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This book confronts the hotly debated prospect of mounting job losses from automation, and the divergent hopes and fears that prospect evokes, and proposes a strategy for mitigating the losses and spreading the gains from shrinking demand for human labor. Leading economists have concluded that automation is already exacerbating inequality by destroying more decent middle-skill jobs than it is creating. As ongoing innovations in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics continue to chip away at the comparative advantages of human labor in a range of work tasks, those innovations are likely to yield growing job losses in the foreseeable future—or likely enough that we should reckon with this prospect. The book argues that we should set our collective sights on ensuring broad access to adequate incomes, more free time, and decent remunerative work even in a world with less of it. That will require not a single “magic bullet” solution like universal basic income or a federal job guarantee, but rather a multifaceted strategy centered on conserving, creating, and spreading work. The book elaborates that strategy in the US context, but much of it is broadly relevant to other advanced economies. And while the proposed strategy is designed to address a foreseeable future of job scarcity, it will also help to rebalance lives already plagued by either too much work or not enough and to counter both economic inequality and racial stratification. The proposed strategy makes sense here and now, and especially as we face up to a future of less work.

The Equality Act 2010 was an extremely significant reform of the UK discrimination law, consolidating the existing mass of statutory provisions into one statute. The Act brought new rights against discrimination and imposed new duties on employers, service providers, and public authorities. It defined nine protected characteristics: age, disability, combined grounds, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. This fully revised edition covers all recent developments in the law relating to the Equality Act 2010 and considers the impact of exiting the EU, the transitional period, and the implications for the interaction of the Equality Act and EU law post-Brexit. The book includes new cases and judgments in several key sectors such as employment rights, education, premises, public sector, enforcement, and positive action. Combining the full text of the Act, as amended, with narrative from an expert team, the book is an invaluable resource for all who encounter the evolving legislation.

In this volume, leading scholars of both labour law and the Capability Approach (CA) explore the possible connections between their disciplines. Accounts of the CA—particularly those of Martha C. Nussbaum and Amartya Sen—do not specifically address labour law, but the CA is attractive to labour lawyers and scholars examining the foundations of their discipline. The questions being asked are whether the CA has anything to offer labour law, and if it does, what forms might this offering take? And, conversely, what light labour law might shine on the CA? In addressing these questions, the chapters in Part I inquire into the nature of the relationship between the CA and labour law—whether it is positive or negative and whether the CA can provide a normative basis for, or an understanding of, labour law. The chapters in Part II explore the CA/labour law debate through different and well-known perspectives on labour law, including economics, history, critical theory, restorative justice, and human rights. The final set of chapters examine the possible relevance of the CA to a range of specific labour law issues, such as freedom of association, age discrimination in the workplace, trade, employment policy, and sweatshop goods. As with this set of specific issues, the book as a whole is not meant to be an exhaustive account of the CA/labour law connection. Rather, it is offered as a first focused effort to open up the discussion and to stimulate further inquiry in this interdisciplinary enterprise.

Over the last three decades, welfare policies have been informed by popular beliefs that welfare fraud is rampant. As a result, welfare policies have become more punitive and the boundaries between the welfare system and the criminal justice system have blurred—so much so that in some locales prosecution caseloads for welfare fraud exceed welfare caseloads. In reality, some recipients manipulate the welfare system for their own ends, others are gravely hurt by punitive policies, and still others fall somewhere in between. This book endeavors to clear up these gray areas by providing insights into the history, social construction, and lived experience of welfare. It shows why welfare cheating is all but inevitable—not because poor people are immoral, but because ordinary individuals navigating complex systems of rules are likely to become entangled despite their best efforts. Through an examination of the construction of the crime we know as welfare fraud, the book challenges readers to question their assumptions about welfare policies, welfare recipients, and crime control in the United States.

