Ann E. Cudd
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195187434
- eISBN:
- 9780199786213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195187431.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter argues that violence is and has always been a crucial component in the origin and maintenance of oppression. It explores how violence and the threat of violence constrain the actions of ...
More
This chapter argues that violence is and has always been a crucial component in the origin and maintenance of oppression. It explores how violence and the threat of violence constrain the actions of groups, harming the victims and benefiting the correlative privileged social groups. It argues that women as a group are oppressed materially through violence, and that there is a credible, psychologically effective threat of greater harm that is transmitted by the obvious material harm that they do suffer.Less
This chapter argues that violence is and has always been a crucial component in the origin and maintenance of oppression. It explores how violence and the threat of violence constrain the actions of groups, harming the victims and benefiting the correlative privileged social groups. It argues that women as a group are oppressed materially through violence, and that there is a credible, psychologically effective threat of greater harm that is transmitted by the obvious material harm that they do suffer.
Dean O. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199793259
- eISBN:
- 9780199896813
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793259.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This book provides a comprehensive background and discussion of all major topics encountered routinely in managing the academic research enterprise. In a sense, it serves as a surrogate mentor with ...
More
This book provides a comprehensive background and discussion of all major topics encountered routinely in managing the academic research enterprise. In a sense, it serves as a surrogate mentor with advice and guidance on best practices that set professional standards for academic research leadership. Personnel management sets the framework for effective administration. The book concentrates on clearly defined reporting lines that effectively couple responsibility and authority. Moreover, it stresses the practical need and legal requirements for proper training in assigned areas of responsibility. The financial aspects of academic research are analyzed from an accounting perspective, with an emphasis on sponsored research administration. Methods for increasing research funding supplement this analysis. These include federal and corporate grants and contracts, gifts, and income from university-owned intellectual property. Investment comprises a major element of research administration. How can administrators maximize returns from public, private, and institutional resources invested in the academic research enterprise? This recurrent theme weaves through nearly all chapters in the book. Attention centers primarily on creating an environment that inspires researchers to increase productivity. To protect public health and national security and to ensure proper accountability for its investment in academic research, the federal government has promulgated myriad rules and regulations. Thus, the book examines the ethical basis and rationale for various regulations to provide a pragmatic understanding of regulatory compliance. The book concludes by exploring methods of assessment and evaluation of research performance at an institutional and personal level.Less
This book provides a comprehensive background and discussion of all major topics encountered routinely in managing the academic research enterprise. In a sense, it serves as a surrogate mentor with advice and guidance on best practices that set professional standards for academic research leadership. Personnel management sets the framework for effective administration. The book concentrates on clearly defined reporting lines that effectively couple responsibility and authority. Moreover, it stresses the practical need and legal requirements for proper training in assigned areas of responsibility. The financial aspects of academic research are analyzed from an accounting perspective, with an emphasis on sponsored research administration. Methods for increasing research funding supplement this analysis. These include federal and corporate grants and contracts, gifts, and income from university-owned intellectual property. Investment comprises a major element of research administration. How can administrators maximize returns from public, private, and institutional resources invested in the academic research enterprise? This recurrent theme weaves through nearly all chapters in the book. Attention centers primarily on creating an environment that inspires researchers to increase productivity. To protect public health and national security and to ensure proper accountability for its investment in academic research, the federal government has promulgated myriad rules and regulations. Thus, the book examines the ethical basis and rationale for various regulations to provide a pragmatic understanding of regulatory compliance. The book concludes by exploring methods of assessment and evaluation of research performance at an institutional and personal level.
Martha K. Hugginsv, Mika Haritos-Fatouros, and Philip G. Zimbardo
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520234468
- eISBN:
- 9780520928916
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520234468.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This introductory chapter explains the theme and coverage of this book, which is about the role of policemen in Brazil as violence workers, torturers, and murderers, and explores how men from ...
