Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Cases illustrating variables that arise in the health care of women who are HIV positive or have AIDS, women with breast or gynecological cancer, and the use of hormone replacement therapy for ...
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Cases illustrating variables that arise in the health care of women who are HIV positive or have AIDS, women with breast or gynecological cancer, and the use of hormone replacement therapy for treatment of menopausal symptoms are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of women as patients.Less
Cases illustrating variables that arise in the health care of women who are HIV positive or have AIDS, women with breast or gynecological cancer, and the use of hormone replacement therapy for treatment of menopausal symptoms are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of women as patients.
Luis Miguel García-Segura
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326611
- eISBN:
- 9780199864881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326611.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter examines the role of peptide hormones in the regulation of neural mutability and the involved cellular and molecular mechanisms. It first considers the effects of vasopressin and ...
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This chapter examines the role of peptide hormones in the regulation of neural mutability and the involved cellular and molecular mechanisms. It first considers the effects of vasopressin and oxytocin—hormones released in the neurohypophysis. It then analyzes the plastic actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I (GF-I), erythropoietin and angiotensin. Finally, the chapter considers the effects of feeding hormones leptin, ghrelin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 on neural plasticity. These hormones exert important plastic actions on the organization of neuronal circuits involved in the control of food intake and energy balance, but also promote plastic remodeling of cognitive brain areas.Less
This chapter examines the role of peptide hormones in the regulation of neural mutability and the involved cellular and molecular mechanisms. It first considers the effects of vasopressin and oxytocin—hormones released in the neurohypophysis. It then analyzes the plastic actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I (GF-I), erythropoietin and angiotensin. Finally, the chapter considers the effects of feeding hormones leptin, ghrelin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 on neural plasticity. These hormones exert important plastic actions on the organization of neuronal circuits involved in the control of food intake and energy balance, but also promote plastic remodeling of cognitive brain areas.
Amotz Zahavi
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216840
- eISBN:
- 9780191712043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216840.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Signalling systems are by nature collaborations, since for a signal to be effective, the receiver has to cooperate with the signaller. The Handicap Principle (HP) ensures the reliability of signals, ...
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Signalling systems are by nature collaborations, since for a signal to be effective, the receiver has to cooperate with the signaller. The Handicap Principle (HP) ensures the reliability of signals, and is an essential component in all signals. The HP explains why signals evolve their particular patterns, and the relationship of the patterns to the messages encoded in them. The HP is used to understand signalling among Arabian Babblers — the patterns by which they advertise their qualities to mates, rivals, and predators. The HP also explains the altruism of babblers as a selfish investment in advertising prestige. Recent theoretical studies use the HP in interpreting the evolution of chemical signalling among organisms (pheromones) and within multi-cellular organisms (hormones), and the messages encoded in such chemical signals.Less
Signalling systems are by nature collaborations, since for a signal to be effective, the receiver has to cooperate with the signaller. The Handicap Principle (HP) ensures the reliability of signals, and is an essential component in all signals. The HP explains why signals evolve their particular patterns, and the relationship of the patterns to the messages encoded in them. The HP is used to understand signalling among Arabian Babblers — the patterns by which they advertise their qualities to mates, rivals, and predators. The HP also explains the altruism of babblers as a selfish investment in advertising prestige. Recent theoretical studies use the HP in interpreting the evolution of chemical signalling among organisms (pheromones) and within multi-cellular organisms (hormones), and the messages encoded in such chemical signals.
Fabrizio Benedetti
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559121
- eISBN:
- 9780191724022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559121.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
The placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is basically a conditioned response, whereby classical conditioning plays a key role. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune ...
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The placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is basically a conditioned response, whereby classical conditioning plays a key role. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune mediators, like interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Some negative allergic reactions may be induced by the administration of nocebos. The responses of some hormones, like insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol, have been successfully conditioned. In addition, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis may represent an important system in placebo and nocebo responsiveness.Less
The placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is basically a conditioned response, whereby classical conditioning plays a key role. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune mediators, like interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Some negative allergic reactions may be induced by the administration of nocebos. The responses of some hormones, like insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol, have been successfully conditioned. In addition, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis may represent an important system in placebo and nocebo responsiveness.