This work develops a functional concept of the employer in the hope of overcoming the theoretical and practical problems arising from the ascription of responsibility in fragmented employment settings. A first part analyses two conflicting strands in the received concept of the employer, simultaneously identified as a single party to a bilateral contract and defined through the exercise of a range of employer functions. As a result of this tension, full employment law coverage is restricted to a narrow paradigm scenario where a single legal entity exercises all employer functions, and fails to grapple with the rise of complex work arrangements, from temporary agency work to corporate groups and Private Equity investors. The second part illustrates the practical implications of these developments: regulatory obligations are placed on inappropriate entities, and workers may find themselves without recourse to employment law protection. A subsequent chapter compares this situation with German law, where a sophisticated apparatus has been developed to regulate employment in corporate groups. The final part reconceptualizes the employer, defining it as the entity, or combination of entities, exercising functions regulated in a particular domain of employment law. Each of the two strands of the received concept is addressed in turn to demonstrate how this openly multi-functional approach overcomes the rigidities of the current concept without abandoning an underlying unitary definition. As a result, employment law obligations fasten on the entity, or combination of entities, exercising the relevant employer functions, regardless of the formal legal organization of the enterprise in question.

The contract of employment is the central legal institution of modern English employment law. It provides the foundation upon which most statutory employment rights are constructed; it provides a conduit for the implementation of norms negotiated in collective bargaining; and it continues to provide a contractual structure for the terms and conditions of employment for a significant proportion of the working population. The Contract of Employment provides a comprehensive treatise on the theoretical and doctrinal aspects of the English law of the contract of employment in the common law world. Part I examines the theoretical context to the contract of employment, studying its structure and development from a wide variety of theoretical and comparative perspectives. Part II provides an exposition and analysis of the doctrinal aspects of the contract of employment, which progresses from the formation of the contract through its content or terms and conditions to its termination and post-employment obligations, and to the remedies for its breach and wrongful termination. The legal analysis seeks to be informed by a keen sense of the modern labour market context of the contract of employment, and to be sensitive to contemporary challenges such as precariousness, the interaction with migration law, the role of legislation in the contract of employment, and the decline of collective bargaining.

There has been a growing interest in the disciplinary ‘autonomy’ of labour law. The chapters in this book examine the interface between criminal law and theory and the regulation of labour markets, given the importance of this interface in the twenty-first century. The four chapters in the first section of the book are concerned broadly with the normative questions concerning the legitimacy of criminalisation in the regulation of social activity. It is a fundamental feature of liberal theories of criminalisation that the legitimate use of the criminal sanction requires special justification. The criminal law is coercive, punitive, and stigmatic. Each chapter examines the normative issue of criminalisation from a different perspective. The second section examines the distinctiveness of the criminal law as a form of regulation, especially compared with civil enforcement. The third section is concerned with criminal law, vulnerability, and precarious work relations. Recent scholarship in labour law has been intensively concerned with the concepts of vulnerability and precariousness in labour market relations. There is now a significant literature on these concepts from legal, economic, and social-scientific perspectives. The chapters in this section provide a novel theoretical perspective on those concepts by examining the distinctive role of the criminal law in respect of vulnerability and precarious work relations. The fourth section is concerned with contexts of criminalisation. The chapters in this section explore the different labour market contexts in which criminalisation has occurred. The fifth section is concerned with criminalisation and enforcement, and it examines the variety of ways in which the criminal law is being used as an enforcement tool, either as an auxiliary support to civil enforcement or as a substitute for civil enforcement. Finally, the last section provides two comparative chapters by leading scholars in the US and Canada. These chapters provide a comparative perspective on the role of penal policy in labour law.

