Peter Leslie
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296409
- eISBN:
- 9780191599989
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296401.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Differentiated integration, e.g. arising out of the flexibility provisions of the Amsterdam Treaty, is a special instance of functional asymmetry within compound political systems such as federal ...
More
Differentiated integration, e.g. arising out of the flexibility provisions of the Amsterdam Treaty, is a special instance of functional asymmetry within compound political systems such as federal states or the EU. Functional asymmetry exists when central decision‐making applies unevenly across the system; the system is asymmetrical in that some of the participants (provinces, member states) exercise greater powers than others. This chapter explores when and why such an arrangement may be acceptable to participants or may even be imposed (as with admission rules for EMU). It argues that states’ attitudes towards asymmetry may be shaped (1) by economic calculation (cost/benefit), (2) by possible tendency to link economic issues with non‐economic ones (democracy, human rights), or (3) by institutional design, which may permit matching of functional asymmetries with political ones (uneven participation in central decision‐making). In all three respects, the question arises, what is fair, or reasonable? Judgements on such matters are inherently subjective, but still may be the focus of reasoned discussion identifying two possible abuses of asymmetry: privilege and exclusion.Less
Differentiated integration, e.g. arising out of the flexibility provisions of the Amsterdam Treaty, is a special instance of functional asymmetry within compound political systems such as federal states or the EU. Functional asymmetry exists when central decision‐making applies unevenly across the system; the system is asymmetrical in that some of the participants (provinces, member states) exercise greater powers than others. This chapter explores when and why such an arrangement may be acceptable to participants or may even be imposed (as with admission rules for EMU). It argues that states’ attitudes towards asymmetry may be shaped (1) by economic calculation (cost/benefit), (2) by possible tendency to link economic issues with non‐economic ones (democracy, human rights), or (3) by institutional design, which may permit matching of functional asymmetries with political ones (uneven participation in central decision‐making). In all three respects, the question arises, what is fair, or reasonable? Judgements on such matters are inherently subjective, but still may be the focus of reasoned discussion identifying two possible abuses of asymmetry: privilege and exclusion.
Peter F. Macneilage
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524113
- eISBN:
- 9780191689116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524113.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter can be regarded as a sequel to George Ettlinger's 1984 paper, ‘Humans, apes and monkeys: the changing neuropsychological viewpoint’. He noted that in 1963 ‘there was no evidence for ...
More
This chapter can be regarded as a sequel to George Ettlinger's 1984 paper, ‘Humans, apes and monkeys: the changing neuropsychological viewpoint’. He noted that in 1963 ‘there was no evidence for cerebral functional asymmetry in any nonhuman animal’. He then reviewed a number of findings of functional asymmetries in other primates, reported in the following twenty years and concluded that while ‘it might be prudent not to assert that cerebral hemispheric specialization is homologous in man and in monkey…the likelihood of such an eventual outcome has increased enormously’. This chapter contends that there is not only homology across vertebrate taxa for a number of individual specializations, but there is probably some evolutionary continuity in relationships between specializations.Less
This chapter can be regarded as a sequel to George Ettlinger's 1984 paper, ‘Humans, apes and monkeys: the changing neuropsychological viewpoint’. He noted that in 1963 ‘there was no evidence for cerebral functional asymmetry in any nonhuman animal’. He then reviewed a number of findings of functional asymmetries in other primates, reported in the following twenty years and concluded that while ‘it might be prudent not to assert that cerebral hemispheric specialization is homologous in man and in monkey…the likelihood of such an eventual outcome has increased enormously’. This chapter contends that there is not only homology across vertebrate taxa for a number of individual specializations, but there is probably some evolutionary continuity in relationships between specializations.
Catherine LiéGeois-Chauvel, Kimberly Giraud, Jean-Michel Badier, Patrick Marquis, and Patrick Chauvel
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198525202
- eISBN:
- 9780191689314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525202.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology
This chapter examines the tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex using intracerebrally recorded evoked potentials studied as a function of the anatomical recording site. The sensitivity ...
More
This chapter examines the tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex using intracerebrally recorded evoked potentials studied as a function of the anatomical recording site. The sensitivity of a neuronal population to a given frequency is determined from fluctuations in auditory evoked potential (AEP) amplitude between different recording sites in the primary auditory cortex and surrounding secondary areas like the planum temporale. The chapter particularly explores the tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex in both cerebral hemispheres. In the right hemisphere, clear spectrally organized tonotopic maps wre observed with distinct separations between different frequency-processing regions. AEPs for high frequencies were recorded medially, whereas AEPs for low frequencies were recorded laterally. However, in the left hemisphere, this tonotopic organization was less evident, with different regions involved in the processing of a range of frequencies. The hemisphere-related difference in the processing of tonal frequency is discussed in relation to pitch perception.Less
This chapter examines the tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex using intracerebrally recorded evoked potentials studied as a function of the anatomical recording site. The sensitivity of a neuronal population to a given frequency is determined from fluctuations in auditory evoked potential (AEP) amplitude between different recording sites in the primary auditory cortex and surrounding secondary areas like the planum temporale. The chapter particularly explores the tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex in both cerebral hemispheres. In the right hemisphere, clear spectrally organized tonotopic maps wre observed with distinct separations between different frequency-processing regions. AEPs for high frequencies were recorded medially, whereas AEPs for low frequencies were recorded laterally. However, in the left hemisphere, this tonotopic organization was less evident, with different regions involved in the processing of a range of frequencies. The hemisphere-related difference in the processing of tonal frequency is discussed in relation to pitch perception.