Larry R. Squire
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195380101
- eISBN:
- 9780199864362
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380101.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
This chapter presents an autobiography of Marian Cleeves Diamond. Diamond's laboratory has three major scientific contributions: One, the structural components of the cerebral cortex can be altered ...
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This chapter presents an autobiography of Marian Cleeves Diamond. Diamond's laboratory has three major scientific contributions: One, the structural components of the cerebral cortex can be altered by either enriched or impoverished environments at any age, from prenatal to extremely old age. Two, the structural arrangement of the male and female cortices is significantly different and can be altered in the absence of sex steroid hormones. Three, the dorsal lateral frontal cerebral cortex is bilaterally deficient in the immune deficient mouse and can be reversed with thymic transplants. Her early years, career, and achievements are discussed.Less
This chapter presents an autobiography of Marian Cleeves Diamond. Diamond's laboratory has three major scientific contributions: One, the structural components of the cerebral cortex can be altered by either enriched or impoverished environments at any age, from prenatal to extremely old age. Two, the structural arrangement of the male and female cortices is significantly different and can be altered in the absence of sex steroid hormones. Three, the dorsal lateral frontal cerebral cortex is bilaterally deficient in the immune deficient mouse and can be reversed with thymic transplants. Her early years, career, and achievements are discussed.
Melissa Hines
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188363
- eISBN:
- 9780199865246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188363.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Development
This chapter discusses the role of gonadal hormones in the reproductive life of mammals. Topics covered include hormonal activation of sexual behavior, hormonal organization of sexual behavior, ...
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This chapter discusses the role of gonadal hormones in the reproductive life of mammals. Topics covered include hormonal activation of sexual behavior, hormonal organization of sexual behavior, hormonal organization of adult hormone secretion, estrogen and sexual differentiation of behavior, and models of hormone influences on behavioral development.Less
This chapter discusses the role of gonadal hormones in the reproductive life of mammals. Topics covered include hormonal activation of sexual behavior, hormonal organization of sexual behavior, hormonal organization of adult hormone secretion, estrogen and sexual differentiation of behavior, and models of hormone influences on behavioral development.
Melissa Hines
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188363
- eISBN:
- 9780199865246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188363.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Development
This chapter discusses sex difference in the brain. Topics covered include sex differences in brain structure and neural ultrastructure, mechanisms of hormone action, sex differences in the cerebral ...
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This chapter discusses sex difference in the brain. Topics covered include sex differences in brain structure and neural ultrastructure, mechanisms of hormone action, sex differences in the cerebral cortex, influences of rearing experience on neural sex differences, and the role of hormone receptors in sex differences in the brain.Less
This chapter discusses sex difference in the brain. Topics covered include sex differences in brain structure and neural ultrastructure, mechanisms of hormone action, sex differences in the cerebral cortex, influences of rearing experience on neural sex differences, and the role of hormone receptors in sex differences in the brain.
Luis Miguel García-Segura
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326611
- eISBN:
- 9780199864881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326611.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter examines the impact of three nonpeptide hormones—melatonin, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids—on brain plasticity. Melatonin may modulate synaptic plasticity in the suprachiasmatic ...
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This chapter examines the impact of three nonpeptide hormones—melatonin, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids—on brain plasticity. Melatonin may modulate synaptic plasticity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, affecting long-term synaptic potentiation. Melatonin and circadian rhythms may also influence synaptic plasticity in cognitive brain regions. Thyroid hormones maintain an adequate level of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus by promoting cellular proliferation, neuronal survival, and differentiation of newly generated neurons. Their effect on hippocampal neurogenesis may be related to hormonal effects on spatial learning, memory, and depressive behavior. The action of corticosteroids in the brain is mediated by two different receptors: the type 1 or mineralocorticoid receptors, of high affinity, and the type 2 or glucocorticoid receptors, of lower affinity. Both receptor types are expressed in the limbic neuronal networks involved in the stress response. Stress and glucocorticoids generate plastic reorganization of these circuits, an effect that is linked to further modifications in neuroendocrine regulation.Less
This chapter examines the impact of three nonpeptide hormones—melatonin, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids—on brain plasticity. Melatonin may modulate synaptic plasticity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, affecting long-term synaptic potentiation. Melatonin and circadian rhythms may also influence synaptic plasticity in cognitive brain regions. Thyroid hormones maintain an adequate level of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus by promoting cellular proliferation, neuronal survival, and differentiation of newly generated neurons. Their effect on hippocampal neurogenesis may be related to hormonal effects on spatial learning, memory, and depressive behavior. The action of corticosteroids in the brain is mediated by two different receptors: the type 1 or mineralocorticoid receptors, of high affinity, and the type 2 or glucocorticoid receptors, of lower affinity. Both receptor types are expressed in the limbic neuronal networks involved in the stress response. Stress and glucocorticoids generate plastic reorganization of these circuits, an effect that is linked to further modifications in neuroendocrine regulation.