More
This introductory chapter explains the theme and coverage of this book, which is about the role of policemen in Brazil as violence workers, torturers, and murderers, and explores how men from Brazil's two main police forces describe their careers, explain police behavior, and justify their violence. It investigates how they came to perpetrate atrocity and describes the personal consequences of their complicity with the official program of state-sponsored violence that they may have carried with them all these years.Less
This introductory chapter explains the theme and coverage of this book, which is about the role of policemen in Brazil as violence workers, torturers, and murderers, and explores how men from Brazil's two main police forces describe their careers, explain police behavior, and justify their violence. It investigates how they came to perpetrate atrocity and describes the personal consequences of their complicity with the official program of state-sponsored violence that they may have carried with them all these years.
Ida Susser
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195367317
- eISBN:
- 9780199951192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367317.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter crosses the boundary from statistical representation to the description of individual workers as they seek employment. Finding a job, working a short time, losing a job, and looking ...
More
This chapter crosses the boundary from statistical representation to the description of individual workers as they seek employment. Finding a job, working a short time, losing a job, and looking again form a part of the cycle of life in the neighborhood. The chapter describes the pervasive influence of the state in terms of state-sponsored work programs and the other major work alternative: the military. Frequently, the only work available in the neighborhood is in a government program where employment depends upon an individual's political usefulness. Through a consideration of the nature of work in Greenpoint–Williamsburg, the way employment precipitates far-reaching changes in the lives of individuals and the structure of the community can be understood.Less
This chapter crosses the boundary from statistical representation to the description of individual workers as they seek employment. Finding a job, working a short time, losing a job, and looking again form a part of the cycle of life in the neighborhood. The chapter describes the pervasive influence of the state in terms of state-sponsored work programs and the other major work alternative: the military. Frequently, the only work available in the neighborhood is in a government program where employment depends upon an individual's political usefulness. Through a consideration of the nature of work in Greenpoint–Williamsburg, the way employment precipitates far-reaching changes in the lives of individuals and the structure of the community can be understood.
William J. Arnone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199284603
- eISBN:
- 9780191603013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199284601.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter argues that firms and plan sponsors have an obligation to provide financial education in conjunction with their retirement plans. A practical definition of employer-sponsored participant ...
More
This chapter argues that firms and plan sponsors have an obligation to provide financial education in conjunction with their retirement plans. A practical definition of employer-sponsored participant education is a program that helps employees develop skills to make informed decisions and take action to improve their financial well-being in retirement. This definition incorporates the following: helping individuals based on their status as employees of an organization; providing recipients with skill development, which may include either new competencies or the enhancement of existing competencies; enabling participants to make decisions about issues; providing a basis of accurate, unbiased information for such decisions; taking an action-oriented stance and thereby attempting to affect behaviour; and seeking the long-term result of improved financial well-being.Less
This chapter argues that firms and plan sponsors have an obligation to provide financial education in conjunction with their retirement plans. A practical definition of employer-sponsored participant education is a program that helps employees develop skills to make informed decisions and take action to improve their financial well-being in retirement. This definition incorporates the following: helping individuals based on their status as employees of an organization; providing recipients with skill development, which may include either new competencies or the enhancement of existing competencies; enabling participants to make decisions about issues; providing a basis of accurate, unbiased information for such decisions; taking an action-oriented stance and thereby attempting to affect behaviour; and seeking the long-term result of improved financial well-being.
Masaharu Usuki
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199284603
- eISBN:
- 9780191603013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199284601.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter assesses whether changes in benefit design were influenced by sponsors' desire to control financial risk. It considers several plan financial characteristics that affect risk tolerance ...
More
This chapter assesses whether changes in benefit design were influenced by sponsors' desire to control financial risk. It considers several plan financial characteristics that affect risk tolerance and asset allocation decisions, such as the funding ratio, and determines whether these variables influence decisions regarding plan termination and put-back of the contracted-out portion of Employee Pension Funds (EPFs). In particular, the chapter examines the hypothesis that plan sponsors have altered the plan type they offer to control risks in pension management. It is shown that the pension plan's funding ratio, volatility of the plan sponsor's return on equity, and the size of the pension plan relative to the plan sponsor's total assets exert an influence on decisions to change pension plan types.Less
This chapter assesses whether changes in benefit design were influenced by sponsors' desire to control financial risk. It considers several plan financial characteristics that affect risk tolerance and asset allocation decisions, such as the funding ratio, and determines whether these variables influence decisions regarding plan termination and put-back of the contracted-out portion of Employee Pension Funds (EPFs). In particular, the chapter examines the hypothesis that plan sponsors have altered the plan type they offer to control risks in pension management. It is shown that the pension plan's funding ratio, volatility of the plan sponsor's return on equity, and the size of the pension plan relative to the plan sponsor's total assets exert an influence on decisions to change pension plan types.
