Philippe Van Parijs
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293576
- eISBN:
- 9780191600074
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293577.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Is there any reason to expect some form of socialism to do better than any form of capitalism in terms of securing a high sustainable level of basic income? None of the familiar arguments against ...
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Is there any reason to expect some form of socialism to do better than any form of capitalism in terms of securing a high sustainable level of basic income? None of the familiar arguments against capitalism—from market failures to cyclical crises and the reserve army of the unemployed— can justify the presumption that it will do worse than socialism in terms of efficiency. On the contrary, the fundamental fact that, unlike what happens under socialism, capitalist firms have to submit to the ruthless rule ‘Innovate or perish’ justify the presumption of capitalism's superior dynamic efficiency. But in a globalized capitalist economy, the sovereignty democratically exercised over this larger wealth keeps eroding, to the point that capitalist societies become unable to sustainably turn part of it into a higher basic income than would be possible under the best version of feasible socialism?Less
Is there any reason to expect some form of socialism to do better than any form of capitalism in terms of securing a high sustainable level of basic income? None of the familiar arguments against capitalism—from market failures to cyclical crises and the reserve army of the unemployed— can justify the presumption that it will do worse than socialism in terms of efficiency. On the contrary, the fundamental fact that, unlike what happens under socialism, capitalist firms have to submit to the ruthless rule ‘Innovate or perish’ justify the presumption of capitalism's superior dynamic efficiency. But in a globalized capitalist economy, the sovereignty democratically exercised over this larger wealth keeps eroding, to the point that capitalist societies become unable to sustainably turn part of it into a higher basic income than would be possible under the best version of feasible socialism?
Gilles Saint‐Paul
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293323
- eISBN:
- 9780191596841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293321.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter analyses the political support for unemployment benefits. The traditional view, which focuses on their insurance value, is reformulated. We qualify it by introducing positive effects of ...
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This chapter analyses the political support for unemployment benefits. The traditional view, which focuses on their insurance value, is reformulated. We qualify it by introducing positive effects of unemployment benefits on wages, which may overturn the traditional predictions. For example, an increase in exposure to unemployment may reduce the support for employment protection, rather than increase it, as is predicted when insurance effects dominate. The chapter also discusses the determinants of active labour market policies.Less
This chapter analyses the political support for unemployment benefits. The traditional view, which focuses on their insurance value, is reformulated. We qualify it by introducing positive effects of unemployment benefits on wages, which may overturn the traditional predictions. For example, an increase in exposure to unemployment may reduce the support for employment protection, rather than increase it, as is predicted when insurance effects dominate. The chapter also discusses the determinants of active labour market policies.
Karen Robson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199732180
- eISBN:
- 9780199866182
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732180.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In the last two to three years, the acronym NEET, for “not in education, employment, or training,” has cropped up in policy discussions surrounding young people's transition from school to work, ...
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In the last two to three years, the acronym NEET, for “not in education, employment, or training,” has cropped up in policy discussions surrounding young people's transition from school to work, particularly in the United Kingdom. This new category of young people refers to those who are not just economically inactive but also seemingly completely inactive, occupying an unconstructive (and potentially threatening) position on the social topography. This chapter examines NEET status to see how it has influenced late-life NEET status and how this has differed by country. Data for the analyses come from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), which is a harmonized sample survey organized and largely funded by Eurostat, covering most member countries of the European Union during its data collection phases (1994–2001).Less
In the last two to three years, the acronym NEET, for “not in education, employment, or training,” has cropped up in policy discussions surrounding young people's transition from school to work, particularly in the United Kingdom. This new category of young people refers to those who are not just economically inactive but also seemingly completely inactive, occupying an unconstructive (and potentially threatening) position on the social topography. This chapter examines NEET status to see how it has influenced late-life NEET status and how this has differed by country. Data for the analyses come from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), which is a harmonized sample survey organized and largely funded by Eurostat, covering most member countries of the European Union during its data collection phases (1994–2001).
Eliza Filby
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264829
- eISBN:
- 9780191754036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264829.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter explores the oppositional role of the voluntary sector in a period of hardship and social unrest, considering the Anglican Church's response to Thatcherism. Despite secularisation and ...
