Tapio Bergholm, Lewis R. Fischer, and M. Elisabetta Tonizzi (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780973893458
- eISBN:
- 9781786944597
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893458.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book provides a series of case studies concerning ports and port communities from around the world, in attempt to determine the impact of globalisation on the port industry and the link between ...
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This book provides a series of case studies concerning ports and port communities from around the world, in attempt to determine the impact of globalisation on the port industry and the link between local and global port conditions. It also presents the case for the absolute necessity of ports and port systems to trade and industry on a global scale. The book is comprised of ten essays, the first six of which concern local issues in a rapid globalising industry. The second section contains the remaining four essays, which consider port systems from national perspectives.Less
This book provides a series of case studies concerning ports and port communities from around the world, in attempt to determine the impact of globalisation on the port industry and the link between local and global port conditions. It also presents the case for the absolute necessity of ports and port systems to trade and industry on a global scale. The book is comprised of ten essays, the first six of which concern local issues in a rapid globalising industry. The second section contains the remaining four essays, which consider port systems from national perspectives.
Lewis R. Fischer and Even Lange (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780973893472
- eISBN:
- 9781786944573
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893472.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book compiles seven essays concerning changes to merchant shipping over the hundred and fifty years between 1850 and 2000, and spanning a range of countries, with particular focus on Norway, ...
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This book compiles seven essays concerning changes to merchant shipping over the hundred and fifty years between 1850 and 2000, and spanning a range of countries, with particular focus on Norway, Greece, Japan, and England. The essays are linked by the theme of change: from traditional to modern shipping; in fluctuating cargo demands; from sail to steam; wood to iron; in improvements in communication technologies; in political natures and affiliations; in seafaring skillsets; in the advent of containerisation and advent of globalisation. The overall aim is to construct a solid international context for the merchant shipping industry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - primarily to aid a major Norwegian deep-sea merchant marine project. The book contains an introduction that sets out these aims, and seven essays by maritime historians which form part of the international contextual whole, though all can be approached individually.Less
This book compiles seven essays concerning changes to merchant shipping over the hundred and fifty years between 1850 and 2000, and spanning a range of countries, with particular focus on Norway, Greece, Japan, and England. The essays are linked by the theme of change: from traditional to modern shipping; in fluctuating cargo demands; from sail to steam; wood to iron; in improvements in communication technologies; in political natures and affiliations; in seafaring skillsets; in the advent of containerisation and advent of globalisation. The overall aim is to construct a solid international context for the merchant shipping industry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - primarily to aid a major Norwegian deep-sea merchant marine project. The book contains an introduction that sets out these aims, and seven essays by maritime historians which form part of the international contextual whole, though all can be approached individually.
David J Starkey and Gelina Harlaftis (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780968128848
- eISBN:
- 9781786944801
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780968128848.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book is concerned with the role played by the sea transport industries in the development of global markets. It claims that the sea transport industry in fundamentally intrinsic to the political ...
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This book is concerned with the role played by the sea transport industries in the development of global markets. It claims that the sea transport industry in fundamentally intrinsic to the political and economic interactions between nations. It seeks to demonstrate that the elements of shipping, internationalisation, and globalisation are intertwined. The purpose of this journal is to trace the development and examine the consequences of globalisation as it relates to maritime history. The four main issues under consideration are:- information networks and cooperation in transoceanic shipping; the expansion of markets; technological change; and the adaptability of entrepreneurs, institutions, and nation states to changing business environments. Geographically, the focus of the contributing essays splits between Europe and Japan.Less
This book is concerned with the role played by the sea transport industries in the development of global markets. It claims that the sea transport industry in fundamentally intrinsic to the political and economic interactions between nations. It seeks to demonstrate that the elements of shipping, internationalisation, and globalisation are intertwined. The purpose of this journal is to trace the development and examine the consequences of globalisation as it relates to maritime history. The four main issues under consideration are:- information networks and cooperation in transoceanic shipping; the expansion of markets; technological change; and the adaptability of entrepreneurs, institutions, and nation states to changing business environments. Geographically, the focus of the contributing essays splits between Europe and Japan.