Cartel activity is prohibited under EU law by Article 101(1) TFEU. Firms violating this provision face severe punishment from the European Commission, the NCAs, and the national courts, which regularly impose stiff fines. Recently, however, it has been recognized that punishment should focus on the individuals within the firms responsible, as well as the firms themselves, leading to a growing tendency to criminalize cartel activity in the EU Member States. Some crucial challenges need to be met if the underlying enforcement objectives are to be achieved in practice without violating prevailing legal norms. First, given the severe consequences of a custodial sentence, criminal antitrust punishment must be justifiable in principle: a robust normative framework rationalizing the existence of criminal cartel sanctions is needed. Second, for it to be legitimate, antitrust criminalization should respect the mandatory legalities of the European jurisdiction in question, including the accused's due process rights and the principle of legal certainty. Finally, the correct practical measures (e.g., a criminal leniency policy and a correctly defined criminal cartel offence) are needed to ensure that the punishment achieves its aims in practice while maintaining its legitimacy. These challenges can be conceptualized respectively as theoretical, legal, and practical. They are analysed in this book to further the understanding of the complexity of the European antitrust criminalization process. The book also acknowledges that the challenges should not be considered in isolation and that, in fact, there is a dynamic relationship between them and that an effective antitrust criminalization policy recognizes and respects this complex interaction.

When it was published twenty-five years ago, Catharine MacKinnon's pathbreaking work Sexual Harassment of Working Women had a major impact on the development of sexual harassment law. The U.S. Supreme Court accepted her theory of sexual harassment in 1986. Here MacKinnon collaborates with eminent authorities to appraise what has been accomplished in the field and what still needs to be done. An introductory essay by Reva Siegel considers how sexual harassment came to be regulated as sex discrimination. Contributors discuss how law can best address sexual harassment, the importance and definition of consent and unwelcomeness, issues of same-sex harassment, questions of institutional responsibility for sexual harassment in both employment and education settings, considerations of freedom of speech, effects of sexual harassment doctrine on gender and racial justice, and transnational approaches to the problem. An afterword by MacKinnon assesses the changes wrought by sexual harassment law in the past quarter-century.

Dying to Work is a collection of short stories from and about workers who were injured or killed on the job. The stories are bookended by a brief history of safety laws that still today leave millions of workers without effective compensation and employers without any meaningful incentive to keep their workers safe. In the last part of the book, Dying to Work attempts to provide some answers to questions about worker safety, and to offer policy suggestions that may make American workers safer and employers more accountable. In the end, Dying to Work insists that Americans change their mindset that workplace death and injuries are caused by accidents.

This book is about the role of lawyers in the movement to challenge economic inequality in one of America’s most unequal cities: Los Angeles. Covering a transformative period of city history—from the 1992 riots to the 2008 recession—the book examines how law has been used, and what it has achieved, in the struggle to make Los Angeles a more equal place. The backdrop is the dramatic growth of low-wage work powered by global outsourcing, declining unionism, increasing labor contingency, and surging immigration. The book’s narrative focus is on five pivotal campaigns in which lawyers allied with the city’s dynamic labor, immigrant rights, and environmental movements mobilize law to transform key sectors of the regional economy. These campaigns, analyzed through in-depth case studies, reveal how law has shaped low-wage work in Los Angeles—and at times provided a potent weapon to contest it. Drawing upon archival research, extensive interviews with key actors, and a review of court files, this book explores the role of lawyers in defining the city as a space for redefining work. Challenging critical accounts of lawyers in social movements, its central claim is that by advancing an innovative model of legal mobilization, the L.A. campaigns have achieved meaningful regulatory reform, while strengthening the position of workers in the field of local politics. Through multidimensional advocacy to promote worker organizing, lawyers and activists have succeeded in converting policy change into greater interest group power—forging a new model of progressive city-building for the twenty-first century.

This book investigates the extent to which the European Union intervenes, and should intervene, in domestic labour law. It examines the stated and potential rationales for EU intervention, and argues that there are considerable merits to be derived from separating out the integrationist, economic, and social arguments which have been deployed in defence of EU intervention. It critically considers the competence of the EU to act in this field, and demonstrates that proper regard for the subsidiarity and proportionality principles can contribute to the legitimacy of the EU. The book is informed by the ongoing debate on governance in Europe, and aims to provide insights into the implications of the shifts in policy-making technique. The intention is to provide a framework to enable the reader to think about the role that the EU has, and should, play in this field.

