Jonathan Kaplan and Federico Paredes Umaña
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056746
- eISBN:
- 9780813053615
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056746.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Before the authors’ research, Chocolá was no more than an intriguing legend. Chocolá’s apparent political links to the greatest Preclassic southern Maya area polity, Kaminaljuyu, would make any ...
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Before the authors’ research, Chocolá was no more than an intriguing legend. Chocolá’s apparent political links to the greatest Preclassic southern Maya area polity, Kaminaljuyu, would make any discovery about Chocolá conceivably vital to a better understanding of Maya origins and New World archaeology, as both ancient cities are located in the Southern Maya Region. Two facts led researchers to search more specifically for the material bases for Chocolá’s rise to power: 1) Mesoamerica’s greatest rainfall, 2) cacao groves around the modern village lying atop the ancient city. Cacao was so important to the Maya that, mythologically, the cacao god was the maize god’s brother and uncle of the “Hero Twins,” conceived as the aboriginal creators of the Maya people. If water control systems have been documented archaeologically at virtually all great ancient cities around the world, cacao is uniquely a Maya “invention,” the Maya being the first people in the world to domesticate the plant and cultivate it through intensive agriculture. These two discoveries—impressive water management and cacao at Preclassic Chocolá—likely are not coincidental. A complex, hierarchical society would have been in place for arboriculture of water-thirsty cacao for long-distance ancient trade. Thus, two material substances, one necessary for human survival, the other highly valued throughout Mesoamerica as consumable and essential in Maya mythology, may explain, in part, how this and other Southern Maya “kingdoms of chocolate” may represent a “sweet beginning” for one of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world.Less
Before the authors’ research, Chocolá was no more than an intriguing legend. Chocolá’s apparent political links to the greatest Preclassic southern Maya area polity, Kaminaljuyu, would make any discovery about Chocolá conceivably vital to a better understanding of Maya origins and New World archaeology, as both ancient cities are located in the Southern Maya Region. Two facts led researchers to search more specifically for the material bases for Chocolá’s rise to power: 1) Mesoamerica’s greatest rainfall, 2) cacao groves around the modern village lying atop the ancient city. Cacao was so important to the Maya that, mythologically, the cacao god was the maize god’s brother and uncle of the “Hero Twins,” conceived as the aboriginal creators of the Maya people. If water control systems have been documented archaeologically at virtually all great ancient cities around the world, cacao is uniquely a Maya “invention,” the Maya being the first people in the world to domesticate the plant and cultivate it through intensive agriculture. These two discoveries—impressive water management and cacao at Preclassic Chocolá—likely are not coincidental. A complex, hierarchical society would have been in place for arboriculture of water-thirsty cacao for long-distance ancient trade. Thus, two material substances, one necessary for human survival, the other highly valued throughout Mesoamerica as consumable and essential in Maya mythology, may explain, in part, how this and other Southern Maya “kingdoms of chocolate” may represent a “sweet beginning” for one of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world.
Gregory D. Wilson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781683400103
- eISBN:
- 9781683400318
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400103.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Two decades ago Mississippian cultural origins were commonly viewed as the outcome of well-bounded Woodland populations evolving in situ. Different Mississippian polities were conceived of as ...
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Two decades ago Mississippian cultural origins were commonly viewed as the outcome of well-bounded Woodland populations evolving in situ. Different Mississippian polities were conceived of as organizationally comparable as they had evolved in similar environmental and cultural contexts. Today it is difficult to address the topic of Mississippian origins without directly engaging with evidence of organizational variation. Moreover, migrations, pilgrimages, violent conflicts, and other far flung entanglements now appear to have pervaded the early Mississippian past.Less
Two decades ago Mississippian cultural origins were commonly viewed as the outcome of well-bounded Woodland populations evolving in situ. Different Mississippian polities were conceived of as organizationally comparable as they had evolved in similar environmental and cultural contexts. Today it is difficult to address the topic of Mississippian origins without directly engaging with evidence of organizational variation. Moreover, migrations, pilgrimages, violent conflicts, and other far flung entanglements now appear to have pervaded the early Mississippian past.
Robert A. Cook
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781683400462
- eISBN:
- 9781683400684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400462.003.0008
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Villages are one of the most ubiquitous and enduring site forms in the Eastern United States and beyond. In this chapter, I examine the dynamics associated with village formation in the Middle Ohio ...
