Frank Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195171303
- eISBN:
- 9780199785193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171303.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter explores the devotion to Niño Compadrito, a bone effigy venerated as a folk saint in Cuzco, Peru. It examines skulls and bones in folk devotions; myth formation; relation to syncretic ...
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This chapter explores the devotion to Niño Compadrito, a bone effigy venerated as a folk saint in Cuzco, Peru. It examines skulls and bones in folk devotions; myth formation; relation to syncretic Christ advocations, including the Christ of Qoyllur Rit’i; relations with the Catholic Church; black-candle rituals; and the nature of devotion at the domestic chapel where Niño Compadrito is housed.Less
This chapter explores the devotion to Niño Compadrito, a bone effigy venerated as a folk saint in Cuzco, Peru. It examines skulls and bones in folk devotions; myth formation; relation to syncretic Christ advocations, including the Christ of Qoyllur Rit’i; relations with the Catholic Church; black-candle rituals; and the nature of devotion at the domestic chapel where Niño Compadrito is housed.
GORDON F. McEWAN
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265031
- eISBN:
- 9780191754142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265031.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, American History: pre-Columbian BCE to 500CE
Linguistic studies have shown that the traditional idea that the expansion of the Inca Empire was the driving force behind the spread of all Quechua cannot be correct. Across much of its ...
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Linguistic studies have shown that the traditional idea that the expansion of the Inca Empire was the driving force behind the spread of all Quechua cannot be correct. Across much of its distribution, Quechua has far greater time-depth than can be accounted for by the short-lived Inca Empire. Linguistics likewise suggests that Aymara spread not from the south into Cuzco in the late Pre-Inca period, but also from an origin to the north. Alternative explanations must be sought for the expansion of these language families in the culture history of the Andes. Archaeological studies over the past two decades now provide a broad, generally agreed-upon outline of the cultural history of the Cuzco region. This chapter applies those findings to examine alternative possibilities for the driving forces that spread Quechua and Aymara, offering a clearer cross-disciplinary view of Andean prehistory.Less
Linguistic studies have shown that the traditional idea that the expansion of the Inca Empire was the driving force behind the spread of all Quechua cannot be correct. Across much of its distribution, Quechua has far greater time-depth than can be accounted for by the short-lived Inca Empire. Linguistics likewise suggests that Aymara spread not from the south into Cuzco in the late Pre-Inca period, but also from an origin to the north. Alternative explanations must be sought for the expansion of these language families in the culture history of the Andes. Archaeological studies over the past two decades now provide a broad, generally agreed-upon outline of the cultural history of the Cuzco region. This chapter applies those findings to examine alternative possibilities for the driving forces that spread Quechua and Aymara, offering a clearer cross-disciplinary view of Andean prehistory.
Mark Rice
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643533
- eISBN:
- 9781469643557
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643533.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book examines the transformation of Machu Picchu from an obscure archaeological site into a global tourist destination and national symbol of Peru. This book illustrates how, from the very ...
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This book examines the transformation of Machu Picchu from an obscure archaeological site into a global tourist destination and national symbol of Peru. This book illustrates how, from the very start, tourism played a central role in the modern rise of Machu Picchu. The leaders of Cusco, where Machu Picchu is located, employed tourism to argue for the importance of their region at a time when Peru’s national leaders believed that the Andean interior offered little cultural and economic opportunities. Over time, Cusco increasingly looked to tourism as a source of needed development at a time of economic crisis in Peru’s southern Andes. While Cusco was successful in making Machu Picchu into a tourist destination, this created new conflicts over control over the region’s culture and economy. In summary, this book highlights how the transnational links and actors associated with tourism allowed local leaders in Cusco and Peru’s southern Andes to create their region’s touristic narrative and economy. Often locals employed the transnational connections of the tourism economy to bypass or influence the policies of the Peruvian national state. Over time, these efforts shifted the Peruvian state to embrace Machu Picchu and Cusco’s Andean culture as national symbols. The book contributes to larger debates about nationalism in Latin America by pointing to the influence of tourism in the elevation of Machu Picchu as a national symbol of Peru. It argues that in post-colonial nations like Peru, transnational forces like tourism can play influential roles in the creation of national identity.Less
This book examines the transformation of Machu Picchu from an obscure archaeological site into a global tourist destination and national symbol of Peru. This book illustrates how, from the very start, tourism played a central role in the modern rise of Machu Picchu. The leaders of Cusco, where Machu Picchu is located, employed tourism to argue for the importance of their region at a time when Peru’s national leaders believed that the Andean interior offered little cultural and economic opportunities. Over time, Cusco increasingly looked to tourism as a source of needed development at a time of economic crisis in Peru’s southern Andes. While Cusco was successful in making Machu Picchu into a tourist destination, this created new conflicts over control over the region’s culture and economy. In summary, this book highlights how the transnational links and actors associated with tourism allowed local leaders in Cusco and Peru’s southern Andes to create their region’s touristic narrative and economy. Often locals employed the transnational connections of the tourism economy to bypass or influence the policies of the Peruvian national state. Over time, these efforts shifted the Peruvian state to embrace Machu Picchu and Cusco’s Andean culture as national symbols. The book contributes to larger debates about nationalism in Latin America by pointing to the influence of tourism in the elevation of Machu Picchu as a national symbol of Peru. It argues that in post-colonial nations like Peru, transnational forces like tourism can play influential roles in the creation of national identity.