Melissa Hines
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188363
- eISBN:
- 9780199865246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188363.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Development
This chapter presents a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. Gonadal hormone influences on human brain development and human behavior, and the implications of hormonal influences ...
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This chapter presents a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. Gonadal hormone influences on human brain development and human behavior, and the implications of hormonal influences on brain gender are discussed. It is argued that understanding the range of factors that influence behaviors, including, but not limited to, hormones, can permit the choice of levels at which to intervene, should intervention seem desirable. Even though a psychological characteristic may be found to involve innate predispositions, either genetic or hormonal, it might be preferable to change it through other mechanisms.Less
This chapter presents a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. Gonadal hormone influences on human brain development and human behavior, and the implications of hormonal influences on brain gender are discussed. It is argued that understanding the range of factors that influence behaviors, including, but not limited to, hormones, can permit the choice of levels at which to intervene, should intervention seem desirable. Even though a psychological characteristic may be found to involve innate predispositions, either genetic or hormonal, it might be preferable to change it through other mechanisms.
Joseph W. Thornton and Jamie T. Bridgham
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199299188
- eISBN:
- 9780191714979
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299188.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter reviews the use of ancestral gene resurrection to understand how the members of a biologically crucial gene family, the steroid hormone receptors, evolved their diverse and highly ...
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This chapter reviews the use of ancestral gene resurrection to understand how the members of a biologically crucial gene family, the steroid hormone receptors, evolved their diverse and highly specific functions. It also discusses some methodological questions and concerns — particularly related to uncertainty in the reconstruction of ancestral sequences — and point to potential future directions for the budding field of ancestral gene resurrection. Topics covered include the evolution of molecular interactions, steroid hormones and their receptors, evolution of corticoid receptor specificity, and evolution of the MR-aldosterone interaction.Less
This chapter reviews the use of ancestral gene resurrection to understand how the members of a biologically crucial gene family, the steroid hormone receptors, evolved their diverse and highly specific functions. It also discusses some methodological questions and concerns — particularly related to uncertainty in the reconstruction of ancestral sequences — and point to potential future directions for the budding field of ancestral gene resurrection. Topics covered include the evolution of molecular interactions, steroid hormones and their receptors, evolution of corticoid receptor specificity, and evolution of the MR-aldosterone interaction.
Lukasz Gruszczynski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578924
- eISBN:
- 9780191722646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578924.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter addresses the science-based provisions of the SPS Agreement. The main part of the discussion is dedicated to risk assessment disciplines as elaborated by the SPS case law. This includes ...
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This chapter addresses the science-based provisions of the SPS Agreement. The main part of the discussion is dedicated to risk assessment disciplines as elaborated by the SPS case law. This includes the problem of the required structure and the content of risk assessment, the role of scientific minority opinions as a legitimate basis for a SPS measure, and standard of review applicable to evaluation of scientifically complex issues. Against this analysis, the last part of the chapter attempts to identify the ultimate function that is performed by science under the SPS Agreement and to propose some critical observations on its capacity to perform such a role. It concludes that although science-based criteria may compromise the choice of WTO members regarding an acceptable level of risk, a proper interpretation of the SPS Agreement may reduce that danger, maintaining at the same time advantages of the current system.Less
This chapter addresses the science-based provisions of the SPS Agreement. The main part of the discussion is dedicated to risk assessment disciplines as elaborated by the SPS case law. This includes the problem of the required structure and the content of risk assessment, the role of scientific minority opinions as a legitimate basis for a SPS measure, and standard of review applicable to evaluation of scientifically complex issues. Against this analysis, the last part of the chapter attempts to identify the ultimate function that is performed by science under the SPS Agreement and to propose some critical observations on its capacity to perform such a role. It concludes that although science-based criteria may compromise the choice of WTO members regarding an acceptable level of risk, a proper interpretation of the SPS Agreement may reduce that danger, maintaining at the same time advantages of the current system.