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This chapter explores the oppositional role of the voluntary sector in a period of hardship and social unrest, considering the Anglican Church's response to Thatcherism. Despite secularisation and declining denominational identity, the Church was still a central part of the charitable and welfare sector in the 1980s, when the Thatcher governments championed the role of voluntarism in retraining and work schemes, in an era of mass unemployment. However, its response to Thatcherism was complex and internally divided. Church Action with the Unemployed (CAWTU) was framed in a ‘non-political’, paternalistic way, whereas 1985's Faith in the City report provided a critique of the underlying causes of poverty, articulating an opposition to reactionary social thought that can be traced back to nineteenth-century Christian Socialism.Less
This chapter explores the oppositional role of the voluntary sector in a period of hardship and social unrest, considering the Anglican Church's response to Thatcherism. Despite secularisation and declining denominational identity, the Church was still a central part of the charitable and welfare sector in the 1980s, when the Thatcher governments championed the role of voluntarism in retraining and work schemes, in an era of mass unemployment. However, its response to Thatcherism was complex and internally divided. Church Action with the Unemployed (CAWTU) was framed in a ‘non-political’, paternalistic way, whereas 1985's Faith in the City report provided a critique of the underlying causes of poverty, articulating an opposition to reactionary social thought that can be traced back to nineteenth-century Christian Socialism.
Werner Eichhorst, Regina Konle-Seidl, Alison Koslowski, and Paul Marx
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592296
- eISBN:
- 9780191731471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592296.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The chapter explores empirical evidence for the claim that the non‐employed in post‐industrial labour markets are more likely to make the transition into employment than has previously been the case. ...
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The chapter explores empirical evidence for the claim that the non‐employed in post‐industrial labour markets are more likely to make the transition into employment than has previously been the case. It concludes that whilst the unemployed and the inactive remain distinct groups with regards to transitions into employment, post‐industrial labour markets have indeed become more inclusive. Only a few countries saw decreased odds of transition over time for the unemployed, controlling for macroeconomic conditions. The picture for the inactive is more mixed cross‐nationally. Regarding the question whether an increasingly inclusive labour market is associated with a reduction in job quality, as measured by contract type, the study finds that there is a trend towards more precarious employment for the recently non-employed in some countries such as the Czech Republic, France, Italy, and Belgium. In Denmark, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Hungary, however, there was the opposite trend towards more permanent employment.Less
The chapter explores empirical evidence for the claim that the non‐employed in post‐industrial labour markets are more likely to make the transition into employment than has previously been the case. It concludes that whilst the unemployed and the inactive remain distinct groups with regards to transitions into employment, post‐industrial labour markets have indeed become more inclusive. Only a few countries saw decreased odds of transition over time for the unemployed, controlling for macroeconomic conditions. The picture for the inactive is more mixed cross‐nationally. Regarding the question whether an increasingly inclusive labour market is associated with a reduction in job quality, as measured by contract type, the study finds that there is a trend towards more precarious employment for the recently non-employed in some countries such as the Czech Republic, France, Italy, and Belgium. In Denmark, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Hungary, however, there was the opposite trend towards more permanent employment.
Carrie M. Lane
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449642
- eISBN:
- 9780801460791
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449642.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
Being laid off can be a traumatic event. The unemployed worry about how they will pay their bills and find a new job. In the American economy's boom-and-bust business cycle since the 1980s, repeated ...
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Being laid off can be a traumatic event. The unemployed worry about how they will pay their bills and find a new job. In the American economy's boom-and-bust business cycle since the 1980s, repeated layoffs have become part of working life. This book finds that the new culture of corporate employment, changes to the job search process, and dual-income marriage have reshaped how today's skilled workers view unemployment. Through interviews with seventy-five unemployed and underemployed high-tech white-collar workers in the Dallas area over the course of the 2000s, the book shows that they have embraced a new definition of employment in which all jobs are temporary and all workers are, or should be, independent “companies of one.” Following the experiences of individual jobseekers over time, the book explores the central role that organized networking events, working spouses, and neoliberal ideology play in forging and reinforcing a new individualist, pro-market response to the increasingly insecure nature of contemporary employment. It also explores how this new perspective is transforming traditional ideas about masculinity and the role of men as breadwinners. Sympathetic to the benefits that this “company of one” ideology can hold for its adherents, the book also details how it hides the true costs of an insecure workforce and makes collective and political responses to job loss and downward mobility unlikely.Less
Being laid off can be a traumatic event. The unemployed worry about how they will pay their bills and find a new job. In the American economy's boom-and-bust business cycle since the 1980s, repeated layoffs have become part of working life. This book finds that the new culture of corporate employment, changes to the job search process, and dual-income marriage have reshaped how today's skilled workers view unemployment. Through interviews with seventy-five unemployed and underemployed high-tech white-collar workers in the Dallas area over the course of the 2000s, the book shows that they have embraced a new definition of employment in which all jobs are temporary and all workers are, or should be, independent “companies of one.” Following the experiences of individual jobseekers over time, the book explores the central role that organized networking events, working spouses, and neoliberal ideology play in forging and reinforcing a new individualist, pro-market response to the increasingly insecure nature of contemporary employment. It also explores how this new perspective is transforming traditional ideas about masculinity and the role of men as breadwinners. Sympathetic to the benefits that this “company of one” ideology can hold for its adherents, the book also details how it hides the true costs of an insecure workforce and makes collective and political responses to job loss and downward mobility unlikely.