Sonia Alconini
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062914
- eISBN:
- 9780813059631
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062914.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Southeast Inka Frontiers explores how the Inka empire exercised control over vast expanses of land and peoples in the Southeastern frontier, a territory located over hundreds of kilometers away from ...
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Southeast Inka Frontiers explores how the Inka empire exercised control over vast expanses of land and peoples in the Southeastern frontier, a territory located over hundreds of kilometers away from the capital city of Cuzco. This frontier region was the setting for the fascinating encounter between the Inka, the largest empire in the pre-Columbian world, and the fierce Guaraní tribes from the tropical mountains and beyond. This singular encounter also occasioned radical shifts in the political economy of many indigenous frontier populations like the Yampara. Based on extensive field research, this manuscript explores these changes by using different scales of analysis and lines of evidence. Only through a deeper, cross-regional understanding of the multifaceted socioeconomic processes that transpired in the different Inka frontier regions can we elucidate the mechanics of this remarkable empire, and the associated effects on the lives of the indigenous populations.Less
Southeast Inka Frontiers explores how the Inka empire exercised control over vast expanses of land and peoples in the Southeastern frontier, a territory located over hundreds of kilometers away from the capital city of Cuzco. This frontier region was the setting for the fascinating encounter between the Inka, the largest empire in the pre-Columbian world, and the fierce Guaraní tribes from the tropical mountains and beyond. This singular encounter also occasioned radical shifts in the political economy of many indigenous frontier populations like the Yampara. Based on extensive field research, this manuscript explores these changes by using different scales of analysis and lines of evidence. Only through a deeper, cross-regional understanding of the multifaceted socioeconomic processes that transpired in the different Inka frontier regions can we elucidate the mechanics of this remarkable empire, and the associated effects on the lives of the indigenous populations.
Mark Rice
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643533
- eISBN:
- 9781469643557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643533.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter introduces the central argument of the book: Tourism was instrumental in the modern rise of Machu Picchu and its transnational character proved important in influencing the Peruvian ...
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This chapter introduces the central argument of the book: Tourism was instrumental in the modern rise of Machu Picchu and its transnational character proved important in influencing the Peruvian state to embrace the Andes and the Inca as symbols of Peruvian national identity.Less
This chapter introduces the central argument of the book: Tourism was instrumental in the modern rise of Machu Picchu and its transnational character proved important in influencing the Peruvian state to embrace the Andes and the Inca as symbols of Peruvian national identity.
Mark Rice
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643533
- eISBN:
- 9781469643557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643533.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
The chapter begins with the famous Hiram Bingham-led expeditions to Machu Picchu. Although Bingham brought attention to Machu Picchu, his controversial actions and hasty departure from Peru in 1915 ...
