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This chapter explores pragmatic distinctions between personal pronouns such as ‘it’ and demonstrative pronouns such as ‘that’ in English. These two categories of pronoun are typically employed in contexts that vary based on how attentionally prominent the pronoun's referent is; however, many authors have observed that they are occasionally used by speakers in contexts where the other pronoun would have been predicted. This chapter analyzes such cases using data from two studies, and concludes that the attentional salience is only one of a set of factors that comes into play when a speaker chooses which pronominal form to employ. Conceptual structures used by the addressee in interpretation can override the normal implication of salience signaled by the pronoun's category.

This chapter is concerned with the third major modifier category in the noun phrase (NP), localising operators and localising satellites, which relate to locative properties of the referent of the matrix NP. Examples of localising operators in NP are demonstrative pronouns and (in)definite articles, while examples of localising satellites are (localising/identifying) relative clause, possessive modifier, and locative modifier. Each of these constituents typically indicates that the referent of an NP has a place in the world of discourse (or that this place can be inferred). The grammatical expression of the notion location in the NP is discussed by focusing on demonstratives and articles, along with possessive modifiers, adpositional modifiers, and relative clauses.

After the usual introduction to the terminology and early theory of the article among the parts of speech, this chapter gives a survey of the distribution of the definite article through non-Indo-European as well as Indo-European languages. It sketches the age and source (the demonstrative pronoun) of the emergence of the definite article in Greek, Latin, and Germanic, and then discusses its main functions and (Lecture 15) some special uses, including in combination with numerals and with pronouns, and when it is used to make a Noun Phrase from (e.g.) a noun in the genitive, a prepositional phrase, or an adverb. Lecture 16 is devoted to the omission of the article in (e.g.) forms of address, names, poetry, proverbs, idioms, and under foreign influence; the lecture concludes with brief remarks on the indefinite article.

After the usual introduction to the terminology and early theory of the article among the parts of speech, this chapter gives a survey of the distribution of the definite article through non-Indo-European as well as Indo-European languages. It sketches the age and source (the demonstrative pronoun) of the emergence of the definite article in Greek,Latin, and Germanic, and then discusses its main functions and (Lecture 15) some special uses, including in combination with numerals and with pronouns, and when it is used to make a Noun Phrase from (e.g.) a noun in the genitive, a prepositional phrase, or an adverb. Lecture 16 is devoted to the omission of the article in (e.g.) forms of address, names, poetry, proverbs, idioms, and under foreign influence; the lecture concludes with brief remarks on the indefinite article.

After the usual introduction to the terminology and early theory of the article among the parts of speech,this chapter gives a survey of the distribution of the definite article through non-Indo-European as well as Indo-European languages. It sketches the age and source (the demonstrative pronoun) of the emergence of the definite article in Greek, Latin, and Germanic, and then discusses its main functions and (Lecture 15) some special uses, including in combination with numerals and with pronouns, and when it is used to make a Noun Phrase from (e.g.) a noun in the genitive, a prepositional phrase, or an adverb. Lecture 16 is devoted to the omission of the article in (e.g.) forms of address, names, poetry, proverbs, idioms, and under foreign influence; the lecture concludes with brief remarks on the indefinite article.

Besides an outline of how interrogative pronouns (those for people, things, location, reason, purpose, quality, quantity, etc.), personal, and demonstrative pronouns are inflected and used, a thorough discussion is devoted to their plural, possessive, and case-marked forms. Also the use of personal pronouns in invective expressions is elucidated, as well as the use of the possessive marker first-person singular to express affection or respect in addressing a person. Indefinite pronouns are not really a different kettle of fish, since most of them can be inflected throughout, and this holds for reflexive and reciprocal pronouns as well. The properties of the invariant suffix –ki(n) placed after a genitive case marker form the topic of the final section, in which special attention is given to possessive pronouns.

Working from linguistic theory on empathetic and emotional deixis, chapter 5 argues that certain deictic reference forms used to refer to defendants establish distance between speakers and defendants and contribute to their dehumanization by treating them as unindividuated types. The chapter draws a parallel between studies on empathy and physical and linguistic proximity, through which empathy is mediated. Those theorizing killing have argued that the further (physically, emotionally, culturally) one is from a victim, the harder it is to empathize and thus the easier it is to kill. Relying on this logic, chapter 5 argues that through demonstrative formulations such as “that man,” jurors and attorneys place distance between themselves and defendants, thus occluding the opportunity for empathy and facilitating sentences of death. The deictic reference forms analyzed in this chapter most frequently occur within the context of linguistic acts of dehumanization, which help jurors justify their sentences for death.

Crito only saw Euthydemus. Socrates saddles him with another brother, Dionysodorus. The referents of the demonstrative pronouns used in the opening exchange between Socrates and Crito reflect the ambiguity of identity that is to come as the dialogue unfolds. As the scene is set, the significance of the seating positions of Socrates and Cleinias in relation to Euthydemus and Dionysodorus pave the way for understanding who might be “on the left” (sinister). Crito’s perception of Alcibiades’ cousin, Cleinias, as more advanced than his own son, reveals his concerns about Critobulus as a motivating factor in the outer frame of the Euthydemus. Meanwhile, Alcibiades’ presence in the background of the internal conversation suggests that the previous whereabouts of Euthydemus and Dionysodorus may be connected to the Peloponnesian War. Alcibiades’ notorious side-switching is the political analogue to their alternation between one argument and its opposite.