Amir Paz-Fuchs
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237418
- eISBN:
- 9780191717192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237418.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
Contemporary programmes are replete with themes and rationales that are similar to those of the Poor Law era. For this reason, the socio-legal history of the poor laws provides an introduction to the ...
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Contemporary programmes are replete with themes and rationales that are similar to those of the Poor Law era. For this reason, the socio-legal history of the poor laws provides an introduction to the institutions, themes, and rationales of welfare-to-work, descendants of which may be detected today. This chapter argues that at different points in time (and sometimes simultaneously), four different rationales can be detected in Poor Law programmes: deterrence, economics, morality, and quid-pro-quo. These rationales are all realized through the same common goal: that of conditionality. And yet, each rationale derives from a distinct vision of the relationship between the individual and the state and thus has a different impact on the emphasis of welfare programmes.Less
Contemporary programmes are replete with themes and rationales that are similar to those of the Poor Law era. For this reason, the socio-legal history of the poor laws provides an introduction to the institutions, themes, and rationales of welfare-to-work, descendants of which may be detected today. This chapter argues that at different points in time (and sometimes simultaneously), four different rationales can be detected in Poor Law programmes: deterrence, economics, morality, and quid-pro-quo. These rationales are all realized through the same common goal: that of conditionality. And yet, each rationale derives from a distinct vision of the relationship between the individual and the state and thus has a different impact on the emphasis of welfare programmes.
Amir Paz-Fuchs
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237418
- eISBN:
- 9780191717192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237418.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This chapter introduces contemporary welfare-to-work programmes in the United States and Britain. It focuses on the way contemporary welfare-to-work programmes are characterized by the conditioning ...
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This chapter introduces contemporary welfare-to-work programmes in the United States and Britain. It focuses on the way contemporary welfare-to-work programmes are characterized by the conditioning of benefits upon obligations. Employing the same four rationales used when assessing the Poor Law programmes (deterrence, economics, morality and quid-pro-quo), the chapter draws attention to the existence of the conditional attribute of welfare programmes by outlining the rationales motivating each type of conditioning.Less
This chapter introduces contemporary welfare-to-work programmes in the United States and Britain. It focuses on the way contemporary welfare-to-work programmes are characterized by the conditioning of benefits upon obligations. Employing the same four rationales used when assessing the Poor Law programmes (deterrence, economics, morality and quid-pro-quo), the chapter draws attention to the existence of the conditional attribute of welfare programmes by outlining the rationales motivating each type of conditioning.
Jiri Blazek and Dagmar Dzúrová
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
While most of the Eastern European countries suffered under the mortality crises, the Czech Republic on the other hand experienced an improvement in its population. In most of the Eastern European ...
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While most of the Eastern European countries suffered under the mortality crises, the Czech Republic on the other hand experienced an improvement in its population. In most of the Eastern European countries experiencing mortality crises, the main reason attributed to their mortality crises is the stress brought about by the uncertainty and joblessness of being unemployed. Another factor is that during the transition period, income differentiation made a substantial number of the population fall below the poverty line. Among the transition countries, the Czech Republic experienced the smoothest transition to which the decline in mortality rate is attributed. In this chapter, the demographic, social and economic changes within the Czech Republic are analysed with the objective of determining the main factor that contributed to the increase in life expectancy of people there.Less
While most of the Eastern European countries suffered under the mortality crises, the Czech Republic on the other hand experienced an improvement in its population. In most of the Eastern European countries experiencing mortality crises, the main reason attributed to their mortality crises is the stress brought about by the uncertainty and joblessness of being unemployed. Another factor is that during the transition period, income differentiation made a substantial number of the population fall below the poverty line. Among the transition countries, the Czech Republic experienced the smoothest transition to which the decline in mortality rate is attributed. In this chapter, the demographic, social and economic changes within the Czech Republic are analysed with the objective of determining the main factor that contributed to the increase in life expectancy of people there.