Matthew J. Hoffmann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195390087
- eISBN:
- 9780199894352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390087.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics, International Relations and Politics
This chapter begins with a discussion of the two different ways of responding to climate change. The first is the traditional and familiar megamultilateral approach whereby all (or most) of the ...
More
This chapter begins with a discussion of the two different ways of responding to climate change. The first is the traditional and familiar megamultilateral approach whereby all (or most) of the world's nation-states convene to negotiate a legally binding treaty that shapes the domestic actions of individual nation-states. The second approach is something that is less familiar, messier, more diffuse and dynamic—in a word, experimental—where cities, counties, provinces, regions, civil society, and corporations are responding to climate change independently from, or only loosely connected to, the “official” UN-sponsored negotiations and treaties. The chapter then sets the stage for telling the story of climate governance experiments. Background on the challenge of climate change and the multilateral response to this challenge provides a foundation for thinking about the two trends that together form a central dilemma for this book: the concurrent demise of effective megamultilateral treaty-making and the rapid emergence, but uncertain effectiveness, of new initiatives. The chapter introduces the initiatives that constitute the world of climate governance experiments before briefly outlining the course of the subsequent chapters.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the two different ways of responding to climate change. The first is the traditional and familiar megamultilateral approach whereby all (or most) of the world's nation-states convene to negotiate a legally binding treaty that shapes the domestic actions of individual nation-states. The second approach is something that is less familiar, messier, more diffuse and dynamic—in a word, experimental—where cities, counties, provinces, regions, civil society, and corporations are responding to climate change independently from, or only loosely connected to, the “official” UN-sponsored negotiations and treaties. The chapter then sets the stage for telling the story of climate governance experiments. Background on the challenge of climate change and the multilateral response to this challenge provides a foundation for thinking about the two trends that together form a central dilemma for this book: the concurrent demise of effective megamultilateral treaty-making and the rapid emergence, but uncertain effectiveness, of new initiatives. The chapter introduces the initiatives that constitute the world of climate governance experiments before briefly outlining the course of the subsequent chapters.
Duncan Gallie
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230105
- eISBN:
- 9780191710575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230105.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter compares the incidence, the distribution, as well as the impact of continuing vocational training and employer-sponsored vocational training across a number of European countries. In ...
More
This chapter compares the incidence, the distribution, as well as the impact of continuing vocational training and employer-sponsored vocational training across a number of European countries. In particular, it assesses whether continuing training alleviates or exacerbates existing inequalities of work-life chances. The findings are summarized in the chapter as follows: there was no evidence of systematic differences in the distribution of training opportunities and the financial returns to training relating to differences in production systems and employment regimes. However, there was strong evidence that the volume of continuing training is by far the highest in the inclusive employment regimes of Denmark and Finland.Less
This chapter compares the incidence, the distribution, as well as the impact of continuing vocational training and employer-sponsored vocational training across a number of European countries. In particular, it assesses whether continuing training alleviates or exacerbates existing inequalities of work-life chances. The findings are summarized in the chapter as follows: there was no evidence of systematic differences in the distribution of training opportunities and the financial returns to training relating to differences in production systems and employment regimes. However, there was strong evidence that the volume of continuing training is by far the highest in the inclusive employment regimes of Denmark and Finland.
Adrienne LeBas
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199546862
- eISBN:
- 9780191728594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546862.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter provides an account of opposition party formation and development in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2008. It argues that the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) was able to maintain a strong and ...