Labour law and social policy have long provided an arena within which key debates over the depth and pace of European integration have taken place. Increasingly, as the European Union's employment policy has matured, employment and economic policy discourses have come to displace discourses around social policy and social law, a displacement which has occurred in tandem with a shift from legislative harmonisation to the use of ‘soft law’ and governance by means of guidelines. This book charts the evolution of the European Employment Strategy and the new forms of governance to which it has given rise. It offers an interdisciplinary exploration of European social law and employment policy, scrutinising the law and economics of labour market regulation in the European context and responding to the economic critique of traditional notions of social protection. Through a detailed examination of the legal and economic underpinnings of the European Employment Strategy, this book outlines the implications of this strategy for labour law, social protection, and industrial relations within the EU. The book also provides a timely contribution to the growing literature on ‘new governance’ in the EU. This innovative form of governance has the potential to forge a middle course through the regulatory choices facing the EU: the choice over the appropriate level of regulation in the EU, whether national or supranational; that over the legitimate role for the state in regulating or deregulating the labour market; and ultimately, the choice between centralised harmonisation and regulatory competition.

Antitrust law has very rarely been used by workers to challenge anticompetitive employment practices. Yet recent empirical research shows that labor markets are highly concentrated, and that employers engage in practices that harm competition and suppress wages. These practices include no-poaching agreements, wage-fixing, mergers, covenants not to compete, and misclassification of gig workers as independent contractors. This failure of antitrust to challenge labor-market misbehavior is due to a range of other failures—intellectual, political, moral, and economic. And the impact of this failure has been profound for wage levels, economic growth, and inequality. In light of the recent empirical work, it is urgent for regulators, courts, lawyers, and Congress to redirect antitrust resources to labor market problems. This book offers a strategy for judicial and legislative reform.

The rise of the gig economy is disrupting business models across the globe. Platforms’ digital work intermediation has had a profound impact on traditional conceptions of the employment relationship. The completion of ‘tasks’, ‘gigs’, or ‘rides’ in the (digital) crowd fundamentally challenges our understanding of work in modern labour markets: gone are the stable employment relationships between firms and workers, replaced by a world in which everybody can be ‘their own boss’ and enjoy the rewards—and face the risks—of independent businesses. Is this the future of work? What are the benefits and challenges of crowdsourced work? How can we protect consumers and workers without stifling innovation? Humans as a Service provides a detailed account of the growth and operation of gig-economy platforms, and develops a blueprint for solutions to the problems facing on-demand workers, platforms, and their customers. Following a brief introduction to the growth and operation of on-demand platforms across the world, the book scrutinizes competing narratives about ‘gig’ work. Drawing on a wide range of case studies, it explores how claims of ‘disruptive innovation’ and ‘micro-entrepreneurship’ often obscure the realities of precarious work under strict algorithmic surveillance, and the return to a business model that has existed for centuries. Humans as a Service shows how employment law can address many of these problems: gigs, tasks, and rides are work—and should be regulated as such. A concluding chapter demonstrates the broader benefits of a level playing field for consumers, taxpayers, and innovative entrepreneurs.

Labour law is widely considered to be in crisis, at least by scholars of the field. This crisis has an obvious external dimension—labour law is attacked for impeding efficiency, flexibility and development; vilified for reducing employment and for favouring already well placed employees over less fortunate ones; and discredited for failing to cover the most vulnerable workers and workers in the ‘informal sector’. These are just some of the external challenges to labour law. There is also an internal challenge, as labour lawyers themselves increasingly question whether their discipline is conceptually coherent, relevant to the new empirical realities of the world of work, and normatively salient in the world as we now know it. The goal of this book is to respond to such fundamental challenges by asking the most fundamental questions: What is labour law for? How can it be justified? And what are the normative premises on which reforms should be based? There has been growing interest in such questions in recent years. The current book seeks to take this body of scholarship seriously and take it forward. Its aim is to provide, if not answers which satisfy everyone, at least intellectually nourishing food for thought for those interested in understanding, explaining and interpreting labour laws.