Mark Freedland, Paul Craig, Catherine Jacqueson, and Nicola Kountouris
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199233489
- eISBN:
- 9780191716324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233489.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Employment Law
This chapter argues that the State is no longer seen as a provider of employment, but rather as a provider of ‘employability’ directly focusing on the unemployed (rather than on the labour market or ...
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This chapter argues that the State is no longer seen as a provider of employment, but rather as a provider of ‘employability’ directly focusing on the unemployed (rather than on the labour market or the economy). One can observe a series of emerging trends in the delivery of ‘employability’ measures, and in particular the growing individualization, personalization, and contractualization of these employability ‘services’. These trends raise a number of problematic points (Are these real contracts? Are they illiberal contracts or unequal contracts? What should be the limits to administrative discretion in this sensitive area? What is the nature of the multilateral contracts including private contractors?), which are addressed in separate points.Less
This chapter argues that the State is no longer seen as a provider of employment, but rather as a provider of ‘employability’ directly focusing on the unemployed (rather than on the labour market or the economy). One can observe a series of emerging trends in the delivery of ‘employability’ measures, and in particular the growing individualization, personalization, and contractualization of these employability ‘services’. These trends raise a number of problematic points (Are these real contracts? Are they illiberal contracts or unequal contracts? What should be the limits to administrative discretion in this sensitive area? What is the nature of the multilateral contracts including private contractors?), which are addressed in separate points.
Samuel R. Bagenstos
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300124491
- eISBN:
- 9780300155433
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300124491.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990 was hailed as revolutionary legislation, but in the ensuing years restrictive Supreme Court decisions have prompted accusations that ...
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The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990 was hailed as revolutionary legislation, but in the ensuing years restrictive Supreme Court decisions have prompted accusations that the Court has betrayed the disability rights movement. The ADA can lay claim to notable successes, yet people with disabilities continue to be unemployed at extremely high rates. This book examines the history of the movement and discusses the various, often-conflicting projects of diverse participants. It argues that while the courts deserve some criticism, some may also be fairly aimed at the choices made by prominent disability rights activists as they crafted and argued for the ADA. The book concludes with an assessment of the limits of antidiscrimination law in integrating and empowering people with disabilities, and suggests new policy directions to make these goals a reality.Less
The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990 was hailed as revolutionary legislation, but in the ensuing years restrictive Supreme Court decisions have prompted accusations that the Court has betrayed the disability rights movement. The ADA can lay claim to notable successes, yet people with disabilities continue to be unemployed at extremely high rates. This book examines the history of the movement and discusses the various, often-conflicting projects of diverse participants. It argues that while the courts deserve some criticism, some may also be fairly aimed at the choices made by prominent disability rights activists as they crafted and argued for the ADA. The book concludes with an assessment of the limits of antidiscrimination law in integrating and empowering people with disabilities, and suggests new policy directions to make these goals a reality.
Mariusz Kotowski
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813144887
- eISBN:
- 9780813145105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813144887.003.0021
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Showing that she values moral integrity over a paycheck, Negri makes her break from Germany by way of a routine vacation provided by the UFA. She leaves her possessions behind so her employers won't ...
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Showing that she values moral integrity over a paycheck, Negri makes her break from Germany by way of a routine vacation provided by the UFA. She leaves her possessions behind so her employers won't suspect that she intends to flee. Chapter 20 discusses her survival instincts and her intense love of her mother, with whom she reconnects. Negri returns to America in a very different fashion than when she first came over all those years ago. By now, the former superstar is jobless, without money, and accused of being a Nazi sympathizer. Hoping to erase this stigma, she attempts to throw herself back into the movie scene with Hi Diddle Diddle, but Hollywood turns out to be an unwelcoming place for her. In a very uncharacteristic move, Negri leaves for New York a defeated woman.Less
Showing that she values moral integrity over a paycheck, Negri makes her break from Germany by way of a routine vacation provided by the UFA. She leaves her possessions behind so her employers won't suspect that she intends to flee. Chapter 20 discusses her survival instincts and her intense love of her mother, with whom she reconnects. Negri returns to America in a very different fashion than when she first came over all those years ago. By now, the former superstar is jobless, without money, and accused of being a Nazi sympathizer. Hoping to erase this stigma, she attempts to throw herself back into the movie scene with Hi Diddle Diddle, but Hollywood turns out to be an unwelcoming place for her. In a very uncharacteristic move, Negri leaves for New York a defeated woman.