More
This chapter provides an account of opposition party formation and development in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2008. It argues that the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) was able to maintain a strong and cohesive party organization, despite significant state-sponsored violence and repression, for two reasons. First of all, the party benefited from the strong organizational structures and collective identity that organized labor and other civil society actors built prior to the launch of the opposition parties. Activists and grassroots constituencies had a track record of successful protest, and there were established procedures for decision-making and conflict resolution. Secondly, political polarization in Zimbabwe strengthened the opposition’s cohesion and the commitment of its activists. By increasing the salience of partisan identity, conflict and violence made defection difficult. The chapter suggests that conflict and polarization can have important party-building consequences, for both opposition and ruling parties alike.Less
This chapter provides an account of opposition party formation and development in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2008. It argues that the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) was able to maintain a strong and cohesive party organization, despite significant state-sponsored violence and repression, for two reasons. First of all, the party benefited from the strong organizational structures and collective identity that organized labor and other civil society actors built prior to the launch of the opposition parties. Activists and grassroots constituencies had a track record of successful protest, and there were established procedures for decision-making and conflict resolution. Secondly, political polarization in Zimbabwe strengthened the opposition’s cohesion and the commitment of its activists. By increasing the salience of partisan identity, conflict and violence made defection difficult. The chapter suggests that conflict and polarization can have important party-building consequences, for both opposition and ruling parties alike.
Adrienne LeBas
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199546862
- eISBN:
- 9780191728594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546862.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Chapter 8 examines opposition party development after the transition to multiparty politics in Zambia and Kenya. In Zambia, the mobilizing structures provided by labor allowed the opposition Movement ...
More
Chapter 8 examines opposition party development after the transition to multiparty politics in Zambia and Kenya. In Zambia, the mobilizing structures provided by labor allowed the opposition Movement for Multiparty Democracy to win the founding elections in 1991 by a large margin. In Kenya, on the other hand, opposition parties struggled to solve internal disagreements and mobilize constituencies across the lines of ethnicity and region. The opposition Forum for the Restoration of Democracy split prior to founding elections, leading to the fragmentation of the protest vote on ethnic lines. Up until 2002, the Kenyan ruling party was able to retain office due to opposition fragmentation. Despite these initial differences in opposition success, party systems in both countries have been characterized by high levels of fragmentation and volatility. This chapter argues that these political outcomes can partly be explained by weak party structures and personalized party decision-making in both countries.Less
Chapter 8 examines opposition party development after the transition to multiparty politics in Zambia and Kenya. In Zambia, the mobilizing structures provided by labor allowed the opposition Movement for Multiparty Democracy to win the founding elections in 1991 by a large margin. In Kenya, on the other hand, opposition parties struggled to solve internal disagreements and mobilize constituencies across the lines of ethnicity and region. The opposition Forum for the Restoration of Democracy split prior to founding elections, leading to the fragmentation of the protest vote on ethnic lines. Up until 2002, the Kenyan ruling party was able to retain office due to opposition fragmentation. Despite these initial differences in opposition success, party systems in both countries have been characterized by high levels of fragmentation and volatility. This chapter argues that these political outcomes can partly be explained by weak party structures and personalized party decision-making in both countries.
August Baker, Dennis E. Logue, and Jack S. Rader
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195165906
- eISBN:
- 9780199835508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019516590X.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter discusses the basics of risk management, the major risks a pension fund faces, and how these risks may be managed. The principles of hedging and return enhancement are explained, and the ...
More
This chapter discusses the basics of risk management, the major risks a pension fund faces, and how these risks may be managed. The principles of hedging and return enhancement are explained, and the conditions under which they are sensible are examined. Effective techniques are presented for managing the three major types of risks that pension funds face: investment risks, surplus risk, and sponsor/plan risk.Less
This chapter discusses the basics of risk management, the major risks a pension fund faces, and how these risks may be managed. The principles of hedging and return enhancement are explained, and the conditions under which they are sensible are examined. Effective techniques are presented for managing the three major types of risks that pension funds face: investment risks, surplus risk, and sponsor/plan risk.