Lukasz Gruszczynski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578924
- eISBN:
- 9780191722646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578924.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter analyzes the relevance of the precautionary principle in the context of the SPS Agreement. The first part addresses the principle as such and attempts to assess its impact on the ...
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This chapter analyzes the relevance of the precautionary principle in the context of the SPS Agreement. The first part addresses the principle as such and attempts to assess its impact on the interpretation of various SPS provisions. The second part concentrates on Article 5.7, which is recognized as a specific SPS formulation of the principle. A separate analysis is conducted with respect to systemic (i.e. the applicability of Article 5.7, allocation of burden of proof) and substantive (i.e. the normative content of its obligations) issues. In this context, the chapter identifies a number of limitations in the earlier jurisprudence, including the conceptualization of insufficient scientific evidence as an absolute category independent from normative considerations. Nevertheless, it concludes that more recent case law appears to properly address the major points of concern, leaving WTO Members with a considerable degree of regulatory freedom.Less
This chapter analyzes the relevance of the precautionary principle in the context of the SPS Agreement. The first part addresses the principle as such and attempts to assess its impact on the interpretation of various SPS provisions. The second part concentrates on Article 5.7, which is recognized as a specific SPS formulation of the principle. A separate analysis is conducted with respect to systemic (i.e. the applicability of Article 5.7, allocation of burden of proof) and substantive (i.e. the normative content of its obligations) issues. In this context, the chapter identifies a number of limitations in the earlier jurisprudence, including the conceptualization of insufficient scientific evidence as an absolute category independent from normative considerations. Nevertheless, it concludes that more recent case law appears to properly address the major points of concern, leaving WTO Members with a considerable degree of regulatory freedom.
Luis Miguel García-Segura
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326611
- eISBN:
- 9780199864881
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326611.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
One of the most fascinating developments in the field of neuroscience in the second half of the 20th century was the discovery of the endogenous capacity of the brain for reorganization during adult ...
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One of the most fascinating developments in the field of neuroscience in the second half of the 20th century was the discovery of the endogenous capacity of the brain for reorganization during adult life. Morphological and functional mechanisms underlying brain plasticity have been extensively explored and characterized. However, our understanding of the functional significance of these plastic changes is still fragmentary. This book shows that brain plasticity plays an essential role in the regulation of hormonal levels. The second aim is to propose that hormones orchestrate the multiple endogenous plastic events of the brain for the generation of adequate physiological and behavioral responses in adaptation to and in prediction of changing life conditions. The book starts by introducing the conceptual backgrounds on the interactions of hormones and brain plasticity. It then devotes itself to the analysis of the role of brain plasticity in the regulation of the activity of endocrine glands. It examines different hormonal influences on brain plasticity. Then, it goes on to cover the interactions of hormones and brain plasticity along the life cycle under physiological and pathological conditions.Less
One of the most fascinating developments in the field of neuroscience in the second half of the 20th century was the discovery of the endogenous capacity of the brain for reorganization during adult life. Morphological and functional mechanisms underlying brain plasticity have been extensively explored and characterized. However, our understanding of the functional significance of these plastic changes is still fragmentary. This book shows that brain plasticity plays an essential role in the regulation of hormonal levels. The second aim is to propose that hormones orchestrate the multiple endogenous plastic events of the brain for the generation of adequate physiological and behavioral responses in adaptation to and in prediction of changing life conditions. The book starts by introducing the conceptual backgrounds on the interactions of hormones and brain plasticity. It then devotes itself to the analysis of the role of brain plasticity in the regulation of the activity of endocrine glands. It examines different hormonal influences on brain plasticity. Then, it goes on to cover the interactions of hormones and brain plasticity along the life cycle under physiological and pathological conditions.