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Villages are one of the most ubiquitous and enduring site forms in the Eastern United States and beyond. In this chapter, I examine the dynamics associated with village formation in the Middle Ohio Valley. Integration of mortuary data with biodistance and isotope analyses from human burials with environmental data is key to unlocking the processes and histories at play. The central argument is that the basic structure of the Fort Ancient village developed in close connection and early interactions with Mississippian migrants and remained relatively constant through time despite major shifts in certain aspects of material culture and diet. Village origins are linked to a series of general processes and specific historical developments involving exploitation of a particular type of environmental niche, reuse of ancient monuments, and referencing mythic Mississippian events. Examination of the Fort Ancient village pattern in comparison with potential descendant communities also allows for heretofore unrecognized connections to be explored, particularly with Dhegiha Siouan tribes.Less
Villages are one of the most ubiquitous and enduring site forms in the Eastern United States and beyond. In this chapter, I examine the dynamics associated with village formation in the Middle Ohio Valley. Integration of mortuary data with biodistance and isotope analyses from human burials with environmental data is key to unlocking the processes and histories at play. The central argument is that the basic structure of the Fort Ancient village developed in close connection and early interactions with Mississippian migrants and remained relatively constant through time despite major shifts in certain aspects of material culture and diet. Village origins are linked to a series of general processes and specific historical developments involving exploitation of a particular type of environmental niche, reuse of ancient monuments, and referencing mythic Mississippian events. Examination of the Fort Ancient village pattern in comparison with potential descendant communities also allows for heretofore unrecognized connections to be explored, particularly with Dhegiha Siouan tribes.
Catherine S. Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813036076
- eISBN:
- 9780813041780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036076.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Social Groups
This chapter reviews the ethnographic evidence for and against the hypothesis that speakers of languages of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family expanded/migrated within the last 1,000 ...
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This chapter reviews the ethnographic evidence for and against the hypothesis that speakers of languages of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family expanded/migrated within the last 1,000 to 2,000 years into the Great Basin of Western North American from a homeland somewhere in the southwestern corner of their present geographic range. The evidence reviewed includes documentary records, indigenous oral traditions, and cultural patterns (culture traits, material culture, cultural processes, naming). It concludes that the hypothesis remains viable, although the evidence is slim, and suggests several points to investigate for the future.Less
This chapter reviews the ethnographic evidence for and against the hypothesis that speakers of languages of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family expanded/migrated within the last 1,000 to 2,000 years into the Great Basin of Western North American from a homeland somewhere in the southwestern corner of their present geographic range. The evidence reviewed includes documentary records, indigenous oral traditions, and cultural patterns (culture traits, material culture, cultural processes, naming). It concludes that the hypothesis remains viable, although the evidence is slim, and suggests several points to investigate for the future.
Julian Gerstin (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813034676
- eISBN:
- 9780813046303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034676.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
Julian Gerstin starts with historical citations of, confusions about, and variations on the Caribbean dances kalenda, chica, bamboula, djouba, and bele. He notes that these dances spread through the ...
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Julian Gerstin starts with historical citations of, confusions about, and variations on the Caribbean dances kalenda, chica, bamboula, djouba, and bele. He notes that these dances spread through the islands with French influence, along with contredanse, other European social dances, and carnival, and that during the 18th century, the French increasingly focused their slave-trading in the Congo/Angola region. Gerstin explores evidence of the Congolese origins of these neo-African creole dances which mixed in European influences as they developed on the various islands. He examines eroticism, challenges, and display, satire and secularism in dance on Martinique and other islands. Readers can follow the cited dances and the themes Gerstin develops throughout the book.Less
Julian Gerstin starts with historical citations of, confusions about, and variations on the Caribbean dances kalenda, chica, bamboula, djouba, and bele. He notes that these dances spread through the islands with French influence, along with contredanse, other European social dances, and carnival, and that during the 18th century, the French increasingly focused their slave-trading in the Congo/Angola region. Gerstin explores evidence of the Congolese origins of these neo-African creole dances which mixed in European influences as they developed on the various islands. He examines eroticism, challenges, and display, satire and secularism in dance on Martinique and other islands. Readers can follow the cited dances and the themes Gerstin develops throughout the book.