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The chapter begins with the famous Hiram Bingham-led expeditions to Machu Picchu. Although Bingham brought attention to Machu Picchu, his controversial actions and hasty departure from Peru in 1915 meant that Machu Picchu remained largely ignored on the national and global level. However, local elites contributed to the rehabilitation of Machu Picchu as part of their efforts to promote regional folkloric identity, better known as indigenismo. This emphasized Cusco’s modernity and embraced a utopian vision of the Inca past. However, tourism downplayed the contemporary demands of Cusco’s large exploited indigenous population. By the 1930s, these efforts had begun to sway the national state to embrace their interpretation of indigenous culture.Less
The chapter begins with the famous Hiram Bingham-led expeditions to Machu Picchu. Although Bingham brought attention to Machu Picchu, his controversial actions and hasty departure from Peru in 1915 meant that Machu Picchu remained largely ignored on the national and global level. However, local elites contributed to the rehabilitation of Machu Picchu as part of their efforts to promote regional folkloric identity, better known as indigenismo. This emphasized Cusco’s modernity and embraced a utopian vision of the Inca past. However, tourism downplayed the contemporary demands of Cusco’s large exploited indigenous population. By the 1930s, these efforts had begun to sway the national state to embrace their interpretation of indigenous culture.
Mark Rice
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643533
- eISBN:
- 9781469643557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643533.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines how tourism backers employed the transnational links of the Good Neighbor Era in Latin America to raise global interest in Machu Picchu and to promote travel to Cusco. Tourism ...
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This chapter examines how tourism backers employed the transnational links of the Good Neighbor Era in Latin America to raise global interest in Machu Picchu and to promote travel to Cusco. Tourism interests used the cultural diplomacy of the Good Neighbor Policy to promote Cusco and Machu Picchu as symbols of an Andean Peru and to lobby the Peruvian state to invest in tourism development. However, these efforts also re-invented Hiram Bingham as a benevolent Pan-American figure and continued to overlook the demands of Cusco’s indigenous population.Less
This chapter examines how tourism backers employed the transnational links of the Good Neighbor Era in Latin America to raise global interest in Machu Picchu and to promote travel to Cusco. Tourism interests used the cultural diplomacy of the Good Neighbor Policy to promote Cusco and Machu Picchu as symbols of an Andean Peru and to lobby the Peruvian state to invest in tourism development. However, these efforts also re-invented Hiram Bingham as a benevolent Pan-American figure and continued to overlook the demands of Cusco’s indigenous population.
Mark Rice
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643533
- eISBN:
- 9781469643557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643533.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter investigates how Cusco tourism navigated three crises: the end of Good Neighbor cultural diplomacy at the start of the Cold War, the withdrawal of state support for tourism development, ...
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This chapter investigates how Cusco tourism navigated three crises: the end of Good Neighbor cultural diplomacy at the start of the Cold War, the withdrawal of state support for tourism development, and a destructive earthquake in 1950. Cusco’s tourism backers used their transnational connections to new global institutions like UNESCO as well as earthquake recovery funds to sustain tourism in the region and lay the foundation for a travel boom in the next decades. However, such efforts promoted controversial reconstruction techniques at Machu Picchu and failed to address Cusco’s growing agrarian and economic crises.Less
This chapter investigates how Cusco tourism navigated three crises: the end of Good Neighbor cultural diplomacy at the start of the Cold War, the withdrawal of state support for tourism development, and a destructive earthquake in 1950. Cusco’s tourism backers used their transnational connections to new global institutions like UNESCO as well as earthquake recovery funds to sustain tourism in the region and lay the foundation for a travel boom in the next decades. However, such efforts promoted controversial reconstruction techniques at Machu Picchu and failed to address Cusco’s growing agrarian and economic crises.
Mark Rice
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643533
- eISBN:
- 9781469643557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643533.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Advances in jet travel ushered in Cusco’s first tourism boom in the 1960s and 1970s. However, a series of agrarian revolts and the collapse of Cusco’s traditional economic base threatened to unravel ...