Gordon Boyce
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973007329
- eISBN:
- 9781786944726
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007329.003.0101
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This section explores the intangible infrastructures of maritime economies and the shipping industry through analysis of three separate components. The first sub-section explores the role of shipping ...
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This section explores the intangible infrastructures of maritime economies and the shipping industry through analysis of three separate components. The first sub-section explores the role of shipping agents in the twentieth century by analysing the varieties of agencies, their changing functions, the impact of both World Wars, and, in particular, the impact of containerisation. It determines that by the end of the century, technological, geopolitical, and managerial transformations rendered the role of the shipping agent all but obsolete. The second sub-section examines the consular services of Nordic countries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in order to determine whether or not they were successful, and discovers that the assumption that consular services lowered maritime transaction costs cannot be wholly verified. The final sub-section explores the Mediterranean narrow-sea nexus and the way in which the Mediterranean region served as a ‘strategic corridor’ for European colonial activity.Less
This section explores the intangible infrastructures of maritime economies and the shipping industry through analysis of three separate components. The first sub-section explores the role of shipping agents in the twentieth century by analysing the varieties of agencies, their changing functions, the impact of both World Wars, and, in particular, the impact of containerisation. It determines that by the end of the century, technological, geopolitical, and managerial transformations rendered the role of the shipping agent all but obsolete. The second sub-section examines the consular services of Nordic countries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in order to determine whether or not they were successful, and discovers that the assumption that consular services lowered maritime transaction costs cannot be wholly verified. The final sub-section explores the Mediterranean narrow-sea nexus and the way in which the Mediterranean region served as a ‘strategic corridor’ for European colonial activity.
Alan G. Jamieson
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780859897280
- eISBN:
- 9781781385081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780859897280.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
By the 1960s Britain's ports were not a link in an efficient transportation system but an obstacle to its proper functioning. The great expansion of British ports during the Victorian era had been ...
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By the 1960s Britain's ports were not a link in an efficient transportation system but an obstacle to its proper functioning. The great expansion of British ports during the Victorian era had been based on a break bulk system of loading and unloading cargoes which relied heavily on a casual dock labour supply. This method of working the ports was just about acceptable until the post-1945 period when the growing importance of the unit load – principally the container – to carry cargo meant that the old port system needed a radical overhaul. Basically capital was to replace labour, with expensive container cranes working more swiftly and efficiently than gangs of dock workers. Port labour's resistance to these changes in the 1960s and 1970s led to government intervention aimed at reducing the negative impact of containerisation on port communities, but in the end the old dock labour scheme was dismantled in the 1980s. Although now fewer in number, the main British ports were by 1990 efficiently run and were an example of successful adaptation to major economic change.Less
By the 1960s Britain's ports were not a link in an efficient transportation system but an obstacle to its proper functioning. The great expansion of British ports during the Victorian era had been based on a break bulk system of loading and unloading cargoes which relied heavily on a casual dock labour supply. This method of working the ports was just about acceptable until the post-1945 period when the growing importance of the unit load – principally the container – to carry cargo meant that the old port system needed a radical overhaul. Basically capital was to replace labour, with expensive container cranes working more swiftly and efficiently than gangs of dock workers. Port labour's resistance to these changes in the 1960s and 1970s led to government intervention aimed at reducing the negative impact of containerisation on port communities, but in the end the old dock labour scheme was dismantled in the 1980s. Although now fewer in number, the main British ports were by 1990 efficiently run and were an example of successful adaptation to major economic change.
Malcolm Tull
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780968128824
- eISBN:
- 9781786944825
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780968128824.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter details the attempts to physically develop the port of Fremantle to keep up with the ever-evolving needs of the shipping industry. An Outer Harbour, following the half-decade old, solid ...
