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This chapter provides the necessary theoretical justification to the study. It highlights the shortcomings of traditional legal solutions to ensure the environmentally sound conduct of private companies through home and host State control, international State responsibility, and international environmental regimes for civil liability. Corporate environmental accountability is therefore presented as an immediate way—additional to traditional legal solutions (such as home and host State control, international State responsibility, and international civil liability regimes)—to contribute to equalizing the international protection afforded to foreign direct investment and multinational companies with expectations of reasonably acceptable environmental conduct.

This chapter includes different legal instruments whose main focus is not sanitation, such as laws concerning labour, education, land acquisition, infrastructure and criminal law. The legal provisions relating to sanitation facilities for workers as well as for students focus on access to toilets. Sanitation also forms one of the components of the national-level law relating to land acquisition as well as state-levels laws for infrastructure development. Provisions of criminal laws that impose liability for certain acts resulting in the improper discharge of sewage are also highlighted. Finally, the chapter highlights state-level legal instruments focused on the institutional framework, which are relevant for sanitation.

This chapter reproduces legal instruments that cover a number of activities and sectors that depend on freshwater and are therefore relevant in the water law context. The first three sections focus on legal instruments relating to fishing, navigation, and electricity production. Mining is an important commercial activity with severe implications on water and the fourth section explains how water related concerns have been addressed in legal instruments regulating mining activities in different states. The next section captures how rural employment schemes are linked to the water sector. It also covers an instrument relating to land acquisition that is relevant to water resource development projects. The next section focuses on water-related crimes as prescribed in the general criminal law of the country. The last section captures some of the important instruments that protect the interests of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the context of access to and management of water.