Valerie Neal
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300206517
- eISBN:
- 9780300227987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206517.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Chapter 5, “Space Station: Campaigning for a Permanent Human Presence in Space,” transitions from the space shuttle as the focus of U.S. human spaceflight to NASA’s push for a permanent space station ...
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Chapter 5, “Space Station: Campaigning for a Permanent Human Presence in Space,” transitions from the space shuttle as the focus of U.S. human spaceflight to NASA’s push for a permanent space station from the 1980s into the new century. The space station became the new icon for justifying humans living and working off the planet. The focus here is the constant effort to shape and reshape both the rationale for the station and its actual configuration in the face of mounting opposition. Two phrases served to reshape the meaning of spaceflight once a space station claimed the agenda: “the next logical step” and “a permanent presence in space.”Less
Chapter 5, “Space Station: Campaigning for a Permanent Human Presence in Space,” transitions from the space shuttle as the focus of U.S. human spaceflight to NASA’s push for a permanent space station from the 1980s into the new century. The space station became the new icon for justifying humans living and working off the planet. The focus here is the constant effort to shape and reshape both the rationale for the station and its actual configuration in the face of mounting opposition. Two phrases served to reshape the meaning of spaceflight once a space station claimed the agenda: “the next logical step” and “a permanent presence in space.”
Alexander MacDonald
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300219326
- eISBN:
- 9780300227888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300219326.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The chapter explores the political and economic origins of the Cold War Space Race. Unlike the earlier private-sector led phases of space exploration, it was the large-scale political demand for ...
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The chapter explores the political and economic origins of the Cold War Space Race. Unlike the earlier private-sector led phases of space exploration, it was the large-scale political demand for spaceflight that provided a new driving economic force starting in the late 1950s. It is the political history of this period that has dominated the history of spaceflight and has given it an overwhelming governmental and public-sector focus, relegating the earlier history of private-sector support to the footnotes and sidelines. The driving motivation during this period for the provision of public funds was a desire to signal status and capability through monumental achievement—this time at a national scale rather than at the city or individual level at which earlier space exploration projects, such as astronomical observatories, had been focused. Understanding space exploration as a signaling function for the nation and the nation’s leaders provides a perspective that allows pursuits such as the Space Shuttle, Space Station Freedom, and the International Space Station to be understood as resulting from the same exchange mechanism that produced America’s desire to go to the Moon.Less
The chapter explores the political and economic origins of the Cold War Space Race. Unlike the earlier private-sector led phases of space exploration, it was the large-scale political demand for spaceflight that provided a new driving economic force starting in the late 1950s. It is the political history of this period that has dominated the history of spaceflight and has given it an overwhelming governmental and public-sector focus, relegating the earlier history of private-sector support to the footnotes and sidelines. The driving motivation during this period for the provision of public funds was a desire to signal status and capability through monumental achievement—this time at a national scale rather than at the city or individual level at which earlier space exploration projects, such as astronomical observatories, had been focused. Understanding space exploration as a signaling function for the nation and the nation’s leaders provides a perspective that allows pursuits such as the Space Shuttle, Space Station Freedom, and the International Space Station to be understood as resulting from the same exchange mechanism that produced America’s desire to go to the Moon.
Neil F. Comins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231177542
- eISBN:
- 9780231542890
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231177542.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
If you have ever wondered about space travel, now you have the opportunity to understand it more fully than ever before. Traveling into space and even emigrating to nearby worlds may soon become part ...