Gordon L. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199261765
- eISBN:
- 9780191601248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261768.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter explores the commonalities between pension systems from a global perspective. It is argued that the future of pensions in Western economies is bound up with finance regulation and the ...
More
This chapter explores the commonalities between pension systems from a global perspective. It is argued that the future of pensions in Western economies is bound up with finance regulation and the process of global financial integration. Fulfilling the promise of globalisation for the future incomes of retirees is essential to any comprehensive nation-state policy that seeks to provide pension security in the 21st century.Less
This chapter explores the commonalities between pension systems from a global perspective. It is argued that the future of pensions in Western economies is bound up with finance regulation and the process of global financial integration. Fulfilling the promise of globalisation for the future incomes of retirees is essential to any comprehensive nation-state policy that seeks to provide pension security in the 21st century.
Robert S. Friedman and Renee C. Friedman
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195062526
- eISBN:
- 9780199854905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195062526.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management
Teaching roles have been the dominant features in the organizational hierarchy and character of universities for the past three millennia, considering the transformations proposed to and experienced ...
More
Teaching roles have been the dominant features in the organizational hierarchy and character of universities for the past three millennia, considering the transformations proposed to and experienced by these educational institutions. In particular, distinctions that were earlier made between disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches are situated in the American academe context. This type of institution is best explained as a set of independent departments instead of anarchy with disciplinary subordination. Proposed revolutions in the academic realm suggest promotional opportunities, career growth, curriculum control, effective professorial designation, multiple collaborations of various departments, efficient allocation of resources, and fulfillment of needs. Such reforms are determined by constant and voluntary assistance and general acceptance from three main sources: donors, campus administration, and concerned faculty members.Less
Teaching roles have been the dominant features in the organizational hierarchy and character of universities for the past three millennia, considering the transformations proposed to and experienced by these educational institutions. In particular, distinctions that were earlier made between disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches are situated in the American academe context. This type of institution is best explained as a set of independent departments instead of anarchy with disciplinary subordination. Proposed revolutions in the academic realm suggest promotional opportunities, career growth, curriculum control, effective professorial designation, multiple collaborations of various departments, efficient allocation of resources, and fulfillment of needs. Such reforms are determined by constant and voluntary assistance and general acceptance from three main sources: donors, campus administration, and concerned faculty members.
Martha K. Hugginsv, Mika Haritos-Fatouros, and Philip G. Zimbardo
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520234468
- eISBN:
- 9780520928916
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520234468.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This chapter lays out the historical foundation for understanding state-sponsored torture and murder in Brazil by weaving violence workers' biographies into the three decades of Brazilian history ...
More
This chapter lays out the historical foundation for understanding state-sponsored torture and murder in Brazil by weaving violence workers' biographies into the three decades of Brazilian history from 1964 to 1985, and considers the Brazilian atrocity within the political and social dynamics that nurtured, supported, and excused it. It suggests that some of the events which led to the development of atrocity include the experience of policing Brazil's military coup, the declaration of the military executive's right to rule without congressional consent in the 1960s, and political decompression.Less
This chapter lays out the historical foundation for understanding state-sponsored torture and murder in Brazil by weaving violence workers' biographies into the three decades of Brazilian history from 1964 to 1985, and considers the Brazilian atrocity within the political and social dynamics that nurtured, supported, and excused it. It suggests that some of the events which led to the development of atrocity include the experience of policing Brazil's military coup, the declaration of the military executive's right to rule without congressional consent in the 1960s, and political decompression.
Nils Melzer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533169
- eISBN:
- 9780191714511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533169.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the meaning of the notion of state-sponsored targeted killings — targeted killings which are legally attributable to States in accordance with the rules ...
More
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the meaning of the notion of state-sponsored targeted killings — targeted killings which are legally attributable to States in accordance with the rules of general international law governing the responsibility of States for the conduct of their agents. It then discusses the various alternative terms used to describe state-sponsored targeted killings.Less
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the meaning of the notion of state-sponsored targeted killings — targeted killings which are legally attributable to States in accordance with the rules of general international law governing the responsibility of States for the conduct of their agents. It then discusses the various alternative terms used to describe state-sponsored targeted killings.