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Advances in jet travel ushered in Cusco’s first tourism boom in the 1960s and 1970s. However, a series of agrarian revolts and the collapse of Cusco’s traditional economic base threatened to unravel tourism. Increasingly, Cusco looked to the national state to use tourism as a source of economic development, especially after the 1968 military coup led by the left-leaning General Juan Velasco Alvarado. Working with transnational institutions like UNESCO and employing Machu Picchu as a populist symbol, the military sought to use cultural tourism with ongoing agrarian reform to remake Cusco’s regional society. Contrary to the military’s goals, these efforts ultimately failed. Plans to construct a modernist hotel at Machu Picchu provoked fights between development and preservation interests. In addition, the unexpected arrival of counter-cultural travellers shocked locals. Finally, the highly-technical strategies employed by the military and UNESCO only served to displace local control over tourism in favor of bureaucratic interests in Lima.Less
Advances in jet travel ushered in Cusco’s first tourism boom in the 1960s and 1970s. However, a series of agrarian revolts and the collapse of Cusco’s traditional economic base threatened to unravel tourism. Increasingly, Cusco looked to the national state to use tourism as a source of economic development, especially after the 1968 military coup led by the left-leaning General Juan Velasco Alvarado. Working with transnational institutions like UNESCO and employing Machu Picchu as a populist symbol, the military sought to use cultural tourism with ongoing agrarian reform to remake Cusco’s regional society. Contrary to the military’s goals, these efforts ultimately failed. Plans to construct a modernist hotel at Machu Picchu provoked fights between development and preservation interests. In addition, the unexpected arrival of counter-cultural travellers shocked locals. Finally, the highly-technical strategies employed by the military and UNESCO only served to displace local control over tourism in favor of bureaucratic interests in Lima.
Mark Rice
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643533
- eISBN:
- 9781469643557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643533.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Burdened with debt, the national state withdrew its investment in tourism development in Cusco in the late 1970s. More ominously, the growth of the Maoist Shining Path rebellion and its attacks on ...
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Burdened with debt, the national state withdrew its investment in tourism development in Cusco in the late 1970s. More ominously, the growth of the Maoist Shining Path rebellion and its attacks on travellers nearly brought the tourism economy to collapse by the end of the 1980s. Yet, this chapter also documents the grassroots innovations in Cusco’s tourism economy. As traditional tourists avoided Machu Picchu, expatriates and locals created a new adventure tourism economy based on backpacking and hiking. Using new transnational cultural and travel networks, these efforts reinvented Machu Picchu as an exotic and adventurous site. The neoliberal government of Alberto Fujimori of the 1990s employed the new imagery of Machu Picchu as it sought to attract new private investment into Peru. These efforts brought in a bonanza of new Lima-based and international investors. However, the new state policies provoked local anger who rallied against tourism development perceived as unjust and as a threat to the region’s historical heritageLess
Burdened with debt, the national state withdrew its investment in tourism development in Cusco in the late 1970s. More ominously, the growth of the Maoist Shining Path rebellion and its attacks on travellers nearly brought the tourism economy to collapse by the end of the 1980s. Yet, this chapter also documents the grassroots innovations in Cusco’s tourism economy. As traditional tourists avoided Machu Picchu, expatriates and locals created a new adventure tourism economy based on backpacking and hiking. Using new transnational cultural and travel networks, these efforts reinvented Machu Picchu as an exotic and adventurous site. The neoliberal government of Alberto Fujimori of the 1990s employed the new imagery of Machu Picchu as it sought to attract new private investment into Peru. These efforts brought in a bonanza of new Lima-based and international investors. However, the new state policies provoked local anger who rallied against tourism development perceived as unjust and as a threat to the region’s historical heritage
Mark Rice
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643533
- eISBN:
- 9781469643557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643533.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter focuses on the centennial celebrations of Hiram Bingham’s “discovery” of Machu Picchu. The lavish ceremony illustrated how Peruvian national state now embraced Machu Picchu as a sign of ...
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This chapter focuses on the centennial celebrations of Hiram Bingham’s “discovery” of Machu Picchu. The lavish ceremony illustrated how Peruvian national state now embraced Machu Picchu as a sign of national identity. It shows how transnational networks of capital, culture, and travel had made Machu Picchu into a global symbol of Peru. However, the continued lack of social or economic inclusion of Andean communities into the Peruvian nation casts light on the limits and potential threat that such processes can have. The influence of tourism and global consumption of Machu Picchu has unmoored the site from the region of Cusco. A century of tourism growth has transformed cusqueños into figurative owners of Peruvian national identity while simultaneously displacing their control over the region’s economic and political future.Less
This chapter focuses on the centennial celebrations of Hiram Bingham’s “discovery” of Machu Picchu. The lavish ceremony illustrated how Peruvian national state now embraced Machu Picchu as a sign of national identity. It shows how transnational networks of capital, culture, and travel had made Machu Picchu into a global symbol of Peru. However, the continued lack of social or economic inclusion of Andean communities into the Peruvian nation casts light on the limits and potential threat that such processes can have. The influence of tourism and global consumption of Machu Picchu has unmoored the site from the region of Cusco. A century of tourism growth has transformed cusqueños into figurative owners of Peruvian national identity while simultaneously displacing their control over the region’s economic and political future.