Janet Montgomery and Christopher J. Knüsel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813035567
- eISBN:
- 9780813041766
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813035567.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Excavations on the Mount, York (UK), revealed part of a large Roman period cemetery containing the remains of 80 individuals, 48 of whom had been decapitated from behind, and their heads placed in ...
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Excavations on the Mount, York (UK), revealed part of a large Roman period cemetery containing the remains of 80 individuals, 48 of whom had been decapitated from behind, and their heads placed in graves with the rest of the body. This practice has been previously encountered only sporadically in cemeteries of the period. However, the burials do not represent a normal attritional cemetery population: bioarchaeological investigations indicate that these were Roman soldiers (no females and only six subadults were present) stationed at a legionary fortress. To investigate whether the cemetery contained individuals whose origins were as unusual as the cemetery population profile, six adult males were subjected to lead, strontium and oxygen isotope analysis: four decapitated and two non-decapitated. Results indicate that they derived from varying climatic and geological environs and experienced differing levels and sources of pollution during childhood. Two were British in origin, but the remaining four likely originated from elsewhere in the Roman Empire. Moreover, the location of the burials on the highest point in the area and on a main route to an urban center indicate the men were of a higher social status whose mode and manner of death befitted their status.Less
Excavations on the Mount, York (UK), revealed part of a large Roman period cemetery containing the remains of 80 individuals, 48 of whom had been decapitated from behind, and their heads placed in graves with the rest of the body. This practice has been previously encountered only sporadically in cemeteries of the period. However, the burials do not represent a normal attritional cemetery population: bioarchaeological investigations indicate that these were Roman soldiers (no females and only six subadults were present) stationed at a legionary fortress. To investigate whether the cemetery contained individuals whose origins were as unusual as the cemetery population profile, six adult males were subjected to lead, strontium and oxygen isotope analysis: four decapitated and two non-decapitated. Results indicate that they derived from varying climatic and geological environs and experienced differing levels and sources of pollution during childhood. Two were British in origin, but the remaining four likely originated from elsewhere in the Roman Empire. Moreover, the location of the burials on the highest point in the area and on a main route to an urban center indicate the men were of a higher social status whose mode and manner of death befitted their status.
Ralph Colp Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032313
- eISBN:
- 9780813039237
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032313.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The year 2009 marked the bicentennial of Charles Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of The Origin of Species. From 1840 to his death in 1882, Darwin was constantly plagued by ...
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The year 2009 marked the bicentennial of Charles Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of The Origin of Species. From 1840 to his death in 1882, Darwin was constantly plagued by chronic illnesses that allowed him to work only a few hours at a time and by an obsession with his physical health. Was this the psychosomatic product of stress resulting from the development and public reception to his theory of evolution or the result of a disease or parasite obtained during the world traveler's excursions? In 1977, the author of this volume argued persuasively for the former explanation in his book To Be an Invalid: The Illness of Charles Darwin, now out of print, but considered to be one of the century's most important works on Darwin's life. Expanding and reworking his earlier arguments to take into account new information (including Darwin's “Diary of Health”, included as an appendix), this book paints a more intimate portrait of the nature and possible causes of Darwin's lifelong illness, of the ways he and Victorian physicians tried treating it, and how it influenced his scientific work and relations with his family and friends.Less
The year 2009 marked the bicentennial of Charles Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of The Origin of Species. From 1840 to his death in 1882, Darwin was constantly plagued by chronic illnesses that allowed him to work only a few hours at a time and by an obsession with his physical health. Was this the psychosomatic product of stress resulting from the development and public reception to his theory of evolution or the result of a disease or parasite obtained during the world traveler's excursions? In 1977, the author of this volume argued persuasively for the former explanation in his book To Be an Invalid: The Illness of Charles Darwin, now out of print, but considered to be one of the century's most important works on Darwin's life. Expanding and reworking his earlier arguments to take into account new information (including Darwin's “Diary of Health”, included as an appendix), this book paints a more intimate portrait of the nature and possible causes of Darwin's lifelong illness, of the ways he and Victorian physicians tried treating it, and how it influenced his scientific work and relations with his family and friends.
Jonathan Haas and Winifred Creamer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813038087
- eISBN:
- 9780813043128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813038087.003.0011
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The Norte Chico region witnessed an early florescence of mound construction at more than 30 Late Archaic (3000 to 1800 B.C.) sites in an area of only 1800 sq km. Each of these sites has from 1 to 7 ...