Nils Melzer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533169
- eISBN:
- 9780191714511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533169.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter introduces the analytical scope and approach of the book. It clarifies the parameters determining the attributability of targeted killings to states under international law, including ...
More
This chapter introduces the analytical scope and approach of the book. It clarifies the parameters determining the attributability of targeted killings to states under international law, including the concepts of de iure and de facto state agency. It then discusses the interrelation of the international legal frameworks applicable to such state-sponsored targeted killings, namely the law of interstate force, human rights law and humanitarian law. The chapter concludes by explaining the conceptual approach underlying the subsequent analysis, which is based on the two distinct international normative paradigms of law enforcement and of hostilities.Less
This chapter introduces the analytical scope and approach of the book. It clarifies the parameters determining the attributability of targeted killings to states under international law, including the concepts of de iure and de facto state agency. It then discusses the interrelation of the international legal frameworks applicable to such state-sponsored targeted killings, namely the law of interstate force, human rights law and humanitarian law. The chapter concludes by explaining the conceptual approach underlying the subsequent analysis, which is based on the two distinct international normative paradigms of law enforcement and of hostilities.
Nils Melzer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533169
- eISBN:
- 9780191714511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533169.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter compares the results of the preceding analysis into the permissibility of State-sponsored targeted killing under the international normative paradigms of law enforcement and of ...
More
This chapter compares the results of the preceding analysis into the permissibility of State-sponsored targeted killing under the international normative paradigms of law enforcement and of hostilities by recapitulating the preconditions for the lawfulness of such operations under each paradigm, identifying the main concerns raised by recent State practice, and making a few concluding observations setting the respective findings into the larger perspective. It argues that the resort by States to targeted killings in the conduct of hostilities can neither be wholly condemned nor be welcomed without reservation. While the reduction of the conduct of hostilities to pinpoint operations against selected individuals may seem to limit the devastating effects of warfare to a greater extent than could ever have been anticipated in military history, this should not divert attention from the fact that armed conflicts remain inter-collective confrontations that are unlikely to be brought to an end, but may even be stirred-up and protracted, by individualized attacks alone.Less
This chapter compares the results of the preceding analysis into the permissibility of State-sponsored targeted killing under the international normative paradigms of law enforcement and of hostilities by recapitulating the preconditions for the lawfulness of such operations under each paradigm, identifying the main concerns raised by recent State practice, and making a few concluding observations setting the respective findings into the larger perspective. It argues that the resort by States to targeted killings in the conduct of hostilities can neither be wholly condemned nor be welcomed without reservation. While the reduction of the conduct of hostilities to pinpoint operations against selected individuals may seem to limit the devastating effects of warfare to a greater extent than could ever have been anticipated in military history, this should not divert attention from the fact that armed conflicts remain inter-collective confrontations that are unlikely to be brought to an end, but may even be stirred-up and protracted, by individualized attacks alone.
Nils Melzer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533169
- eISBN:
- 9780191714511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533169.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the three requirements that must be met to ensure that that the resort by States to the method of targeted killing remains subject to the rule of law. First, it must be ...
More
This chapter discusses the three requirements that must be met to ensure that that the resort by States to the method of targeted killing remains subject to the rule of law. First, it must be ascertained that international law provides clear and binding normative standards allowing the objective determination of the lawfulness of concrete targeted killings (normative requirement). Second, the rule of law requires that the observance of such normative standards be effectively ensured in practice (procedural requirement). Third, in order for the applicable normative standards to be perceived as legitimate, it must be ensured that they accurately reflect the values prevailing in the societies which they are designed to govern (moral basis).Less
This chapter discusses the three requirements that must be met to ensure that that the resort by States to the method of targeted killing remains subject to the rule of law. First, it must be ascertained that international law provides clear and binding normative standards allowing the objective determination of the lawfulness of concrete targeted killings (normative requirement). Second, the rule of law requires that the observance of such normative standards be effectively ensured in practice (procedural requirement). Third, in order for the applicable normative standards to be perceived as legitimate, it must be ensured that they accurately reflect the values prevailing in the societies which they are designed to govern (moral basis).
