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Nations Intertwined: Alliances and the Susquehannocks' Geography of North America

Cynthia J. Van Zandt

in Brothers Among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America, 1580-1660

In the 1650s the Susquehannocks were involved in virtually every important alliance in the mid-Atlantic region, and this chapter focuses explicitly on 17th-century North America from their ... More

In the 1650s the Susquehannocks were involved in virtually every important alliance in the mid-Atlantic region, and this chapter focuses explicitly on 17th-century North America from their perspective. It explores the roots of the Susquehannocks' alliance with New Sweden and with the Algonquian Lenapes. It argues that Native Americans sometimes sought to turn Europeans into tributaries and subordinates, and that they frequently used Europeans as tools in negotiating relationships with other native peoples. In the 1650s the Susquehannocks and the Lenapes launched an attack on Manhattan in part as retaliation for the Dutch assault on the Indians' European client, the colony of New Sweden. And once again, the experiences of Isaac Allerton illustrate the influence and scope of intercultural networks.Less

Michael Roberts 1908–1996

Geoffrey Parker

in Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 115 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows, I

Michael Roberts, a distinguished historian of early modern Sweden, published a highly acclaimed two-volume history of Gustavus Adolphus (1953–8). He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1960. ... More

Michael Roberts, a distinguished historian of early modern Sweden, published a highly acclaimed two-volume history of Gustavus Adolphus (1953–8). He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1960. Roberts turned to the study of British foreign policy in the Baltic and published British Diplomacy and Swedish Politics, 1758–1773 in 1980. He was Professor of History at Rhodes University College in Grahamstown, South Africa before taking the Chair of Modern History at the Queen's University, Belfast. Obituary by Geoffrey Parker FBA.Less

Clashes with Monarchy

R. R. Palmer

in The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800

This chapter traces the conflicts faced by the aristocratic constituted bodies at the close of the Seven Years' War. Fighting had gone on for a generation interrupted by a few years of truce; ... More

This chapter traces the conflicts faced by the aristocratic constituted bodies at the close of the Seven Years' War. Fighting had gone on for a generation interrupted by a few years of truce; governments had accumulated great debts, which they had now to find means to carry or repay. The search by governments for new sources of income met with resistance from magistracies or assemblies in many countries. It therefore produced constitutional crises. “From the need for money, which put into motion the machinery of reforms, arose a great drama: the clash between autonomous entities and the central power, between local governing classes and foreign rule.” The discussions cover the quasi-revolution in France, 1763–1774; the monarchist coup d'etat of 1772 in Sweden; and the Hapsburg Empire.Less

The Limitations of Enlightened Despotism

R. R. Palmer

in The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800

The forces of aristocracy, which in some countries in the 1780s prevailed over democratic movements, prevailed in others over monarchy itself. This chapter takes up a thread left hanging at the close ... More

The forces of aristocracy, which in some countries in the 1780s prevailed over democratic movements, prevailed in others over monarchy itself. This chapter takes up a thread left hanging at the close of Chapter IV. It was shown there that, by the middle 1770s, or just before the American Revolution, the kings of France and of Sweden, and the Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, had asserted royal authority and put the constituted bodies of their several realms under restraint. The following fifteen years made clear the limits beyond which enlightened despotism could not go. However held down, the constituted bodies—estates, diets, parlements, and the like—had strong powers of survival and resurgence. This chapter deals mainly with the Hapsburg monarchy under Joseph II and Leopold II, with observations, since not everything can be told, on Prussia, Sweden, and Russia.Less

Conclusion: Toward a New Order

Ryan M. Irwin

in Gordian Knot: Apartheid and the Unmaking of the Liberal World Order

This conclusion begins with a vignette of Nelson Mandela’s release from prison in 1990. It then explores some aspects of the anti-apartheid movement that crested during the late 1980s, lingering on ... More

This conclusion begins with a vignette of Nelson Mandela’s release from prison in 1990. It then explores some aspects of the anti-apartheid movement that crested during the late 1980s, lingering on campaigns in Great Britain, Sweden, and the United States. The road between the postapartheid and postcolonial moments, however, was neither straight nor straightforward. The conclusion explicates some of the differences between the apartheid question in the 1980s and 1960s, and then reviews Gordian Knot’s central findings and restates its main arguments.Less

Blitzkrieg

Asa Briggs

in The War of Words: The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Volume III

