Bhim Adhikari
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213832
- eISBN:
- 9780191707438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213832.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Under the Nepal forestry programme, open-access forests have been transferred to forest user groups under a community-based property rights regime. This chapter examines the relationship between ...
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Under the Nepal forestry programme, open-access forests have been transferred to forest user groups under a community-based property rights regime. This chapter examines the relationship between group heterogeneity and transaction costs on the one hand, and, on the other, the transaction costs with the degree of collective action in community-based forest management. While only a few measures of inequality seemed to influence the extent of transaction costs, forest user groups with higher transaction costs incurred by their community members appear to have lower levels of collective action.Less
Under the Nepal forestry programme, open-access forests have been transferred to forest user groups under a community-based property rights regime. This chapter examines the relationship between group heterogeneity and transaction costs on the one hand, and, on the other, the transaction costs with the degree of collective action in community-based forest management. While only a few measures of inequality seemed to influence the extent of transaction costs, forest user groups with higher transaction costs incurred by their community members appear to have lower levels of collective action.
Curt Meine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199554232
- eISBN:
- 9780191720666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
In this chapter, Curt Meine introduces the discipline by tracing its history. He also highlights the inter‐disciplinary nature of conservation science. Conservation biology emerged in the mid‐1980s ...
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In this chapter, Curt Meine introduces the discipline by tracing its history. He also highlights the inter‐disciplinary nature of conservation science. Conservation biology emerged in the mid‐1980s as a new field focused on understanding, protecting, and perpetuating biological diversity at all scales and all levels of biological organization. Conservation biology has deep roots in the growth of biology over several centuries, but its emergence reflects more recent developments in an array of biological sciences (ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology, etc.) and natural resource management fields (forestry, wildlife and fisheries management, etc.). Conservation biology was conceived as a “mission‐oriented” field based in the biological sciences, but with an explicit interdisciplinary approach that incorporated insights from the social sciences, humanities, and ethics. Since its founding, conservation biology has: (i) greatly elaborated its research agenda; (ii) built stronger connections with other fields and disciplines; (iii) extended its reach especially into aquatic and marine environments; (iv) developed its professional capacity for training, research, and field application; (v) become an increasingly international field; and (vi) become increasingly active at the interface of conservation science and policy.Less
In this chapter, Curt Meine introduces the discipline by tracing its history. He also highlights the inter‐disciplinary nature of conservation science. Conservation biology emerged in the mid‐1980s as a new field focused on understanding, protecting, and perpetuating biological diversity at all scales and all levels of biological organization. Conservation biology has deep roots in the growth of biology over several centuries, but its emergence reflects more recent developments in an array of biological sciences (ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology, etc.) and natural resource management fields (forestry, wildlife and fisheries management, etc.). Conservation biology was conceived as a “mission‐oriented” field based in the biological sciences, but with an explicit interdisciplinary approach that incorporated insights from the social sciences, humanities, and ethics. Since its founding, conservation biology has: (i) greatly elaborated its research agenda; (ii) built stronger connections with other fields and disciplines; (iii) extended its reach especially into aquatic and marine environments; (iv) developed its professional capacity for training, research, and field application; (v) become an increasingly international field; and (vi) become increasingly active at the interface of conservation science and policy.
S. RAVI RAJAN
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277964
- eISBN:
- 9780191707827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277964.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter summarizes the key findings of the entire study and explores some of its wider implications concerning the contested legacy of colonial eco-development. It argues that forestry as a ...
