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The distinction between coordination and subordination is not clear-cut. The essence of coordination is the mental juxtaposition of structures construed as parallel and co-equal. Subordination has a number of dimensions, including form, the participation of one clause in the relationship profiled by another, and a clause's profile being overridden at the composite structure level. Constituency and profiling are often flexible, depending on factors like the size of clauses and their discourse function. The traditional division into adverbial, relative, and complement clauses is based primarily on how clauses are connected with one another. To the extent that these distinctions hold, they are based on semantic function rather than specific structural configurations. In the case of complements, the classic distinction between control and raising constructions is non-fundamental, the latter being just a special case of the former. Finite and nonfinite complements differ not just in form but in meaning and typical function. Predicates taking finite complements pertain to the epistemic status of propositions; those taking nonfinite complements pertain to the realization of occurrences. Complementation involves multiple conceptualizers and levels of conception. Different conceptualizers apprehend the same proposition each from their own perspective, assessing it with respect to their own conception of reality. Complement-taking predicates refer to different phases of this assessment. Impersonal constructions invoke a conceptualizer and the relevant scope of awareness in generalized fashion, suggesting that anyone would make the assessment under the circumstances.

This chapter examines the alternative embedded passive (AEP), a feature of varieties such as “Pittsburghese,” in which a past participle directly follows need, want, or like, as in “The cat needs fed.” Differences from the corresponding Standard English form (e.g., “The cat needs to be fed”) indicate the AEP does not arise from phonological ellipsis of to be, as is often assumed. An implicational hierarchy of use with the three possible matrix verbs, along with their varying acceptability as Control predicates, suggests the AEP is a Raising construction. Moreover, several diagnostics show the embedded participle is verbal rather than adjectival. In essence, the AEP represents a syntactically distinct Restructuring configuration, consisting of a Raising verb selecting for a reduced nonfinite complement.