This chapter describes the role of broadcasting in Germany's blitzkrieg attack in Europe. Though there were regular radio messages that broadcast the move of German forces, they were not able to ... More

This chapter describes the role of broadcasting in Germany's blitzkrieg attack in Europe. Though there were regular radio messages that broadcast the move of German forces, they were not able to accurately predict the true target of the Germans. This is because Holland, Belgium, Sweden, and the Balkans were all equally possible objectives of Germany. In addition, attention to German plans on the Western Front was diverted by both the German and by the Italian radio.Less

The Mistress of the Sound: Denmark and Europe, 1513–1596

Paul Douglas Lockhart

in Denmark, 1513–1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy

This chapter discusses Denmark's increased international significance during the Reformation. Topics covered include military resources, trade and foreign policy, rivalry between Denmark and Sweden, ... More

This chapter discusses Denmark's increased international significance during the Reformation. Topics covered include military resources, trade and foreign policy, rivalry between Denmark and Sweden, and confessional and dynastic interests.Less

Baltic and German Hegemonies: Denmark and Europe, 1596–1629

Paul Douglas Lockhart

in Denmark, 1513–1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy

This chapter focuses on Christian IV's foreign policies. Topics covered include Denmark's rivalry with Sweden, Denmark's role in German affairs, and the Emperor's War.

War and Absolutism, 1648–1660

Paul Douglas Lockhart

in Denmark, 1513–1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy

This chapter discusses the problems faced by the new regime following Christian IV's death. Topics covered include the aristocratic reaction to the transfer of power from Christian to Duke Frederik, ... More

This chapter discusses the problems faced by the new regime following Christian IV's death. Topics covered include the aristocratic reaction to the transfer of power from Christian to Duke Frederik, the bureaucratic state, foreign policy, the bloodless coup d'état in 1660, and hereditary and absolute monarchy.Less

Scandinavian State Formation 900–1537: Break and Continuity

Sverre Bagge

in Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation

This concluding chapter discusses the process of state formation in the three Scandinavian kingdoms between 900 and 1537. It shows that the Scandinavian political units formed by the end of the ... More

This concluding chapter discusses the process of state formation in the three Scandinavian kingdoms between 900 and 1537. It shows that the Scandinavian political units formed by the end of the sixteenth century were remarkably stable over the course of the following centuries despite a series of internal and external conflicts. Petty principalities formed within one kingdom as the result of dynastic divisions (or through other causes) did not develop into independent kingdoms, but either returned to their original units or remained in some kind of feudal subordination. The dynastic unions from 1319 onwards had their origin in the ambitions of the kings, together with marriage patterns and rules of succession introduced during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Sweden ceded from the union in the 1520s, quickly reestablishing its old borders with Denmark and Norway.Less

Beyond the Zenith, 1672–1700

Jonathan I. Israel

in Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740

Although customs returns show that there was in fact no decline in actual levels of trade as yet, immediate prospects for the Dutch entrepôt looked precarious in the extreme. France, its army at a ... More

Although customs returns show that there was in fact no decline in actual levels of trade as yet, immediate prospects for the Dutch entrepôt looked precarious in the extreme. France, its army at a peak of readiness, was drifting towards war with the Dutch Republic and there was every likelihood that England or Sweden, or both, would join in the French attack. By early 1672, the Amsterdam Exchange was acutely jittery. Share prices began to slide. The English resumed their harassment of Dutch ships on the high seas. Finally, on the sixth of April 1672, Louis XIV declared war, mobilizing both his army and his navy and prohibiting all trade between France and the Republic. England followed suit the next day. A new phase, Phase Five in the history of the Dutch world entrepôt, had begun.Less

Leisure culture, entrepreneurs and urban space: Swedish towns in a European perspective, eighteenth–nineteenth centuries

Dag Lindström

in Leisure Cultures In Urban Europe, C.1700-1870: A transnational perspective

After having charted the transnational diffusion of a few specific leisure institutions and genres throughout Europe, the second section of the book departs from specific countries and analyses in a ... More