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The Norte Chico region witnessed an early florescence of mound construction at more than 30 Late Archaic (3000 to 1800 B.C.) sites in an area of only 1800 sq km. Each of these sites has from 1 to 7 mounds ranging from 3000 to 100,000 cu m in volume. In looking at the emergence of this complex cultural system, a critical question is how and why these mounds were constructed over many generations. This chapter will examine evidence for the scale of labor involved in mound construction and for (or against) centralized organization of labor.Less
The Norte Chico region witnessed an early florescence of mound construction at more than 30 Late Archaic (3000 to 1800 B.C.) sites in an area of only 1800 sq km. Each of these sites has from 1 to 7 mounds ranging from 3000 to 100,000 cu m in volume. In looking at the emergence of this complex cultural system, a critical question is how and why these mounds were constructed over many generations. This chapter will examine evidence for the scale of labor involved in mound construction and for (or against) centralized organization of labor.
Robert A. Cook
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781683400103
- eISBN:
- 9781683400318
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400103.003.0005
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The spread of Mississippian culture throughout much of the Eastern US has long been of interest to archaeologists. Interpretations of this spread have oscillated widely over the development of the ...
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The spread of Mississippian culture throughout much of the Eastern US has long been of interest to archaeologists. Interpretations of this spread have oscillated widely over the development of the discipline between what are generally referred to as historical and processual approaches. This chapter briefly summarizes these approaches and then directly examines some key aspects of each. Integration of mortuary data with biodistance and chemical analyses from human burials with environmental data provides a key to unlock both the processes and histories at play in the development of one area on which Mississippian culture developed. The central argument is that the basic structure of the Fort Ancient village developed in close connection with early interactions with Mississippian migrants. Village origins are linked to a series of general processes and specific historical developments involving exploitation of a particular type of environmental niche, reuse of ancient monuments, and referencing mythic Mississippian events. The basic conclusion is that it is much better to seek a model that incorporates elements of both culture process and culture history if we are to arrive at a more comprehensive understanding of the past.Less
The spread of Mississippian culture throughout much of the Eastern US has long been of interest to archaeologists. Interpretations of this spread have oscillated widely over the development of the discipline between what are generally referred to as historical and processual approaches. This chapter briefly summarizes these approaches and then directly examines some key aspects of each. Integration of mortuary data with biodistance and chemical analyses from human burials with environmental data provides a key to unlock both the processes and histories at play in the development of one area on which Mississippian culture developed. The central argument is that the basic structure of the Fort Ancient village developed in close connection with early interactions with Mississippian migrants. Village origins are linked to a series of general processes and specific historical developments involving exploitation of a particular type of environmental niche, reuse of ancient monuments, and referencing mythic Mississippian events. The basic conclusion is that it is much better to seek a model that incorporates elements of both culture process and culture history if we are to arrive at a more comprehensive understanding of the past.
Robert M. Rosenswig
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813038087
- eISBN:
- 9780813043128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813038087.003.0005
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Using the site of Cuauhtémoc in the Soconusco as a starting point, I examine the earliest monumental architecture in Mesoamerica. In 1600 bce, Cuauhtémoc began an 800-year occupation as a local ...
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Using the site of Cuauhtémoc in the Soconusco as a starting point, I examine the earliest monumental architecture in Mesoamerica. In 1600 bce, Cuauhtémoc began an 800-year occupation as a local center; yet it was only during the Conchas phase (900–800 bce) that a 5 m high mound was built at the site. The Conchas phase was also when the regional center of La Blanca was founded and a 25 m mound erected. While ambitious leaders had been competing with each other for centuries, the Conchas phase provides evidence of a new level of social stratification in the Soconusco.Less
Using the site of Cuauhtémoc in the Soconusco as a starting point, I examine the earliest monumental architecture in Mesoamerica. In 1600 bce, Cuauhtémoc began an 800-year occupation as a local center; yet it was only during the Conchas phase (900–800 bce) that a 5 m high mound was built at the site. The Conchas phase was also when the regional center of La Blanca was founded and a 25 m mound erected. While ambitious leaders had been competing with each other for centuries, the Conchas phase provides evidence of a new level of social stratification in the Soconusco.
T. Douglas Price and James H. Burton
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034928
- eISBN:
- 9780813039626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034928.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter deals with the question of the place of origin of the inhabitants in the Campeche cemetery by undertaking isotopic examination of the human remains. It focuses specifically on the ...