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This chapter summarizes the key findings of the entire study and explores some of its wider implications concerning the contested legacy of colonial eco-development. It argues that forestry as a technology was not merely a product of colonial expediency. On the contrary, it provided a context for colonial politics just as it was shaped and moulded by it. Similarly, colonial foresters were not mere ‘servants of the state’; they were carriers of a culture of technology that had its origins in another setting, even if the imperial context exacerbated the impact of their actions. Moreover, against the backdrop of the debate over whether or not colonial forestry constituted a watershed in the environmental history of the British Empire, it is important to note that scientific forestry, as a regime of resource management, was designed to be a major watershed even in continental Europe, its place of birth.Less
This chapter summarizes the key findings of the entire study and explores some of its wider implications concerning the contested legacy of colonial eco-development. It argues that forestry as a technology was not merely a product of colonial expediency. On the contrary, it provided a context for colonial politics just as it was shaped and moulded by it. Similarly, colonial foresters were not mere ‘servants of the state’; they were carriers of a culture of technology that had its origins in another setting, even if the imperial context exacerbated the impact of their actions. Moreover, against the backdrop of the debate over whether or not colonial forestry constituted a watershed in the environmental history of the British Empire, it is important to note that scientific forestry, as a regime of resource management, was designed to be a major watershed even in continental Europe, its place of birth.
Roger D. Stone
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217997
- eISBN:
- 9780520936072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217997.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter focuses on various forest-conservation efforts in Indonesia, where the recent democratic transition offers possibilities for new policies in community forestry. The abundance of forest ...
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This chapter focuses on various forest-conservation efforts in Indonesia, where the recent democratic transition offers possibilities for new policies in community forestry. The abundance of forest resources in Indonesia has attracted the attention of international conservation organizations, some of which perceive the local communities within the parks as a threat to forest conservation and support their relocation. The case of Kerinci Seblat Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) is presented, which aims to support biodiversity conservation together with economic development around the park by linking park management with regional planning and rural development initiatives in target villages on the park boundary. The social-forestry initiatives started by the Indonesian government in the 1980s, and which were mostly concentrated in Java, are also discussed. These initiatives succeeded in removing some of the antagonisms between foresters and villagers, and additionally initiated change in the attitude of the forest department. The community-managed reserves of damar in Krui, Sumatra, which also received special recognition from the forestry ministry, are also discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on various forest-conservation efforts in Indonesia, where the recent democratic transition offers possibilities for new policies in community forestry. The abundance of forest resources in Indonesia has attracted the attention of international conservation organizations, some of which perceive the local communities within the parks as a threat to forest conservation and support their relocation. The case of Kerinci Seblat Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) is presented, which aims to support biodiversity conservation together with economic development around the park by linking park management with regional planning and rural development initiatives in target villages on the park boundary. The social-forestry initiatives started by the Indonesian government in the 1980s, and which were mostly concentrated in Java, are also discussed. These initiatives succeeded in removing some of the antagonisms between foresters and villagers, and additionally initiated change in the attitude of the forest department. The community-managed reserves of damar in Krui, Sumatra, which also received special recognition from the forestry ministry, are also discussed.
Tom Kimmerer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813165660
- eISBN:
- 9780813166681
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813165660.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
When the Bluegrass region of Kentucky was settled, early farmers found natural woodland pastures of open-grown trees shading grass and cane. The same trees that shaded the natural pastures remain ...
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When the Bluegrass region of Kentucky was settled, early farmers found natural woodland pastures of open-grown trees shading grass and cane. The same trees that shaded the natural pastures remain with us today, many of them between three hundred and five hundred years old. The horse and livestock farms that make the Bluegrass famous are shaded by these ancient trees; some woodland pastures cover hundreds of acres. There are still many old trees in urban areas, parks, and backyards, remnants of woodland pastures. Natural woodland pastures are extremely rare, found only in the Bluegrass and Nashville Basin in North America, and in several European countries. Venerable Trees is a narrative of the history of these trees from before settlement to today. The origin of the woodland pasture habitat is analyzed, with particular emphasis on the role of drought and the vast herds of bison that were here in the 1700s. Although there are still thousands of ancient trees in the Bluegrass and Nashville Basin, they are disappearing, succumbing to old age, urbanization, and poor management. The present status of the trees is described, and recommendations made to ensure that woodland pastures of ancient trees will continue to characterize the Bluegrass and Nashville Basin long into the future.Less
When the Bluegrass region of Kentucky was settled, early farmers found natural woodland pastures of open-grown trees shading grass and cane. The same trees that shaded the natural pastures remain with us today, many of them between three hundred and five hundred years old. The horse and livestock farms that make the Bluegrass famous are shaded by these ancient trees; some woodland pastures cover hundreds of acres. There are still many old trees in urban areas, parks, and backyards, remnants of woodland pastures. Natural woodland pastures are extremely rare, found only in the Bluegrass and Nashville Basin in North America, and in several European countries. Venerable Trees is a narrative of the history of these trees from before settlement to today. The origin of the woodland pasture habitat is analyzed, with particular emphasis on the role of drought and the vast herds of bison that were here in the 1700s. Although there are still thousands of ancient trees in the Bluegrass and Nashville Basin, they are disappearing, succumbing to old age, urbanization, and poor management. The present status of the trees is described, and recommendations made to ensure that woodland pastures of ancient trees will continue to characterize the Bluegrass and Nashville Basin long into the future.