Leon Fink, Joan Sangster, and Joseph A. McCartin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252038174
- eISBN:
- 9780252095979
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252038174.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Seeking to historicize today's “Great Recession,” this volume of essays uses examples from North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia to situate the current economic crisis and its ...
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Seeking to historicize today's “Great Recession,” this volume of essays uses examples from North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia to situate the current economic crisis and its impact on workers in the context of previous abrupt shifts in the modern-day capitalist marketplace. The book argues that factors such as race, sex, and state intervention have mediated both the effect of economic depressions on workers' lives and workers' responses to those depressions. Further, the direction of influence between politics and economic upheaval, as well as between workers and the welfare state, has often shifted with time, location, and circumstance. These principles inform a concluding examination of today's “Great Recession”: its historical distinctiveness, its connection to neoliberalism, and its attendant expressions of worker status and agency around the world. Ultimately, the chapters push us toward a rethinking of the relationship between capital and labor, the waged and unwaged, and the employed and jobless.Less
Seeking to historicize today's “Great Recession,” this volume of essays uses examples from North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia to situate the current economic crisis and its impact on workers in the context of previous abrupt shifts in the modern-day capitalist marketplace. The book argues that factors such as race, sex, and state intervention have mediated both the effect of economic depressions on workers' lives and workers' responses to those depressions. Further, the direction of influence between politics and economic upheaval, as well as between workers and the welfare state, has often shifted with time, location, and circumstance. These principles inform a concluding examination of today's “Great Recession”: its historical distinctiveness, its connection to neoliberalism, and its attendant expressions of worker status and agency around the world. Ultimately, the chapters push us toward a rethinking of the relationship between capital and labor, the waged and unwaged, and the employed and jobless.
Jose Harris
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206859
- eISBN:
- 9780191677335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206859.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
Throughout the 1930s there had been a growing body of criticism of the social welfare system—a movement in which Beveridge himself to a certain extent had shared. Various social policy questions ...
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Throughout the 1930s there had been a growing body of criticism of the social welfare system—a movement in which Beveridge himself to a certain extent had shared. Various social policy questions arose and formed an essential backcloth to the work of the Social Insurance Committee, and helped to explain the enthusiastic popular reception to the idea of social welfare. This situation eventually accorded to the Beveridge Report. The causes of such a movement at a time of acute national military crisis are difficult to pinpoint precisely, but they were inextricably linked to the ferment of fear, disruption, sacrifice, and uncertainty brought about by the war. Undoubtedly, at a purely pragmatic level, there were good reasons for encouraging hopes of social reform during wartime. Beveridge's report was virtually complete and ready for publication early in October 1942. Except for its financial provisions, the final draft was in many respects remarkably similar to the first complete draft of four months earlier.Less
Throughout the 1930s there had been a growing body of criticism of the social welfare system—a movement in which Beveridge himself to a certain extent had shared. Various social policy questions arose and formed an essential backcloth to the work of the Social Insurance Committee, and helped to explain the enthusiastic popular reception to the idea of social welfare. This situation eventually accorded to the Beveridge Report. The causes of such a movement at a time of acute national military crisis are difficult to pinpoint precisely, but they were inextricably linked to the ferment of fear, disruption, sacrifice, and uncertainty brought about by the war. Undoubtedly, at a purely pragmatic level, there were good reasons for encouraging hopes of social reform during wartime. Beveridge's report was virtually complete and ready for publication early in October 1942. Except for its financial provisions, the final draft was in many respects remarkably similar to the first complete draft of four months earlier.
Tee L. Guidotti
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195380002
- eISBN:
- 9780199893881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380002.003.0023
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
A worker is one who engages in compensated work, regardless of social class or status or how the money is earned. A worker may be a professional person such as a physician or lawyer or someone who ...