Julie L. Hall, Steven J. Stanton, and Oliver C. Schultheiss
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as ...
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In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as well as stress axis activation in power motivation arousal and satisfaction/frustration, summarize recent research on the role of progesterone and affiliation motivation, and discuss a possible role for arginine–vasopressin in achievement motivation. We also present findings from brain imaging work that indicate that the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement modulate activity in a core motivational circuit consisting of striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula when nonverbal social incentives are processed.Less
In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as well as stress axis activation in power motivation arousal and satisfaction/frustration, summarize recent research on the role of progesterone and affiliation motivation, and discuss a possible role for arginine–vasopressin in achievement motivation. We also present findings from brain imaging work that indicate that the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement modulate activity in a core motivational circuit consisting of striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula when nonverbal social incentives are processed.
Melissa Hines
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188363
- eISBN:
- 9780199865246
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188363.001.1
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Development
How important are biological factors, such as hormones, in shaping our sexual destinies? This book brings social developmental, biological, and clinical psychological perspectives to bear on the ...
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How important are biological factors, such as hormones, in shaping our sexual destinies? This book brings social developmental, biological, and clinical psychological perspectives to bear on the factors that shape our development as male or female and that cause individuals within each sex to differ from one another in sex-related behaviors. Topics covered include sexual orientation, childhood play; spatial, mathematical, and verbal abilities; nurturance, aggression, dominance, handedness, brain structure, and gender identity.Less
How important are biological factors, such as hormones, in shaping our sexual destinies? This book brings social developmental, biological, and clinical psychological perspectives to bear on the factors that shape our development as male or female and that cause individuals within each sex to differ from one another in sex-related behaviors. Topics covered include sexual orientation, childhood play; spatial, mathematical, and verbal abilities; nurturance, aggression, dominance, handedness, brain structure, and gender identity.
Joel Weinberger, Tanya Cotler, and Daniel Fishman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Affiliation motivation, unlike other implicit motives, seems to have a dual nature. There is a bright positive side and a dark negative side to this implicit motive. The former is best captured by ...
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Affiliation motivation, unlike other implicit motives, seems to have a dual nature. There is a bright positive side and a dark negative side to this implicit motive. The former is best captured by Intimacy motivation; the latter by Affiliation motivation. Research and theory supporting this duality is reviewed. These include data on social interaction, hormone profiles and correlates, autobiographical memory, social sensitivity, and leadership. Measurement issues are also reviewed. Basically, affiliation motivation is focused on not being alone and on a fear of rejection. This explains its dark side. Intimacy motivation is focused on close, meaningful, and mutually satisfying interactions. This explains its mostly positive correlates. Work carried out on dependency also shows a positive and negative side to this variable. These results come from a research tradition completely independent of implicit motives and yet parallel the findings concerning affiliation and intimacy very closely. These independent findings therefore provide support for the model. Finally, the results are shown to parallel the phenomenology of affiliation in the real, interpersonal world.Less
Affiliation motivation, unlike other implicit motives, seems to have a dual nature. There is a bright positive side and a dark negative side to this implicit motive. The former is best captured by Intimacy motivation; the latter by Affiliation motivation. Research and theory supporting this duality is reviewed. These include data on social interaction, hormone profiles and correlates, autobiographical memory, social sensitivity, and leadership. Measurement issues are also reviewed. Basically, affiliation motivation is focused on not being alone and on a fear of rejection. This explains its dark side. Intimacy motivation is focused on close, meaningful, and mutually satisfying interactions. This explains its mostly positive correlates. Work carried out on dependency also shows a positive and negative side to this variable. These results come from a research tradition completely independent of implicit motives and yet parallel the findings concerning affiliation and intimacy very closely. These independent findings therefore provide support for the model. Finally, the results are shown to parallel the phenomenology of affiliation in the real, interpersonal world.
Patrick Sylvers, Stacy R. Ryan, S. Amanda Alden, and Patricia A. Brennan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter orients the reader to the current biological models of delinquent psychopathology and provides an overview of the biological literature; including heritability, psychophysiology, ...