Edward Dallam Melillo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300206623
- eISBN:
- 9780300216486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206623.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter focuses on Chile's forestry and viticulture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It details the successful cultivation of California's native Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in ...
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This chapter focuses on Chile's forestry and viticulture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It details the successful cultivation of California's native Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in Chile, making it the preeminent softwood in Chilean silviculture by the late twentieth century. It also describes the successive outbreaks of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) that devastated California's wine industry, which destroyed so-called Old World grapevines (Vitis vinifera). The blight has never afflicted Chilean vineyards due to Chile's relative geographic isolation; a Chilean vintner's fortuitous importation of French rootstock just before Europe's first phylloxera outbreak in the 1860s; and a series of botanical quarantine policies that protected Chile's vineyards from the microscopic pest.Less
This chapter focuses on Chile's forestry and viticulture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It details the successful cultivation of California's native Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in Chile, making it the preeminent softwood in Chilean silviculture by the late twentieth century. It also describes the successive outbreaks of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) that devastated California's wine industry, which destroyed so-called Old World grapevines (Vitis vinifera). The blight has never afflicted Chilean vineyards due to Chile's relative geographic isolation; a Chilean vintner's fortuitous importation of French rootstock just before Europe's first phylloxera outbreak in the 1860s; and a series of botanical quarantine policies that protected Chile's vineyards from the microscopic pest.
Neil M. Maher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195306019
- eISBN:
- 9780199867820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306019.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Chapter Two analyzes CCC conservation projects on a national scale, and links the landscape changes caused by such work to both a broadening of conservationist concerns and to Franklin Roosevelt's ...
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Chapter Two analyzes CCC conservation projects on a national scale, and links the landscape changes caused by such work to both a broadening of conservationist concerns and to Franklin Roosevelt's desire for political support from rural America. It argues that although Corps conservation work appeared haphazard and static, it actually evolved over time and involved two types of labor on a trio of rural landscapes. While the Corps began its work in forests, primarily in the far West, the Dust Bowl of 1934 forced CCC enrollees onto the nation's farms as well, both on the Great Plains and in the soil-eroded South. This first type of conservation work involving both reforestation and soil conservation not only embodied the goals of Progressive era conservationists, who advocated the efficient use of natural resources, but also popularized the New Deal throughout these rural regions. During the late-1930s the Corps expanded its work projects yet again, this time into the country's state and national parks where CCC enrollees built hiking trails, campgrounds, motor roads, and visitor centers to increase public access to outdoor recreation. This second type of Corps work, which echoed the Boy Scouts' desire to rejuvenate Americans through healthful contact with nature, represented a broadening of conservationist ideology beyond the wise use of natural resources to include concern for public health. Chapter Two concludes that the dueling progressive philosophies that influenced Franklin Roosevelt's creation of the CCC—those of the conservation movement and of the Boy Scouts—became physically realized across the New Deal landscape.Less
Chapter Two analyzes CCC conservation projects on a national scale, and links the landscape changes caused by such work to both a broadening of conservationist concerns and to Franklin Roosevelt's desire for political support from rural America. It argues that although Corps conservation work appeared haphazard and static, it actually evolved over time and involved two types of labor on a trio of rural landscapes. While the Corps began its work in forests, primarily in the far West, the Dust Bowl of 1934 forced CCC enrollees onto the nation's farms as well, both on the Great Plains and in the soil-eroded South. This first type of conservation work involving both reforestation and soil conservation not only embodied the goals of Progressive era conservationists, who advocated the efficient use of natural resources, but also popularized the New Deal throughout these rural regions. During the late-1930s the Corps expanded its work projects yet again, this time into the country's state and national parks where CCC enrollees built hiking trails, campgrounds, motor roads, and visitor centers to increase public access to outdoor recreation. This second type of Corps work, which echoed the Boy Scouts' desire to rejuvenate Americans through healthful contact with nature, represented a broadening of conservationist ideology beyond the wise use of natural resources to include concern for public health. Chapter Two concludes that the dueling progressive philosophies that influenced Franklin Roosevelt's creation of the CCC—those of the conservation movement and of the Boy Scouts—became physically realized across the New Deal landscape.