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A worker is one who engages in compensated work, regardless of social class or status or how the money is earned. A worker may be a professional person such as a physician or lawyer or someone who out of necessity works in a job that others do not want. Some workers are temporarily out of work and others are permanently unemployed but they have worked and at least expect to work again. Workers who cannot find jobs are at much higher risk for a variety of health problems and psychological adjustment problems because being unemployed can be very stressful. Outreach programs are designed to provide services or education to a group of workers who are not likely to receive a message through traditional media or from their employers. Hiring and leave policies are factors that tend to work together for the disadvantage of women, leading to inequality in the workplace. The capacity of women to do work is a question of fitness to work, no different from that for men. The capacity to do hard work is specific to the individual and some women are much stronger and have more stamina than some men. Women who are healthy and fully mature are not significantly more susceptible to toxic exposures than men. In general, measures that protect the health of men are sufficient to protect the health of women, and if a hazard places women at risk, men are at risk also in the same workplace.Less
A worker is one who engages in compensated work, regardless of social class or status or how the money is earned. A worker may be a professional person such as a physician or lawyer or someone who out of necessity works in a job that others do not want. Some workers are temporarily out of work and others are permanently unemployed but they have worked and at least expect to work again. Workers who cannot find jobs are at much higher risk for a variety of health problems and psychological adjustment problems because being unemployed can be very stressful. Outreach programs are designed to provide services or education to a group of workers who are not likely to receive a message through traditional media or from their employers. Hiring and leave policies are factors that tend to work together for the disadvantage of women, leading to inequality in the workplace. The capacity of women to do work is a question of fitness to work, no different from that for men. The capacity to do hard work is specific to the individual and some women are much stronger and have more stamina than some men. Women who are healthy and fully mature are not significantly more susceptible to toxic exposures than men. In general, measures that protect the health of men are sufficient to protect the health of women, and if a hazard places women at risk, men are at risk also in the same workplace.
Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattrass
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300108927
- eISBN:
- 9780300128758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300108927.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter asks whether some or all of the unemployed should be viewed as a distinct underclass. It argues that one segment of the unemployed can be identified as a discrete underclass, which ...
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This chapter asks whether some or all of the unemployed should be viewed as a distinct underclass. It argues that one segment of the unemployed can be identified as a discrete underclass, which comprises of unemployed people who were heavily disadvantaged in the labour market. The chapter utilizes the 1993 Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development (PSLSD) data to identify an underclass of unemployed people at the end of apartheid.Less
This chapter asks whether some or all of the unemployed should be viewed as a distinct underclass. It argues that one segment of the unemployed can be identified as a discrete underclass, which comprises of unemployed people who were heavily disadvantaged in the labour market. The chapter utilizes the 1993 Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development (PSLSD) data to identify an underclass of unemployed people at the end of apartheid.
Stephanie Ward
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719086809
- eISBN:
- 9781781705995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719086809.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter draws together the themes of the previous two chapters to analyse how the unemployed responded to the means test. While many studies of the unemployed have noted that the movement ...
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This chapter draws together the themes of the previous two chapters to analyse how the unemployed responded to the means test. While many studies of the unemployed have noted that the movement against the means test generated the largest interwar demonstrations, there has been little attempt to look at these movements in detail. By comparing the anti-means test protests in south Wales and the north-east of England, this chapter considers how protests were shaped by place, political culture and traditions. The attempts to develop a sustained movement of the unemployed by the Communist Party and the affiliated National Unemployment Workers’ Movement are contrasted to the leadership offered by the Labour Party and trade unions. The protests of unemployed and employed, men and women and the policing of the marchers, are considered at a local, regional and national level. While the marches of the unemployed may have captured the public imagination, this chapter is also concerned with the other ways in which the voice of protest could be expressed.Less
This chapter draws together the themes of the previous two chapters to analyse how the unemployed responded to the means test. While many studies of the unemployed have noted that the movement against the means test generated the largest interwar demonstrations, there has been little attempt to look at these movements in detail. By comparing the anti-means test protests in south Wales and the north-east of England, this chapter considers how protests were shaped by place, political culture and traditions. The attempts to develop a sustained movement of the unemployed by the Communist Party and the affiliated National Unemployment Workers’ Movement are contrasted to the leadership offered by the Labour Party and trade unions. The protests of unemployed and employed, men and women and the policing of the marchers, are considered at a local, regional and national level. While the marches of the unemployed may have captured the public imagination, this chapter is also concerned with the other ways in which the voice of protest could be expressed.