Ian Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813044330
- eISBN:
- 9780813046327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813044330.003.0003
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The chronicles relate that six Sapa Inka engaged in both urban and rural planning. Pachakuti Inka Yupanki devised a four-phase plan to rebuild the Sun temple, redevelop the agricultural hinterland, ...
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The chronicles relate that six Sapa Inka engaged in both urban and rural planning. Pachakuti Inka Yupanki devised a four-phase plan to rebuild the Sun temple, redevelop the agricultural hinterland, channelize the rivers to prevent flooding, and re-plan and build the city of Cusco. This was successfully achieved by using clay models and a measuring rope and by using the tribute system to raise and utilize a large labor force and to assemble the materials and other resources needed to sustain such projects. Ancient planning is defined and examples are discussed. An inka linear mensuration system is tested using the plans of two small towns, Calca and Ollantaytambo. The results demonstrate inka planning canons, which use an orthogonal grid of streets and rectangular kancha and plazas, as well as processes by which this was achieved.Less
The chronicles relate that six Sapa Inka engaged in both urban and rural planning. Pachakuti Inka Yupanki devised a four-phase plan to rebuild the Sun temple, redevelop the agricultural hinterland, channelize the rivers to prevent flooding, and re-plan and build the city of Cusco. This was successfully achieved by using clay models and a measuring rope and by using the tribute system to raise and utilize a large labor force and to assemble the materials and other resources needed to sustain such projects. Ancient planning is defined and examples are discussed. An inka linear mensuration system is tested using the plans of two small towns, Calca and Ollantaytambo. The results demonstrate inka planning canons, which use an orthogonal grid of streets and rectangular kancha and plazas, as well as processes by which this was achieved.
John Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239086
- eISBN:
- 9781846312687
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846312687
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
By considering Bourbon Peru in a chronological framework that begins at mid-century rather than 1700, this book focuses the reader's attention on the key issue of the relationship between colonial ...
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By considering Bourbon Peru in a chronological framework that begins at mid-century rather than 1700, this book focuses the reader's attention on the key issue of the relationship between colonial reform in the late eighteenth century and the creation of an independent Peruvian state in the 1820s. It sets out some uncluttered responses to this question, emphasising continuities between the two forms of regime rather than change. The book's arguments are underpinned by a review of the major elements of Peru's economic, social, and political development for the half century from 1750. The study concludes with a detailed analysis of the independence period (1810–1824), which provides an interpretation of unrest in the highlands of royalist Peru, the dying days of the viceroyalty under Jose de la Serna (1821–1824) in Cusco, and the attempts to reach a negotiated settlement with the patriots under Jose de San Martín.Less
By considering Bourbon Peru in a chronological framework that begins at mid-century rather than 1700, this book focuses the reader's attention on the key issue of the relationship between colonial reform in the late eighteenth century and the creation of an independent Peruvian state in the 1820s. It sets out some uncluttered responses to this question, emphasising continuities between the two forms of regime rather than change. The book's arguments are underpinned by a review of the major elements of Peru's economic, social, and political development for the half century from 1750. The study concludes with a detailed analysis of the independence period (1810–1824), which provides an interpretation of unrest in the highlands of royalist Peru, the dying days of the viceroyalty under Jose de la Serna (1821–1824) in Cusco, and the attempts to reach a negotiated settlement with the patriots under Jose de San Martín.
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239147
- eISBN:
- 9781846313264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239147.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
During the last five decades of Spanish colonial rule (c.1770–1824), the Cuzco region became a principal venue for protests, rebellions, and sundry subversive activities in the Viceroyalty of Peru. ...