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This chapter orients the reader to the current biological models of delinquent psychopathology and provides an overview of the biological literature; including heritability, psychophysiology, neurobiology, and endocrinology related to the development of persistent criminal behavior in children and adolescents. The four areas of crime-related psychopathology discussed are early-onset conduct disorder, juvenile psychopathy, bullying, and sex offending. Research is presented in connection with widely accepted biological models of behavior. This chapter also highlights the strengths and limitations of the existing literature, consolidates this literature to identify patterns of convergence and divergence across disorders, and suggests areas for future research.Less
This chapter orients the reader to the current biological models of delinquent psychopathology and provides an overview of the biological literature; including heritability, psychophysiology, neurobiology, and endocrinology related to the development of persistent criminal behavior in children and adolescents. The four areas of crime-related psychopathology discussed are early-onset conduct disorder, juvenile psychopathy, bullying, and sex offending. Research is presented in connection with widely accepted biological models of behavior. This chapter also highlights the strengths and limitations of the existing literature, consolidates this literature to identify patterns of convergence and divergence across disorders, and suggests areas for future research.
John C. Wingfield, Ignacio T. Moore, Wolfgang Goymann, Douglas W. Wacker, and Todd Sperry
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195168761
- eISBN:
- 9780199865444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168761.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter begins by discussing the types and contexts of vertebrate aggression and how it is controlled by the endocrine system. It then addresses hormone-aggression interactions and their ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the types and contexts of vertebrate aggression and how it is controlled by the endocrine system. It then addresses hormone-aggression interactions and their possible evolution. The chapter shows that various types of aggression can be expressed in multiple contexts, both narrow and broad, throughout the life cycle of an individual. In most species the behavioral traits associated with aggression, both defensive and offensive, are similar regardless of stage in the life cycle. This suggests that neural circuits may indeed be conserved, but the mechanisms by which hormones regulate expression of aggression may vary.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the types and contexts of vertebrate aggression and how it is controlled by the endocrine system. It then addresses hormone-aggression interactions and their possible evolution. The chapter shows that various types of aggression can be expressed in multiple contexts, both narrow and broad, throughout the life cycle of an individual. In most species the behavioral traits associated with aggression, both defensive and offensive, are similar regardless of stage in the life cycle. This suggests that neural circuits may indeed be conserved, but the mechanisms by which hormones regulate expression of aggression may vary.
Neal G. Simon and Shi-Fang Lu
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195168761
- eISBN:
- 9780199865444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168761.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter utilizes conspecific, offensive aggression in males and females as model systems to exemplify androgenic influences on aggressive behavior. This form of aggression is a productive ...
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This chapter utilizes conspecific, offensive aggression in males and females as model systems to exemplify androgenic influences on aggressive behavior. This form of aggression is a productive behavior exhibited between same-sex conspecifics; its effects are reflected in dominance status and access to resources.Less
This chapter utilizes conspecific, offensive aggression in males and females as model systems to exemplify androgenic influences on aggressive behavior. This form of aggression is a productive behavior exhibited between same-sex conspecifics; its effects are reflected in dominance status and access to resources.
D. Caroline Blanchard and Robert J. Blanchard
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195168761
- eISBN:
- 9780199865444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168761.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter considers the relationships of stress to offensive and defensive aggression. It argues that stress defined in terms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is relatively ...
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This chapter considers the relationships of stress to offensive and defensive aggression. It argues that stress defined in terms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is relatively uninformative with reference to either the antecedents or the consequences of aggression. Stress defined in terms of threat is also insufficiently specific for understanding the two types of aggression. The incidence and specific elicitors of offensive aggression may be very different for mammalian species, depending on their social and physical environments. The prevalence of defensive threat/attack and their position in the defense pattern also change systematically with group social structure, environmental constraints, and the size and defensive capabilities of the animal relative to major predators for each species.Less
This chapter considers the relationships of stress to offensive and defensive aggression. It argues that stress defined in terms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is relatively uninformative with reference to either the antecedents or the consequences of aggression. Stress defined in terms of threat is also insufficiently specific for understanding the two types of aggression. The incidence and specific elicitors of offensive aggression may be very different for mammalian species, depending on their social and physical environments. The prevalence of defensive threat/attack and their position in the defense pattern also change systematically with group social structure, environmental constraints, and the size and defensive capabilities of the animal relative to major predators for each species.
