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TogoThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Togo follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1958–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1958–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1961–1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1958–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1958–1994; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1961–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Zambia follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1964–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1964–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendum 1969 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and provincially); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1964–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and provincially); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1964–1996; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1968–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and provincially); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1964–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Ghana follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1956–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1956–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1956–1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1956–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1956–1996 (including national and regional distribution of seats); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1979–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1957–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Senegal follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1958–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1958–1970 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1963–1998; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1963–1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Tanzania follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables, with data given for Tanganyika 1958–1962, Zanzibar 1957–1963, and Tanzania 1965–1995. The tables are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums); 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1995 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1995 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1958–1995; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1962–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1961–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Zimbabwe follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums or coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1980–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1980–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1980–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1980–1995; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1990–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1980–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Algeria follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1962–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7 and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1962–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1962–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1962 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1964–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1964–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1963–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1962–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Côte d’Ivoire follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums or coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1959–1995 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1995 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5/2.6 Referendums/Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1995; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1960–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in South Africa follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1910–1994 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1910–1994 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1960–1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1910–1989 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1910–1989; 2.9 Presidential Elections (none held); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1910–1994.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Benin (formerly Dahomey) follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1958–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7 and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1958–1990 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1995; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1968–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Burkina Faso follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1958–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7 and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1959–1991 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (not held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1997 (the national and regional distribution of seats); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1965–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Cameroon follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’états); 2.2 Electoral Body 1964–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1956/1959–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1960–1972 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (not held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1956–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast in the Territorial (French Cameroon) and Legislative (Republic of Cameroon) Assemblies 1956–1960, the House of Assembly (British Cameroon/West Cameroon) 1959–1961, and the National Assembly 1964–1997); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1956–1997 (Territorial and Legislative Assemblies 1956–1960, the House of Assembly 1959–1961, and the National Assembly 1964–1997); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1965–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1958–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Egypt follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1950–1995 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1950–1995 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1956–1990 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (the National Assembly elected in 1974 was to act as a Constitutional Assembly); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1984 and 1987 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1950–1995; 2.9 Presidential Referendums 1956–1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1953–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Equatorial Guinea follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1963–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1968–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1963–1982 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and at constituency level); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1968–1993; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1968–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1968–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Gabon follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1958 and 1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1957–1996 (including details of elected candidates per province in 1996); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1961–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in the Gambia follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1965–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1966–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1965 and 1970 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1966–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1966–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1982–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1965–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Madagascar follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1960–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1960–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1972–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast, excluding the 1998 referendum); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1960–1989 (details of registered voters and votes cast, excluding the 1993 and 1998 elections); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1960–1998; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1965–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Malawi follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1961–1994 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1961–1994 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendum 1963 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1961–1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1961–1994 (nationally and regionally); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1964–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Namibia follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums or coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1989–1994 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1989–1994 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1989 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1994; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1989–1998.

This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Niger follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1965–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1958–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1987–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1965–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1958–1996; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1965–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.