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During the last five decades of Spanish colonial rule (c.1770–1824), the Cuzco region became a principal venue for protests, rebellions, and sundry subversive activities in the Viceroyalty of Peru. For royal authorities, Cuzco occupied a central military and political role not only for Peru but also to Spanish South America in general. This view had something to do with the obvious symbolism of the city of Cuzco for indigenous peoples who longed for a return to the supposed Golden Age of the Incario (Tahuantinsuyu). Such nostalgia was related to the notion of utopía andina and sparked a welter of uprisings and conspiracies in search of a leader who would lead the Incas in their struggle against Spain. The disquisition of the Bishop of Cuzco, Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, confirms the hypotheses and concepts introduced by several historians that an underlying ‘Inca Nationalism’ or ‘Andean Utopia’ or ‘colonial Andean Messianism’ existed in colonial and even contemporary Peruvian society and politics.Less
During the last five decades of Spanish colonial rule (c.1770–1824), the Cuzco region became a principal venue for protests, rebellions, and sundry subversive activities in the Viceroyalty of Peru. For royal authorities, Cuzco occupied a central military and political role not only for Peru but also to Spanish South America in general. This view had something to do with the obvious symbolism of the city of Cuzco for indigenous peoples who longed for a return to the supposed Golden Age of the Incario (Tahuantinsuyu). Such nostalgia was related to the notion of utopía andina and sparked a welter of uprisings and conspiracies in search of a leader who would lead the Incas in their struggle against Spain. The disquisition of the Bishop of Cuzco, Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, confirms the hypotheses and concepts introduced by several historians that an underlying ‘Inca Nationalism’ or ‘Andean Utopia’ or ‘colonial Andean Messianism’ existed in colonial and even contemporary Peruvian society and politics.
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239147
- eISBN:
- 9781846313264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239147.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
The Bishop of Cuzco, Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, critiqued Incaic symbolism in religious festivals and asserted that Incaic dress was strictly required for the indigenous nobility on ‘all’ civic ...
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The Bishop of Cuzco, Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, critiqued Incaic symbolism in religious festivals and asserted that Incaic dress was strictly required for the indigenous nobility on ‘all’ civic and ecclesiastical occasions. This claim is problematic and not amply supported in contemporary descriptions of civic ceremonies. There is abundant evidence that Incaic raiment was worn on major ecclesiastical occasions, including Arzáns y Vela's account of the 1555 celebrations in Potosí, Garcilaso de la Vega's description of the 1555 inaugural Corpus Christi festivities in Cuzco, and representations of the Incas in 1659 and 1725 festivities in Lima. This chapter examines the participation of the Inca nobility in fiestas during Spain's colonial rule, focusing on the 1610 Cuzqueño festivities honouring the beatification of Ignatius de Loyola and an Incaic procession held in 1692 in connection with the Jesuit chapel of Loreto in Cuzco.Less
The Bishop of Cuzco, Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, critiqued Incaic symbolism in religious festivals and asserted that Incaic dress was strictly required for the indigenous nobility on ‘all’ civic and ecclesiastical occasions. This claim is problematic and not amply supported in contemporary descriptions of civic ceremonies. There is abundant evidence that Incaic raiment was worn on major ecclesiastical occasions, including Arzáns y Vela's account of the 1555 celebrations in Potosí, Garcilaso de la Vega's description of the 1555 inaugural Corpus Christi festivities in Cuzco, and representations of the Incas in 1659 and 1725 festivities in Lima. This chapter examines the participation of the Inca nobility in fiestas during Spain's colonial rule, focusing on the 1610 Cuzqueño festivities honouring the beatification of Ignatius de Loyola and an Incaic procession held in 1692 in connection with the Jesuit chapel of Loreto in Cuzco.
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239147
- eISBN:
- 9781846313264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239147.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter examines the participation of the Inca nobility in a customary annual fiesta and procession held in honour of Our Lady of Loreto on August 22, 1692 in the Inca capital of Cuzco in Peru. ...
