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This chapter considers the uses of the anti-trafficking agenda of the authoritarian government of Belarus. It identifies the ways the Belarus government uses anti-trafficking as a basis for other self-sufficient and nationalist agendas, and by making travel abroad by students and young people more difficult. It notes that the trafficking indicators of the State Department ignore other forms of human rights repression or the excesses of policing systems in Belarus. This chapter also emphasizes the relevant theme of the importance of global indicators in authoritarian contexts, an area that also lacks research.

Migrant and labour rights activists have appealed to state commitments to fight trafficking as a means of advancing the rights of undocumented migrants. This chapter examines the implications of this move. It traces the development of anti- trafficking policy in the UK, setting it in its international context. It argues that the presentation of the Victim of Trafficking (VoT) as embedded in social relations contrasts with the portrayal of the economic migrant as a self-interested rational actor. The focus on morality places the plight of the victim of trafficking beyond politics. The chapter concentrates on the case of trafficking as ‘modern day slavery’ to examine the implications of the usage of the language of slavery. ‘Trafficking’ is not only increasingly presented as a human rights focussed response to difficulties of enforcement, but has introduced the language of harm prevention into the heart of immigration control.

The closing section traces Bushnell’s waning years, from the end of World War I to her death in 1946. Even as she sought to continue her purity work, Bushnell considered her efforts to develop a feminist theology her work of greatest significance. Although Bushnell died in obscurity, God’s Word to Women would continue to circulate around the globe in the decades after her death. Conservative Christians, particularly Pentecostals, have found in her writings justification for female preaching and teaching, resources to combat the abuse of women, and inspiration for contemporary anti-trafficking efforts. By providing a theology rooted in a gospel of liberation for women, Bushnell’s work provides an alternative both to secular feminism and to a patriarchal evangelical purity culture. Yet at the same time it demonstrates the challenges Christian feminists face, in America and in the global Church, in constructing a sexual ethic that is both feminist and Christian.

Chapter 2 traces three popular movements that helped establish and promote the compatibility of faith and feminism in late-Victorian Protestantism: the women’s missionary movement, temperance reform, and the social purity crusade. As a pioneering medical missionary to China, as a temperance worker in 1880s Denver, and as an intrepid anti-trafficking activist working to combat the sexual double standard and the institution of prostitution in Victorian society, Bushnell was active in each of these endeavors. Although she would never abandon her belief in the compatibility of Christianity and feminism, Bushnell’s work in missions, temperance, and purity revealed to her the shortcomings of patriarchal Christianity, and ultimately inspired her to write her own feminist theology. The chapter also situates Bushnell in terms of the literature on gender, missions, and empire, and explores the enculturation of Christianity in Western and nonwestern settings.

This chapter traces how Bushnell’s growing feminist consciousness emerged as a result of her international anti-trafficking efforts, and how her work on behalf of women the world over contributed to her growing suspicions of traditional Christianity. Recounting the 1891–1893 anti-prostitution campaign Bushnell launched in British India in her capacity as a World evangelist for the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), and in coordination with Josephine Butler, the leading British social purity reformer, the chapter describes the dramatic victory Bushnell and her co-woker Elizabeth Andrew achieved for the forces of social purity. The chapter also describes Bushnell’s less successful campaign to end the trafficking in Chinese women along the West Coast of the United States. Ultimately, these global reform efforts led Bushnell to develop a powerful critique of Western imperialism, and to articulate a gendered Christian internationalism.

Today’s companies must understand and prevent the myriad problems flowing from labor issues. Increasingly demanding, serious compliance attention and resources are now being focused on the emerging area of human anti-trafficking and forced labor laws and regulations as they relate to business supply chains. These mandates include the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, the Executive Order on Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts, and the UK Modern Slavery Act of 2015. By enlisting or conscripting companies into the fight against human trafficking, child labor, and other “forced” or “coerced” labor practices, these laws introduce a wholly new compliance reality requiring accountability and supply chain compliance.

Chapter 3 of the book highlights the severity of the crime and the various conventions and protocols enforced in combating the crime. It emphasises on the importance of a strong legal response to fight human trafficking and highlights various legislations and legal framework enacted and enforced across the world at various levels. It also emphasizes the effectiveness of the international legal responses highlighting the weaknesses and flaws in these legislations, both at the international, domestic, regional and national level. The chapter further explains the enforcement of anti-trafficking laws at the domestic and regional level based on the International Law and the UN conventions and protocols. The role of the ICC statute in combating trafficking with the help of its provisions in identifying this crime, the victims and the extent of exploitation and the provisions for prosecution of the traffickers have also been discussed in this chapter.