After having charted the transnational diffusion of a few specific leisure institutions and genres throughout Europe, the second section of the book departs from specific countries and analyses in a more focused way the central actors and factors involved in the selection and adaptation of a variety of leisure institutions. The first chapter analyses the introduction and development of theatres, restaurants, cafes, parks and promenades in three Swedish towns in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The three towns under study – Stockholm, Linköping and Norrköping – experienced similar types of development, but the chronologies and structures of change appear to have been very different. While the Swedish capital to some extent transmitted foreign cultural models to the provinces, provincial towns also appropriated several foreign innovations directly from abroad. Crucial actors in this process were foreign entrepreneurs, such as a German restaurateur opening a theatre or a Swiss entrepreneur starting up a confectioner’s shop. In Sweden, like elsewhere, the church appears to have been a key institution in inhibiting as well as promoting the adoption of international trends in leisure culture. After banning comedies in 1798, the church authorities in Linköping only seven years later took an active part in the building of a new theatre.Less

. Fighting the Previous War: Traditional Public Health Strategies and AIDS

Peter Baldwin

in Disease and Democracy: The Industrialized World Faces AIDS

This chapter discusses the public health measures conducted by industrialized countries to control and prevent AIDS within the context of enacted laws on the reporting and control of infectious ... More

This chapter discusses the public health measures conducted by industrialized countries to control and prevent AIDS within the context of enacted laws on the reporting and control of infectious diseases. It shows the similarities and differences in the reaction of these nations and in the traditional and/or non-traditional public health approaches they have taken to conduct a surveillance of AIDS. The public health strategy conducted by Sweden and Germany (Bavaria) with regard to the AIDS epidemic is described in this chapter. Sweden and Bavaria were thus united in their decisions to apply inherited contagious disease controls to this new epidemic. This chapter also discusses the epidemiological aspects of notification, reporting and screening of AIDS, directed to both patients and physicians.Less

Introduction

Carly Elizabeth Schall

in The Rise and Fall of the Miraculous Welfare Machine: Immigration and Social Democracy in Twentieth-Century Sweden

This introductory chapter presents an overview of the Swedish welfare state and the theoretical frameworks that inform this study. It asserts that Sweden's economic development was the product of a ... More

This introductory chapter presents an overview of the Swedish welfare state and the theoretical frameworks that inform this study. It asserts that Sweden's economic development was the product of a miraculous welfare machine, and that the argument many make as to its progress is simple: homogeneity is good for welfare states, and heterogeneity is bad. Indeed, this outlook is further reinforced by the classic counterexample of the United States and the effects of heterogeneity on its own welfare-state growth. The chapter argues, however, that the links between ethnic homogeneity and the welfare state are contestable; understanding the relationship between ethnicity, race, and the welfare state, therefore, requires attention to how ethnicity enters into labor movements and into politics at the historical moments that matter for the welfare state's development.Less

After Prohibitions 1930–1945: Normalizing Alcohol

Rod Phillips

in Alcohol: A History

This chapter discusses alcohol consumption and policies after the end of prohibition. The US emerged from national prohibition with relatively liberal alcohol policies. These varied from state to ... More

This chapter discusses alcohol consumption and policies after the end of prohibition. The US emerged from national prohibition with relatively liberal alcohol policies. These varied from state to state, but fewer states opted for prohibition after 1933 than had done so before prohibition was implemented on a national basis. However, in countries such as Norway, Sweden, the Soviet Union, Finland, and Canada, the state took over direct control of alcohol retailing after the repeal of prohibition so as to regulate alcohol consumption. Even countries that had not had prohibition policies were more restrictive when it came to alcohol during most of the twentieth century than they had been before.Less

“They Trust not in the Suffrages of the Saints”: Saintly Skirmishes

Donald S. Prudlo

in Certain Sainthood: Canonization and the Origins of Papal Infallibility in the Medieval Church

This chapter argues that papal infallibility in solemn canonization was the result of a dynamic process. From the papal perspective, the early 1170s saw two significant events in the history of ... More

This chapter argues that papal infallibility in solemn canonization was the result of a dynamic process. From the papal perspective, the early 1170s saw two significant events in the history of Christian sainthood. The murder of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury and the papal repudiation of the cult of St. Eric of Sweden were to have profound consequences for the development of canonization. They set in motion the centralization and solemnization of canonizations in the hands of the papacy, a long and arduous process that would not be completed for almost five centuries. This chapter first provides an overview of the social and cultural contexts of heresy in relation to the veneration of saints before discussing the elaboration of persons whom Cathars emphatically considered not to be in heaven. It also looks at the Waldensians' critique of the communion of the saints.Less