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This chapter examines the participation of the Inca nobility in a customary annual fiesta and procession held in honour of Our Lady of Loreto on August 22, 1692 in the Inca capital of Cuzco in Peru. Aside from the great religious festivals such as Corpus Christi and Semana Santa, such processions were a common occurrence under Spanish colonial rule. What was striking about the Loreto fiesta and procession is that it appears to have been celebrated primarily by the Inca nobles of Cuzco. This chapter considers why the Incas should have celebrated precisely under the aegis of the Virgin of Loreto, and why in August. It shows that the Loreto procession was remarkable not only for its Incan insignia, raiment, and symbolism but also for the colonial Inca nobility's apparent appropriation of the cofradía ‘format’ to celebrate an apparent symbolic gesture towards the quondam feast of Coya Raimi and the Citua rites.Less
This chapter examines the participation of the Inca nobility in a customary annual fiesta and procession held in honour of Our Lady of Loreto on August 22, 1692 in the Inca capital of Cuzco in Peru. Aside from the great religious festivals such as Corpus Christi and Semana Santa, such processions were a common occurrence under Spanish colonial rule. What was striking about the Loreto fiesta and procession is that it appears to have been celebrated primarily by the Inca nobles of Cuzco. This chapter considers why the Incas should have celebrated precisely under the aegis of the Virgin of Loreto, and why in August. It shows that the Loreto procession was remarkable not only for its Incan insignia, raiment, and symbolism but also for the colonial Inca nobility's apparent appropriation of the cofradía ‘format’ to celebrate an apparent symbolic gesture towards the quondam feast of Coya Raimi and the Citua rites.
Lisbeth Haas
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780520276468
- eISBN:
- 9780520956742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520276468.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Colonization involved the use of visual narrative and religious objects for baroque design and ritual practice. This chapter argues that, despite the way the church and state acted to control the ...
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Colonization involved the use of visual narrative and religious objects for baroque design and ritual practice. This chapter argues that, despite the way the church and state acted to control the meaning of images, indigenous painters and artisans created work suggestive of the nature of indigenous interpretation and belief. Franciscans used painting to foster the colonial process of erasure, but indigenous artisans and Franciscans both sought narrative influence in indigenous spaces and by giving meaning to images and statues. The chapter also suggests Christian Indians came to share an imagined community inhabited by saints, converts, and martyrs. It emerged from the missionaries’ printed and painted images that expanded, rather than foreclosed, indigenous visual practices. The chapter uses a methodology from indigenous studies that encourages comparison between indigenous groups around relevant experiences. It expands the field of comparison that previously only juxtaposed, for example, indigenous and European painting. In this case, the comparison focuses on the process of visual interpretation and representation by Andean painters in Peru and indigenous painters and artisans in California. The comparison illustrates the ways indigenous iconography and visual practices are transformed when brought into colonial painting and sculpture. It suggests how indigenous artisans created meaning with old and new iconography and form, and how they worked to gain narrative control and influence in colonial settings.Less
Colonization involved the use of visual narrative and religious objects for baroque design and ritual practice. This chapter argues that, despite the way the church and state acted to control the meaning of images, indigenous painters and artisans created work suggestive of the nature of indigenous interpretation and belief. Franciscans used painting to foster the colonial process of erasure, but indigenous artisans and Franciscans both sought narrative influence in indigenous spaces and by giving meaning to images and statues. The chapter also suggests Christian Indians came to share an imagined community inhabited by saints, converts, and martyrs. It emerged from the missionaries’ printed and painted images that expanded, rather than foreclosed, indigenous visual practices. The chapter uses a methodology from indigenous studies that encourages comparison between indigenous groups around relevant experiences. It expands the field of comparison that previously only juxtaposed, for example, indigenous and European painting. In this case, the comparison focuses on the process of visual interpretation and representation by Andean painters in Peru and indigenous painters and artisans in California. The comparison illustrates the ways indigenous iconography and visual practices are transformed when brought into colonial painting and sculpture. It suggests how indigenous artisans created meaning with old and new iconography and form, and how they worked to gain narrative control and influence in colonial settings.
Kathleen James-Chakraborty
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816673964
- eISBN:
- 9781452946047
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816673964.003.0002
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
This chapter explores the history and architecture of Tenochtitlán, Mexico, and Cuzco, Peru. The city of Tenochtitlán was the center of the Mexica empire while the Inca empire centered on Cuzco. Both ...
