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This chapter considers the limited set of US foreign policy initiatives in Turkey's northern and southern neighborhoods since the early 1990s. It begins by tracing US foreign policies in the Middle East and in Eastern Europe, outlining the implications these have had for the evolution of Turkish foreign policy. The United States is only one of many proponents of Turkish foreign policy, whose primary determinants are domestic. In other words, Turkey is very much an agent in its own right, yet, the United States influences the broader context in which European debates about Turkey are conducted. The latter part of the chapter illustrates the European reactions to US policies in Turkey's neighborhood, examining the effects on Europe of US material, ideational, and discursive expressions of power in and around the region.

This chapter offers a broad picture of transformations in the former socialist countries now passing under the rubric of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). These countries have very different histories, and the chapter shows that divergence has continued since the end of communist rule. The global financial crisis seems to have driven these divergences even further. Examined here is a surprisingly rapid and deep “Europeanization” of most CEE countries, if anything accelerated by their response to the crisis, as it accentuated their dependence on the western European core. Most CEE countries were spared the worst of the crisis, however, because of the still shallow penetration of banking industries. This may be one reason why the crisis had relatively little effect on the politics of the CEE region.

This chapter focuses on Charles Lee's military radicalism as well as the romantic rejection he experienced in Eastern Europe. Lee's first trip to Eastern Europe transformed him into a political radical, but emerged a military radical from his next foray into the region. Despite witnessing and experiencing the brutality of war in North America and Portugal, Lee was unprepared for the slaughter in Eastern Europe, where warfare was shaped by unconventional tactics more than conventional strategies. This chapter considers the political turbulence in Poland and goes on to discuss Lee's interest in unconventional warfare, his views about Britain's imperial policy, and his love for a young Polish woman named Louisa.

This chapter focuses on Charles Lee's views about monarchy and absolute power by focusing on his trip to Eastern Europe. In early December 1764, Lee made plans for his trip to Poland, where he hoped to find military employment and repair his damaged reputation. He obtained several recommendations from prominent British citizens and secured passage on a packet ship bound for the Netherlands. After a few days in Brunswick, Lee traveled to Berlin, the capital of Prussia, where he gained an audience with Frederick II. He arrived in Warsaw in March 1765 determined to obtain an important position in the military from King Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski of Poland. This chapter examines Lee's political radicalism and George III's rejection of his request for a promotion in the British army.