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This chapter deals with the question of the place of origin of the inhabitants in the Campeche cemetery by undertaking isotopic examination of the human remains. It focuses specifically on the African inhabitants of the cemetery and includes data on new burials as well as information on their diet. This study uses its own methods and procedures along with the results of several analyses. To this end, the isotopic methods used in these investigations are described. Strontium isotopes are employed to examine the place of origin of these individuals. Relevant information on the geology of the Yucatan and surrounding regions is provided to enhance the context of the strontium isotope investigations. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes in bone and teeth are measured to obtain information on diet and ethnicity. In conclusion, the findings are discussed in terms of broader issues of place of birth, diet, local ethnic integration, and social interaction.Less
This chapter deals with the question of the place of origin of the inhabitants in the Campeche cemetery by undertaking isotopic examination of the human remains. It focuses specifically on the African inhabitants of the cemetery and includes data on new burials as well as information on their diet. This study uses its own methods and procedures along with the results of several analyses. To this end, the isotopic methods used in these investigations are described. Strontium isotopes are employed to examine the place of origin of these individuals. Relevant information on the geology of the Yucatan and surrounding regions is provided to enhance the context of the strontium isotope investigations. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes in bone and teeth are measured to obtain information on diet and ethnicity. In conclusion, the findings are discussed in terms of broader issues of place of birth, diet, local ethnic integration, and social interaction.
Marta Caminero-Santangelo
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813030838
- eISBN:
- 9780813039213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813030838.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter gives a bleak view of the possibilities for panethnicity that suggests that, perhaps inevitably, the interests of one or another national-origin group will take precedence over ...
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This chapter gives a bleak view of the possibilities for panethnicity that suggests that, perhaps inevitably, the interests of one or another national-origin group will take precedence over coalition. It is noted that Latinos have a tendency to prefer organizations that are based on their own groups, which makes it very difficult for Latino coalitions to develop and maintain multi-group organizations. This difficulty is due to the fact that Latino identity and organizational experience is single-group oriented. It also discusses the Sanctuary movement, which was not an “ethnic” movement but primarily a religious one.Less
This chapter gives a bleak view of the possibilities for panethnicity that suggests that, perhaps inevitably, the interests of one or another national-origin group will take precedence over coalition. It is noted that Latinos have a tendency to prefer organizations that are based on their own groups, which makes it very difficult for Latino coalitions to develop and maintain multi-group organizations. This difficulty is due to the fact that Latino identity and organizational experience is single-group oriented. It also discusses the Sanctuary movement, which was not an “ethnic” movement but primarily a religious one.
Ralph Colp Jr. M.D.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032313
- eISBN:
- 9780813039237
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032313.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Charles Darwin began to write what he called “an abstract” of his big book. His usual slow rate of writing now quickened. Although still beset by doubts and fears, he was determined to publish his ...
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Charles Darwin began to write what he called “an abstract” of his big book. His usual slow rate of writing now quickened. Although still beset by doubts and fears, he was determined to publish his theory. After a year of “hard” writing, he finished his “abstract”, which, when published, would be The Origin of Species. During this year, the mental pressures of writing up his theory often affected his stomach. He spent a very pleasant week at Moor Park and the hydropathy gave him good results. On 10 September of that year, he finished correcting his last proofs—the book was now entitled The Origin of Species. In the month that followed completion of the book, he took various remedies. He also made plans to take several weeks of hydropathy at Ilkley House, near Ilkley, in Yorkshire. Five days after arriving at Ilkley, he suffered from a sprained ankle and this made him temporarily unable to walk and interfered with the hydropathy treatments. He was able to return to hydropathy treatments when the physical symptoms of the hydropathy “crisis” abated, which he continued until 7 December when he returned home.Less
Charles Darwin began to write what he called “an abstract” of his big book. His usual slow rate of writing now quickened. Although still beset by doubts and fears, he was determined to publish his theory. After a year of “hard” writing, he finished his “abstract”, which, when published, would be The Origin of Species. During this year, the mental pressures of writing up his theory often affected his stomach. He spent a very pleasant week at Moor Park and the hydropathy gave him good results. On 10 September of that year, he finished correcting his last proofs—the book was now entitled The Origin of Species. In the month that followed completion of the book, he took various remedies. He also made plans to take several weeks of hydropathy at Ilkley House, near Ilkley, in Yorkshire. Five days after arriving at Ilkley, he suffered from a sprained ankle and this made him temporarily unable to walk and interfered with the hydropathy treatments. He was able to return to hydropathy treatments when the physical symptoms of the hydropathy “crisis” abated, which he continued until 7 December when he returned home.