Dean O. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199793259
- eISBN:
- 9780199896813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793259.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Money, space, and students constitute the main resources available to conduct research. The source and the distinction between unrestricted and restricted funds dictate how money can be spent. ...
More
Money, space, and students constitute the main resources available to conduct research. The source and the distinction between unrestricted and restricted funds dictate how money can be spent. Sponsored project funds come from government agencies, private corporations, and private donors to support research and other university activities. They may be in the form of grants, contracts, or gifts, and they are always restricted. Indirect costs, also called facilities and administrative (F&A) costs, are budgeted to pay for facilities and administrative expenses incurred by the university on behalf of research projects. Methods for calculating the F&A costs and the F&A rate and for distributing reimbursed F&A funds are described. Accounting and tax benefits of gifts are examined from a legal perspective. In many ways, space constitutes a more valuable resource than money. Methods of obtaining new research space, such as revenue bonds and leases, are examined. Good students comprise the most important resource for academic research programs. The chapter concludes with a financial analysis of graduate student support.Less
Money, space, and students constitute the main resources available to conduct research. The source and the distinction between unrestricted and restricted funds dictate how money can be spent. Sponsored project funds come from government agencies, private corporations, and private donors to support research and other university activities. They may be in the form of grants, contracts, or gifts, and they are always restricted. Indirect costs, also called facilities and administrative (F&A) costs, are budgeted to pay for facilities and administrative expenses incurred by the university on behalf of research projects. Methods for calculating the F&A costs and the F&A rate and for distributing reimbursed F&A funds are described. Accounting and tax benefits of gifts are examined from a legal perspective. In many ways, space constitutes a more valuable resource than money. Methods of obtaining new research space, such as revenue bonds and leases, are examined. Good students comprise the most important resource for academic research programs. The chapter concludes with a financial analysis of graduate student support.
Dean O. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199793259
- eISBN:
- 9780199896813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793259.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
A university’s sponsored research services office administers sponsored research grants and contracts. Basic tasks include grants and contract support, indirect cost recovery, and accountability ...
More
A university’s sponsored research services office administers sponsored research grants and contracts. Basic tasks include grants and contract support, indirect cost recovery, and accountability reporting. Some universities “outsource” their sponsored research administration to a separate legal entity, called a research foundation or corporation, with a separate governing board. Sponsored project administration is typically broken down into two phases: pre-award and post-award. Salient features of pre-award administration include assuring compliance with university and granting agency regulations, submitting grant and contract proposals, calculating F&A rates and cost-sharing requirements, and rebudgeting. The standard post-award office typically monitors expenditures to ensure that they fall within the approved budget, helps the principal investigator prepare and submit required progress reports, provides financial status reports to government and private sponsors, generates invoices, deposits revenue, and collects outstanding receivables for sponsored projects. The post-award office is also responsible for effort reporting: assuring granting agencies that the assignment of time and associated salary costs to the projects they sponsor is fair, consistent, and timely.Less
A university’s sponsored research services office administers sponsored research grants and contracts. Basic tasks include grants and contract support, indirect cost recovery, and accountability reporting. Some universities “outsource” their sponsored research administration to a separate legal entity, called a research foundation or corporation, with a separate governing board. Sponsored project administration is typically broken down into two phases: pre-award and post-award. Salient features of pre-award administration include assuring compliance with university and granting agency regulations, submitting grant and contract proposals, calculating F&A rates and cost-sharing requirements, and rebudgeting. The standard post-award office typically monitors expenditures to ensure that they fall within the approved budget, helps the principal investigator prepare and submit required progress reports, provides financial status reports to government and private sponsors, generates invoices, deposits revenue, and collects outstanding receivables for sponsored projects. The post-award office is also responsible for effort reporting: assuring granting agencies that the assignment of time and associated salary costs to the projects they sponsor is fair, consistent, and timely.