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This chapter explores the history and architecture of Tenochtitlán, Mexico, and Cuzco, Peru. The city of Tenochtitlán was the center of the Mexica empire while the Inca empire centered on Cuzco. Both societies were technologically advanced, with complex political structures capable of organizing hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of people. The remains of their architecture provide us with the richest evidence of their accomplishments and forms the worldview that inspired them. However, these cities and their buildings were not enough to sustain the cultures that had created them. In the sixteenth century, the Mexica and the Inca fell victim to Spanish conquerors and their thirst for gold. The process was violent and terrifying, destroying the social and architectural patterns that had once ordered these unusually prosperous societies.Less
This chapter explores the history and architecture of Tenochtitlán, Mexico, and Cuzco, Peru. The city of Tenochtitlán was the center of the Mexica empire while the Inca empire centered on Cuzco. Both societies were technologically advanced, with complex political structures capable of organizing hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of people. The remains of their architecture provide us with the richest evidence of their accomplishments and forms the worldview that inspired them. However, these cities and their buildings were not enough to sustain the cultures that had created them. In the sixteenth century, the Mexica and the Inca fell victim to Spanish conquerors and their thirst for gold. The process was violent and terrifying, destroying the social and architectural patterns that had once ordered these unusually prosperous societies.
James H. Merrell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834039
- eISBN:
- 9781469600772
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9780807834039.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter focuses on the time one hundred and sixty years before John Lawson took ship for America, when the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto plunged into what is now central South Carolina in ...
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This chapter focuses on the time one hundred and sixty years before John Lawson took ship for America, when the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto plunged into what is now central South Carolina in search of the Cofitachiques, a powerful Indian nation he had been hearing about for months. De Soto, who had served in South America under Francisco Pizarro, was now driven ever deeper into the unknown by rumors that the Cofitachiques' riches rivaled those of the Incan city Cuzco. On May 1, 1540, after weeks of grueling travel, he and his army stood gazing over a river at the Cofitachique capital. Summoned by the shouts of the expedition's guides, six headmen crossed over and cautiously approached the Spaniards. The explorer called for the “rest seat” he carried with him specifically to “receive the curacas and emissaries with a gravity and embellishment befitting the grandeur of his station.”Less
This chapter focuses on the time one hundred and sixty years before John Lawson took ship for America, when the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto plunged into what is now central South Carolina in search of the Cofitachiques, a powerful Indian nation he had been hearing about for months. De Soto, who had served in South America under Francisco Pizarro, was now driven ever deeper into the unknown by rumors that the Cofitachiques' riches rivaled those of the Incan city Cuzco. On May 1, 1540, after weeks of grueling travel, he and his army stood gazing over a river at the Cofitachique capital. Summoned by the shouts of the expedition's guides, six headmen crossed over and cautiously approached the Spaniards. The explorer called for the “rest seat” he carried with him specifically to “receive the curacas and emissaries with a gravity and embellishment befitting the grandeur of his station.”
Willie Hiatt
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190248901
- eISBN:
- 9780190248932
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190248901.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter demonstrates how Cuzqueños employed flight to construct a modern identity built upon a unique claim to the past. Alejandro Velasco Astete’s September 1925 flight from Lima to his ...
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This chapter demonstrates how Cuzqueños employed flight to construct a modern identity built upon a unique claim to the past. Alejandro Velasco Astete’s September 1925 flight from Lima to his hometown of Cuzco elucidates how the Andean region perceived its role in a modernizing nation, as well as what “modern” meant to the heirs of Inca history. In the years before his arrival, Cuzco elites lamented Lima’s inattention, their dilapidated city infrastructure, and the failure to weave the majority indigenous population into the national fabric. The narrative of Velasco Astete’s arrival and death cast the pilot as a prototype for what many considered the Andean racial and cultural ideal. Cuzqueños began to contextualize flight within the Inca past—and like Inca remains, the materiality of airplanes mattered. They politicized his feat in the regional struggle with Lima and highlighted the socioeconomic stratification of Cuzco’s diverse social landscape.Less
This chapter demonstrates how Cuzqueños employed flight to construct a modern identity built upon a unique claim to the past. Alejandro Velasco Astete’s September 1925 flight from Lima to his hometown of Cuzco elucidates how the Andean region perceived its role in a modernizing nation, as well as what “modern” meant to the heirs of Inca history. In the years before his arrival, Cuzco elites lamented Lima’s inattention, their dilapidated city infrastructure, and the failure to weave the majority indigenous population into the national fabric. The narrative of Velasco Astete’s arrival and death cast the pilot as a prototype for what many considered the Andean racial and cultural ideal. Cuzqueños began to contextualize flight within the Inca past—and like Inca remains, the materiality of airplanes mattered. They politicized his feat in the regional struggle with Lima and highlighted the socioeconomic stratification of Cuzco’s diverse social landscape.