Arun Khatri‐Chhetri
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213832
- eISBN:
- 9780191707438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213832.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The contribution of forest products to household income differs according to the household's socio-economic characteristics and institutional differences in the management of community forestry. The ...
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The contribution of forest products to household income differs according to the household's socio-economic characteristics and institutional differences in the management of community forestry. The contribution of forest products to household income is higher in the case of forest management without formal forest users group (FUGs) than in the case of management under a formal forest management group. Furthermore, in terms of access to and dependence on forest resources, poorer households currently benefit less from the community forestry in Nepal.Less
The contribution of forest products to household income differs according to the household's socio-economic characteristics and institutional differences in the management of community forestry. The contribution of forest products to household income is higher in the case of forest management without formal forest users group (FUGs) than in the case of management under a formal forest management group. Furthermore, in terms of access to and dependence on forest resources, poorer households currently benefit less from the community forestry in Nepal.
Keshav Raj Kanel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213832
- eISBN:
- 9780191707438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213832.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter presents the evolution of the community forestry program in Nepal. Community forests as commons are parts of national forest, managed and used by local communities organized into ...
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This chapter presents the evolution of the community forestry program in Nepal. Community forests as commons are parts of national forest, managed and used by local communities organized into legitimate groups. The second-generation reform issues in community forestry as identified by the government are also compatible with the Millennium Development Goals and the Tenth Five Year Plan of Nepal. Analysis of the achievements and the challenges of community forestry indicates that strategic reforms are needed in three thematic areas, namely governance, livelihood, and sustainable forest management in order to meet these goals in the future.Less
This chapter presents the evolution of the community forestry program in Nepal. Community forests as commons are parts of national forest, managed and used by local communities organized into legitimate groups. The second-generation reform issues in community forestry as identified by the government are also compatible with the Millennium Development Goals and the Tenth Five Year Plan of Nepal. Analysis of the achievements and the challenges of community forestry indicates that strategic reforms are needed in three thematic areas, namely governance, livelihood, and sustainable forest management in order to meet these goals in the future.
Priya Shyamsundar
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213832
- eISBN:
- 9780191707438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213832.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter reviews international evidence on community-based natural resource management in three sectors: forestry, irrigation, and wildlife management. It asks how and in what way decentralized ...
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This chapter reviews international evidence on community-based natural resource management in three sectors: forestry, irrigation, and wildlife management. It asks how and in what way decentralized natural resource management has contributed to improved livelihoods and better resource management. It identifies key challenges faced as governments promote resource management through local communities and user groups.Less
This chapter reviews international evidence on community-based natural resource management in three sectors: forestry, irrigation, and wildlife management. It asks how and in what way decentralized natural resource management has contributed to improved livelihoods and better resource management. It identifies key challenges faced as governments promote resource management through local communities and user groups.