Didier Fassin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520271166
- eISBN:
- 9780520950481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271166.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the methods and principles used by the officialsss for evaluating the applications for Fonds d'urgence sociale or Social Emergency Fund (Fus). The fund was set up by French ...
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This chapter focuses on the methods and principles used by the officialsss for evaluating the applications for Fonds d'urgence sociale or Social Emergency Fund (Fus). The fund was set up by French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin in January 1998 as a political response to the growing protests by the unemployed and the adverse public opinion generated by the media focus on it. The aim of this emergency fund was to address the most difficult situations that could not be resolved through social security. A series of interviews and the analysis of a sample of applications for the grant aid to evaluate the efficacy of the applicants' arguments and the rhetorical choices made by them in their attempt to move the officials are also present. Especially factors such as composition of the family of the applicants and concern for children or for aging parents also influenced the evaluation process of the applications.Less
This chapter focuses on the methods and principles used by the officialsss for evaluating the applications for Fonds d'urgence sociale or Social Emergency Fund (Fus). The fund was set up by French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin in January 1998 as a political response to the growing protests by the unemployed and the adverse public opinion generated by the media focus on it. The aim of this emergency fund was to address the most difficult situations that could not be resolved through social security. A series of interviews and the analysis of a sample of applications for the grant aid to evaluate the efficacy of the applicants' arguments and the rhetorical choices made by them in their attempt to move the officials are also present. Especially factors such as composition of the family of the applicants and concern for children or for aging parents also influenced the evaluation process of the applications.
Bent Meier Sorensen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748633364
- eISBN:
- 9780748652600
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748633364.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter explores the experience of dividuality in Gilles Deleuze's essay on the societies of control, offering a more detailed view of life in the society of control, and observing that if you ...
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This chapter explores the experience of dividuality in Gilles Deleuze's essay on the societies of control, offering a more detailed view of life in the society of control, and observing that if you have never been unemployed, you have not really understood anything about modernity. It discusses Deleuze and Félix Guattari's concept of the body without organs, and suggests that people can potentially begin to establish more positive connections and productions by connecting to what is established as the outside by the abstract machine of control.Less
This chapter explores the experience of dividuality in Gilles Deleuze's essay on the societies of control, offering a more detailed view of life in the society of control, and observing that if you have never been unemployed, you have not really understood anything about modernity. It discusses Deleuze and Félix Guattari's concept of the body without organs, and suggests that people can potentially begin to establish more positive connections and productions by connecting to what is established as the outside by the abstract machine of control.
Donal Donovan and Antoin E. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199663958
- eISBN:
- 9780191749223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199663958.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Ireland’s exceptionally severe economic crisis needs to be viewed in some historical and comparative perspective. Although living standards have fallen very sharply over the last few years, they ...
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Ireland’s exceptionally severe economic crisis needs to be viewed in some historical and comparative perspective. Although living standards have fallen very sharply over the last few years, they declined from an artificially high level associated with the property bubble and unsustainable fiscal policies. Despite the acute shocks and stresses, Irish society has shown remarkable resilience and responsibility, unlike many other countries that have experienced similar, or even less traumatic shocks (though this will be of scant comfort to the rising numbers of those who are unemployed or are forced to emigrate). This chapter considers four selected issues that are relevant to the future outlook: (1) short- and medium-term growth prospects; (2) the euro debt problem in general and the debt burden facing Ireland in particular; (3) Ireland’s evolving relationship with Europe, in the context of major reforms of the euro area’s architecture; and (4) the changes in income and wealth in the wake of the crisis.Less
Ireland’s exceptionally severe economic crisis needs to be viewed in some historical and comparative perspective. Although living standards have fallen very sharply over the last few years, they declined from an artificially high level associated with the property bubble and unsustainable fiscal policies. Despite the acute shocks and stresses, Irish society has shown remarkable resilience and responsibility, unlike many other countries that have experienced similar, or even less traumatic shocks (though this will be of scant comfort to the rising numbers of those who are unemployed or are forced to emigrate). This chapter considers four selected issues that are relevant to the future outlook: (1) short- and medium-term growth prospects; (2) the euro debt problem in general and the debt burden facing Ireland in particular; (3) Ireland’s evolving relationship with Europe, in the context of major reforms of the euro area’s architecture; and (4) the changes in income and wealth in the wake of the crisis.