Ralph Colp Jr. M.D.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032313
- eISBN:
- 9780813039237
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032313.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Weeks after returning to Down, as Charles Darwin worked on a new edition of The Origin of Species and felt obligated to answer a “Multitude of Letters” from old and new correspondents about the book, ...
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Weeks after returning to Down, as Charles Darwin worked on a new edition of The Origin of Species and felt obligated to answer a “Multitude of Letters” from old and new correspondents about the book, his flatulence accentuated. He began consulting with a new London physician, Frederick William Headland, about his stomach. Etty's illness, along with the demands of scientific work, caused Darwin much distress. During the period of Etty's illness and improvement, Darwin had been able to carry on different kinds of work: intermittently writing parts of the big sequel to Origin, The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, preparing a third edition of Origin, keeping up a “gigantic” scientific correspondence, and doing botanical work on Drosera and other plants. Several days after moving into a Bournemouth house, Darwin felt “squashier than ever” and began taking “two shower baths a day” in the hope of gaining “a little strength”. His feelings of “anxious looking forward” probably largely centered on fears of future illness in himself and his family.Less
Weeks after returning to Down, as Charles Darwin worked on a new edition of The Origin of Species and felt obligated to answer a “Multitude of Letters” from old and new correspondents about the book, his flatulence accentuated. He began consulting with a new London physician, Frederick William Headland, about his stomach. Etty's illness, along with the demands of scientific work, caused Darwin much distress. During the period of Etty's illness and improvement, Darwin had been able to carry on different kinds of work: intermittently writing parts of the big sequel to Origin, The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, preparing a third edition of Origin, keeping up a “gigantic” scientific correspondence, and doing botanical work on Drosera and other plants. Several days after moving into a Bournemouth house, Darwin felt “squashier than ever” and began taking “two shower baths a day” in the hope of gaining “a little strength”. His feelings of “anxious looking forward” probably largely centered on fears of future illness in himself and his family.
Christina A. Ziegler-McPherson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033617
- eISBN:
- 9780813039718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033617.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Social History
In the 1920s, as the national obsession about immigrant loyalty and the meaning of American citizenship peaked and then ebbed in favor of immigration restriction, pro-immigration progressives ...
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In the 1920s, as the national obsession about immigrant loyalty and the meaning of American citizenship peaked and then ebbed in favor of immigration restriction, pro-immigration progressives suffered attacks on their policies of Americanization. As the country became more politically conservative, immigrant social welfare agencies in New York, California, and Massachusetts struggled to maintain programs designed to reform the social environment to facilitate immigrants' adoption of a more “American” way of life. Instead, the United States reversed 100 years of immigration policy, adopted a policy that dramatically reduced the number of southern and eastern Europeans admitted, and totally barred Asian immigrants. This new immigration policy defined American citizenship and national identity in racial terms that progressive Americanizers had rarely used. By the time of passage of the 1929 National Origins Act, Americanization as an expression of immigrant social welfare policy was politically dead in most states.Less
In the 1920s, as the national obsession about immigrant loyalty and the meaning of American citizenship peaked and then ebbed in favor of immigration restriction, pro-immigration progressives suffered attacks on their policies of Americanization. As the country became more politically conservative, immigrant social welfare agencies in New York, California, and Massachusetts struggled to maintain programs designed to reform the social environment to facilitate immigrants' adoption of a more “American” way of life. Instead, the United States reversed 100 years of immigration policy, adopted a policy that dramatically reduced the number of southern and eastern Europeans admitted, and totally barred Asian immigrants. This new immigration policy defined American citizenship and national identity in racial terms that progressive Americanizers had rarely used. By the time of passage of the 1929 National Origins Act, Americanization as an expression of immigrant social welfare policy was politically dead in most states.
Cameron L. McNeil
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813029535
- eISBN:
- 9780813039503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813029535.003.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
In the pre-Columbian cultures of the Americas, the Theobroma cacao L. tree or commonly known as the “cacao tree” played a very significant and central role in the culture and religion of those ...