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This chapter details the attempts to physically develop the port of Fremantle to keep up with the ever-evolving needs of the shipping industry. An Outer Harbour, following the half-decade old, solid plans of C. Y. O’Connor’s, was established in the 1950s. The harbour was also considerably deepened. An attempt at providing a dry dock, however, was unsuccessful. Tull concludes that these developments extended the capacity of the dock, possibly to levels unnecessary for their trade, at an expense that would later cause considerable financial problems in the 1980s.Less
This chapter details the attempts to physically develop the port of Fremantle to keep up with the ever-evolving needs of the shipping industry. An Outer Harbour, following the half-decade old, solid plans of C. Y. O’Connor’s, was established in the 1950s. The harbour was also considerably deepened. An attempt at providing a dry dock, however, was unsuccessful. Tull concludes that these developments extended the capacity of the dock, possibly to levels unnecessary for their trade, at an expense that would later cause considerable financial problems in the 1980s.
Henry Trotter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780986497315
- eISBN:
- 9781786944535
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497315.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This final chapter explores the opportunities available for Cape Town seafarers during the Apartheid era of 1948 to 1994. The purpose is to seek a better understanding of how modern seafaring can ...
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This final chapter explores the opportunities available for Cape Town seafarers during the Apartheid era of 1948 to 1994. The purpose is to seek a better understanding of how modern seafaring can shape political consciousness, via an examination of the radical traditions on the Atlantic during the age of sail. It introduces the living conditions of Apartheid era South Africa, then explores the reasons for the lack of revolutionary attitudes from South African sailors at sea. These reasons include the marginally better rights for sailors at sea than on land; the improvement of shipboard conditions due to containerisation; the threat of cheap labour from Asia supplanting jobs; and the general feeling of escape from the cruelties of Apartheid whilst living at sea. Overall, it concludes that sailors did not use their skills to challenge Apartheid, but instead did what they could to make the lives of themselves and their families easier under the regime.Less
This final chapter explores the opportunities available for Cape Town seafarers during the Apartheid era of 1948 to 1994. The purpose is to seek a better understanding of how modern seafaring can shape political consciousness, via an examination of the radical traditions on the Atlantic during the age of sail. It introduces the living conditions of Apartheid era South Africa, then explores the reasons for the lack of revolutionary attitudes from South African sailors at sea. These reasons include the marginally better rights for sailors at sea than on land; the improvement of shipboard conditions due to containerisation; the threat of cheap labour from Asia supplanting jobs; and the general feeling of escape from the cruelties of Apartheid whilst living at sea. Overall, it concludes that sailors did not use their skills to challenge Apartheid, but instead did what they could to make the lives of themselves and their families easier under the regime.
Stig Tenold
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973893427
- eISBN:
- 9781786944627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893427.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter provides a history of the shipping market between the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the shipping crisis of 1973. It documents the major changes to shipping and ...
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This chapter provides a history of the shipping market between the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the shipping crisis of 1973. It documents the major changes to shipping and shipbuilding practices that occurred during this period, including the increase in technological advancement, a steady growth of the oil trade, and the rise of container shipping. It concludes in 1973 after a misleadingly strong growth in shipping demand, and cites the short but consequential Yom Kippur War as a crucial shift in international power structure and the world economy, deeming it the beginning of the shipping crisis.Less
This chapter provides a history of the shipping market between the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the shipping crisis of 1973. It documents the major changes to shipping and shipbuilding practices that occurred during this period, including the increase in technological advancement, a steady growth of the oil trade, and the rise of container shipping. It concludes in 1973 after a misleadingly strong growth in shipping demand, and cites the short but consequential Yom Kippur War as a crucial shift in international power structure and the world economy, deeming it the beginning of the shipping crisis.
James Reveley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973007350
- eISBN:
- 9781786944696
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007350.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter considers the development of the companies that employed watersiders, and the difficulties and problems inherent in their dealings with the labour organisations that represented these ...