The latest title in the Oxford Monographs on Labour Law series, this study elucidates the general legal rules and principles of the law of unfair dismissal, as well as offering an account of the social, political, and philosophical context in which the idea of protection from unfair dismissal at work has developed and currently operates.

The book uses a Marxian inspired social ontological framework, and a genealogic method to explore the relationship between labour law, the market, and capitalist social relations. It advances a constitutive conception of the law–market and law–society ‘relationship’ that stresses law’s contradictory roles in the emergence and reproduction of capitalist social relations—and, relatedly, in the emergence, and reproduction, of the (capitalist) market, and explores this role in depth through a genealogical analysis of the social category of the wage. Tracing the evolution of the wage through legal discourse and the shifting repertoire of legal concepts (the ‘wage’, the ‘salary’, ‘remuneration’) through which it has been denoted over time, the book sheds new light on the problems of low pay and under-inclusive employment status, and on the role of the legal system in perpetuating, and potentially constituting, these problems. Spanning from the Norman conquest to the present day, and exploring issues as diverse as the decasualization of the docks; sweated labour; the truck system; tax credits, tips, and minimum wages, the book provides one of the most in-depth and comprehensive analyses of the wage to date, while, at the same time, offering a number of practical suggestions for labour law reform.

The book aims to contribute to current debates regarding the idea of labour law. In particular, it aims to assess the validity of the suggestion that old ways of thinking about the subject have become outdated. Detailed consideration is given to two such ‘old ways’: the idea of the labour constitution, developed by Hugo Sinzheimer in the early years of the Weimar Republic, and the principle of collective laissez-faire, elaborated by Otto Kahn-Freund in the 1950s. The question is then addressed as to whether and how these ideas could be abstracted from the political, economic, and social contexts within which they were developed so that they might still usefully be applied to the study of labour law. The central argument of the book is that the labour constitution can be developed so as to provide an ‘enduring idea of labour law’. That argument is constructed against a critique of the work of a number of British scholars who have argued in recent years that labour law scholarship ought to be reorientated to align more closely with the functioning of labour markets. As compared with the posited ‘law of the labour market’, the primary claim made for the idea of the labour constitution is that it highlights the inherently political nature of labour laws and institutions, as well as their economic functions. It provides a framework for analysing labour laws, labour markets, and labour market institutions which does not limit the capacity of scholarship in the field to retain its critical edge.

Throughout the industrial world, the discipline of labour law has fallen into deep philosophical and policy crisis, at the same time as new theoretical approaches make it a field of considerable intellectual ferment. Modern labour law evolved in a symbiotic relationship with a post-war institutional and policy agenda, the social, economic, and political underpinnings of which have gradually eroded in the context of accelerating international economic integration and wage-competition, a decline in the capacity of the nation-state to steer economic progress, the ascendancy of fiscal austerity and monetarism over Keynesian/welfare state politics, the appearance of post-industrial production models, the proliferation of contingent employment relationships, the fragmentation of class-based identities and the emergence of new social movements, and the significantly increased participation of women in paid work. These developments offer many appealing possibilities — the opportunity, for example, to contest the gender division of labour and re-think the boundaries between immigration and labour policy. However, they also hold out quite threatening prospects — including increased unemployment and inequality and the decline of workers' organizations and social participation — in the context of proliferating constraints imposed by international financial pressures on enacting redistributive social and economic policies. New strategies must be developed to meet these challenges. These chapters — which are the product of a transnational comparative dialogue among academics and practitioners in labour law and related legal fields, including social security, immigration, trade, and development — identify, analyse, and respond to some of the conceptual and policy challenges posed by globalization.