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In the pre-Columbian cultures of the Americas, the Theobroma cacao L. tree or commonly known as the “cacao tree” played a very significant and central role in the culture and religion of those regions. For the people, cacao seeds, and the products derived from them, played a central role in their spiritual beliefs and their social and economic systems. For the ancient and modern cultures of the Central and South America, cacao seeds not only play a part in religious rituals but were also important ingredient for food and beverages, topical creams, and medicinal concoctions. Apart from playing a central role in the culinary practices of these cultures, cacao was also an indispensable item for trade and economics. This introduction discusses the origins and history of cacao. It explores the importance of cacao in the cultures of Mesoamerica and beyond. The periods discussed in this introduction where cacao played a central role on the culture, economics, and religion include the Classic Mesoamerica, Colonial Mesoamerica, and Modern Mesoamerica eras. The introduction also includes a discussion on the impact of cacao use and consumption in the societies and social strata of the pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.Less
In the pre-Columbian cultures of the Americas, the Theobroma cacao L. tree or commonly known as the “cacao tree” played a very significant and central role in the culture and religion of those regions. For the people, cacao seeds, and the products derived from them, played a central role in their spiritual beliefs and their social and economic systems. For the ancient and modern cultures of the Central and South America, cacao seeds not only play a part in religious rituals but were also important ingredient for food and beverages, topical creams, and medicinal concoctions. Apart from playing a central role in the culinary practices of these cultures, cacao was also an indispensable item for trade and economics. This introduction discusses the origins and history of cacao. It explores the importance of cacao in the cultures of Mesoamerica and beyond. The periods discussed in this introduction where cacao played a central role on the culture, economics, and religion include the Classic Mesoamerica, Colonial Mesoamerica, and Modern Mesoamerica eras. The introduction also includes a discussion on the impact of cacao use and consumption in the societies and social strata of the pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.
Nisao Ogata, Arturo Gómez-pompa, and Karl A. Taube
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813029535
- eISBN:
- 9780813039503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813029535.003.0003
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The origins, domestication, and distribution of Theobroma cacao L. are controversial and difficult to discern because of their wide geographical distribution, human intervention, and because of the ...
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The origins, domestication, and distribution of Theobroma cacao L. are controversial and difficult to discern because of their wide geographical distribution, human intervention, and because of the interbreeding between the species of Theobrama and Herrania which might have occurred during the pre-Columbian and Colonial period. This chapter discusses the domestication and distribution of Theobroma cacao L. Theobroma cacao L. is the most important economic plant species of the human neotropics and it presents an excellent model for understanding and comprehending the evolutionary patterns of tropical trees including the patterns of the domestication, distribution, and migration of domesticated plants. The cacao trees also present a model for understanding the origins as well as the patterns of domestication management in areas of high biodiversity. This chapter discusses genetic, ethnobotanic, and archeological evidence to describe the origin of cacao, its domestication, and its species distribution in such a way as to answer questions that may reveal the new sources of cacao genetic diversity and the ethnobotanical information related to the ancestral ways of using cacao with other plants involved in the preparation of food and medicine.Less
The origins, domestication, and distribution of Theobroma cacao L. are controversial and difficult to discern because of their wide geographical distribution, human intervention, and because of the interbreeding between the species of Theobrama and Herrania which might have occurred during the pre-Columbian and Colonial period. This chapter discusses the domestication and distribution of Theobroma cacao L. Theobroma cacao L. is the most important economic plant species of the human neotropics and it presents an excellent model for understanding and comprehending the evolutionary patterns of tropical trees including the patterns of the domestication, distribution, and migration of domesticated plants. The cacao trees also present a model for understanding the origins as well as the patterns of domestication management in areas of high biodiversity. This chapter discusses genetic, ethnobotanic, and archeological evidence to describe the origin of cacao, its domestication, and its species distribution in such a way as to answer questions that may reveal the new sources of cacao genetic diversity and the ethnobotanical information related to the ancestral ways of using cacao with other plants involved in the preparation of food and medicine.
Terrence Kaufman and John Justeson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813029535
- eISBN:
- 9780813039503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813029535.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
This chapter addresses the problem in linguistic reconstruction that is significant for work on lexical diffusion in Mesoamerica as well as research on the intercultural interaction that probably ...