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This chapter considers the development of the companies that employed watersiders, and the difficulties and problems inherent in their dealings with the labour organisations that represented these workers. The chapter ends by introducing harbour boards and independent stevedoring companies as the primary employers of watersiders, rather than shipping companies, and outlines the further fragmentation that occured as a resultLess
This chapter considers the development of the companies that employed watersiders, and the difficulties and problems inherent in their dealings with the labour organisations that represented these workers. The chapter ends by introducing harbour boards and independent stevedoring companies as the primary employers of watersiders, rather than shipping companies, and outlines the further fragmentation that occured as a result
James Reveley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973007350
- eISBN:
- 9781786944696
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007350.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter considers the labour relations during the conventional cargo era, twenty years before the introduction of the container industry. Reveley argues in depth that companies that hired ...
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This chapter considers the labour relations during the conventional cargo era, twenty years before the introduction of the container industry. Reveley argues in depth that companies that hired watersiders were disempowered by the structure of the labour market. The chapter is divided into subsections as follows: Bargaining Structures; Union Bargaining Strategies; The Employers, Bargaining, and the WIT; The Unions Amalgamate Nationally; Work Relations and Managerial Control Strategies; Management Through the Wages System; Workplace Bargaining Over “Rates”; Informal Work Practices; and Labour Productivity and Costs. The chapter concludes by stating that though employers could individually profit from these circumstances, collectively they were in a worse position than the strengthened unions, and that this status quo, despite bargaining efforts, remained so at the start of containerisation.Less
This chapter considers the labour relations during the conventional cargo era, twenty years before the introduction of the container industry. Reveley argues in depth that companies that hired watersiders were disempowered by the structure of the labour market. The chapter is divided into subsections as follows: Bargaining Structures; Union Bargaining Strategies; The Employers, Bargaining, and the WIT; The Unions Amalgamate Nationally; Work Relations and Managerial Control Strategies; Management Through the Wages System; Workplace Bargaining Over “Rates”; Informal Work Practices; and Labour Productivity and Costs. The chapter concludes by stating that though employers could individually profit from these circumstances, collectively they were in a worse position than the strengthened unions, and that this status quo, despite bargaining efforts, remained so at the start of containerisation.
James Reveley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973007350
- eISBN:
- 9781786944696
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007350.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter details the introduction of containerism to the shipping industry and the tremendous effect of rapid technological change that it brought about within the industry and the running of ...
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This chapter details the introduction of containerism to the shipping industry and the tremendous effect of rapid technological change that it brought about within the industry and the running of ports. It documents the disputes over the use of new cargo-handling equipment and the subsequent nationwide agreement to accomodate container ships at New Zealand ports. The conclusion demonstrates that though watersiders managed to secure favourable terms during the process, the terms were inherently unsustainable and counter-productive to the efficiency, and lower labour requirements, of the container industry.Less
This chapter details the introduction of containerism to the shipping industry and the tremendous effect of rapid technological change that it brought about within the industry and the running of ports. It documents the disputes over the use of new cargo-handling equipment and the subsequent nationwide agreement to accomodate container ships at New Zealand ports. The conclusion demonstrates that though watersiders managed to secure favourable terms during the process, the terms were inherently unsustainable and counter-productive to the efficiency, and lower labour requirements, of the container industry.
Frank Broeze
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973007336
- eISBN:
- 9781786944719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007336.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter serves as a conceptual introduction to containerism. It follows a concise, linear route through the development of the industry, and discusses the relevant factors and technologies that ...
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This chapter serves as a conceptual introduction to containerism. It follows a concise, linear route through the development of the industry, and discusses the relevant factors and technologies that enabled its rise to prominence within the shipping industry. It summarises the industry’s growth by claiming the rapid improvement of technologies and the global demand for the service created a tremendous momentum brought the industry into prominenceLess
This chapter serves as a conceptual introduction to containerism. It follows a concise, linear route through the development of the industry, and discusses the relevant factors and technologies that enabled its rise to prominence within the shipping industry. It summarises the industry’s growth by claiming the rapid improvement of technologies and the global demand for the service created a tremendous momentum brought the industry into prominence