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This chapter addresses the problem in linguistic reconstruction that is significant for work on lexical diffusion in Mesoamerica as well as research on the intercultural interaction that probably dates to the Preclassic period. This chapter focuses on the origin and spread of the widely diffused form kakawa as a word for cacao in Mesoamerican languages. The chapter also addresses the origin and history of the word chokol=a:-tl. The chapter illustrates that the word for “cacao” originated in the Gulf Coast of southern Mexico, among speakers of an early Mije-Sokean language. From there it spread to the basin of Mexico in the form of kakawa and into the Mayan languages but not necessarily from Sokean. In Mayan, the word for cacao came to be pronounced as kakaw, and from Mayan or Mijean the word kakaw spread in Honduras Lenka. From the speakers of the languages of the Honduras Lenka, kakaw began spreading into other languages of lower Central America and Costa Rica, including South America, after the pre-Columbian times.Less
This chapter addresses the problem in linguistic reconstruction that is significant for work on lexical diffusion in Mesoamerica as well as research on the intercultural interaction that probably dates to the Preclassic period. This chapter focuses on the origin and spread of the widely diffused form kakawa as a word for cacao in Mesoamerican languages. The chapter also addresses the origin and history of the word chokol=a:-tl. The chapter illustrates that the word for “cacao” originated in the Gulf Coast of southern Mexico, among speakers of an early Mije-Sokean language. From there it spread to the basin of Mexico in the form of kakawa and into the Mayan languages but not necessarily from Sokean. In Mayan, the word for cacao came to be pronounced as kakaw, and from Mayan or Mijean the word kakaw spread in Honduras Lenka. From the speakers of the languages of the Honduras Lenka, kakaw began spreading into other languages of lower Central America and Costa Rica, including South America, after the pre-Columbian times.
Maud Laëthier
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034614
- eISBN:
- 9780813039053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034614.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter deals with the situation of Haitian migrants with regard to cultural and political affirmation in Guiana. Migratory networks, migrants' living situations, and their sense of identity are ...
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This chapter deals with the situation of Haitian migrants with regard to cultural and political affirmation in Guiana. Migratory networks, migrants' living situations, and their sense of identity are some of the points touched upon in the chapter. Theoretical notion of “diaspora” and “black diaspora” is also reflected upon here. Haitian immigration in Guiana is thoroughly examined and much emphasis is laid on the idea of Haitians possessing a different “origin” than locals. Haitians are known to not be very enthusiastic in defining Creole aspect of their identity. The organization of living quarters and the territorialization process are the also highlighted of this chapter.Less
This chapter deals with the situation of Haitian migrants with regard to cultural and political affirmation in Guiana. Migratory networks, migrants' living situations, and their sense of identity are some of the points touched upon in the chapter. Theoretical notion of “diaspora” and “black diaspora” is also reflected upon here. Haitian immigration in Guiana is thoroughly examined and much emphasis is laid on the idea of Haitians possessing a different “origin” than locals. Haitians are known to not be very enthusiastic in defining Creole aspect of their identity. The organization of living quarters and the territorialization process are the also highlighted of this chapter.
Charles D. Ameringer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033099
- eISBN:
- 9780813038124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033099.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter discusses socialism in Chile, from its origins until the late twentieth century. The roots of Chilean socialism go back to the mid-nineteenth century. It was Liberal Francisco Bilbao who ...
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This chapter discusses socialism in Chile, from its origins until the late twentieth century. The roots of Chilean socialism go back to the mid-nineteenth century. It was Liberal Francisco Bilbao who introduced the idea after spending a period of exile in France. His articles in the Friend of the People helped found and nurture the romantic democratic movement of Chile that emerged victorious by the twentieth century. By the late twentieth century, Chile had a socialist-style government; the two presidential candidates were both driven by the socialist impulse and had similar proposals for economic and social change.Less
This chapter discusses socialism in Chile, from its origins until the late twentieth century. The roots of Chilean socialism go back to the mid-nineteenth century. It was Liberal Francisco Bilbao who introduced the idea after spending a period of exile in France. His articles in the Friend of the People helped found and nurture the romantic democratic movement of Chile that emerged victorious by the twentieth century. By the late twentieth century, Chile had a socialist-style government; the two presidential candidates were both driven by the socialist impulse and had similar proposals for economic and social change.