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If you have ever wondered about space travel, now you have the opportunity to understand it more fully than ever before. Traveling into space and even emigrating to nearby worlds may soon become part of the human experience. Scientists, engineers, and investors are working hard to make space tourism and colonization a reality. As astronauts can attest, extraterrestrial travel is incomparably thrilling. To make the most of the experience requires serious physical and mental adaptations in virtually every aspect of life, from eating to intimacy. Everyone who goes into space sees Earth and life on it from a profoundly different perspective than they had before liftoff. Astronomer and former NASA/ASEE scientist Neil F. Comins has written the go-to book for anyone interested in space exploration. He describes the wonders that travelers will encounter—weightlessness, unparalleled views of Earth and the cosmos, and the opportunity to walk on another world—as well as the dangers: radiation, projectiles, unbreathable atmospheres, and potential equipment failures. He also provides insights into specific trips to destinations including suborbital flights, space stations, the Moon, asteroids, comets, and Mars—the top candidate for colonization. Although many challenges are technical, Comins outlines them in clear language for all readers. He synthesizes key issues and cutting-edge research in astronomy, physics, biology, psychology, and sociology to create a complete manual for the ultimate voyage.Less
If you have ever wondered about space travel, now you have the opportunity to understand it more fully than ever before. Traveling into space and even emigrating to nearby worlds may soon become part of the human experience. Scientists, engineers, and investors are working hard to make space tourism and colonization a reality. As astronauts can attest, extraterrestrial travel is incomparably thrilling. To make the most of the experience requires serious physical and mental adaptations in virtually every aspect of life, from eating to intimacy. Everyone who goes into space sees Earth and life on it from a profoundly different perspective than they had before liftoff. Astronomer and former NASA/ASEE scientist Neil F. Comins has written the go-to book for anyone interested in space exploration. He describes the wonders that travelers will encounter—weightlessness, unparalleled views of Earth and the cosmos, and the opportunity to walk on another world—as well as the dangers: radiation, projectiles, unbreathable atmospheres, and potential equipment failures. He also provides insights into specific trips to destinations including suborbital flights, space stations, the Moon, asteroids, comets, and Mars—the top candidate for colonization. Although many challenges are technical, Comins outlines them in clear language for all readers. He synthesizes key issues and cutting-edge research in astronomy, physics, biology, psychology, and sociology to create a complete manual for the ultimate voyage.
Claude A. Piantadosi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231162432
- eISBN:
- 9780231531030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231162432.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter explains the evolution of our knowledge of the problems of putting people into space and how the remaining issues can be resolved through perseverance, continuity, and international ...
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This chapter explains the evolution of our knowledge of the problems of putting people into space and how the remaining issues can be resolved through perseverance, continuity, and international cooperation. It begins with a short synopsis of the development of the key twentieth-century concepts that built on the requirement for hard-shell engineering covered in Chapter 3. It discusses Project Apollo which culminated on July 20, 1969, when Apollo 11 carrying Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin landed on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility. It describes two major shuttle disasters: the Challenger explosion on January 28, 1986 and the Columbia disaster on February 1, 2003. The final section focuses on the decision to build the International Space Station (ISS) in 1993.Less
This chapter explains the evolution of our knowledge of the problems of putting people into space and how the remaining issues can be resolved through perseverance, continuity, and international cooperation. It begins with a short synopsis of the development of the key twentieth-century concepts that built on the requirement for hard-shell engineering covered in Chapter 3. It discusses Project Apollo which culminated on July 20, 1969, when Apollo 11 carrying Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin landed on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility. It describes two major shuttle disasters: the Challenger explosion on January 28, 1986 and the Columbia disaster on February 1, 2003. The final section focuses on the decision to build the International Space Station (ISS) in 1993.
Gary Westfahl
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041938
- eISBN:
- 9780252050633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041938.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter describes how Clarke’s science fiction consistently advocates, and vividly depicts, humanity’s future achievements in space. Without providing a consistent “Future History,” his stories ...
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This chapter describes how Clarke’s science fiction consistently advocates, and vividly depicts, humanity’s future achievements in space. Without providing a consistent “Future History,” his stories collectively argue that humans will gradually colonize space stations, the moon, Mars, and other planets and moons, though humans may never advance beyond the solar system. Clarke unusually acknowledges the need for computers in space, and instead of featuring pioneering expeditions, he usually focuses on the everyday lives of space colonists, emphasizing both the perils of space life and its potential benefits, such as greater longevity. Living aliens are rarely encountered, though evidence of ancient aliens may be detected. Clarke’s major novel about human space travel, Imperial Earth (1975), explores life on Titan by chronicling a resident’s visit to Earth.Less
This chapter describes how Clarke’s science fiction consistently advocates, and vividly depicts, humanity’s future achievements in space. Without providing a consistent “Future History,” his stories collectively argue that humans will gradually colonize space stations, the moon, Mars, and other planets and moons, though humans may never advance beyond the solar system. Clarke unusually acknowledges the need for computers in space, and instead of featuring pioneering expeditions, he usually focuses on the everyday lives of space colonists, emphasizing both the perils of space life and its potential benefits, such as greater longevity. Living aliens are rarely encountered, though evidence of ancient aliens may be detected. Clarke’s major novel about human space travel, Imperial Earth (1975), explores life on Titan by chronicling a resident’s visit to Earth.
James Clay Moltz
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231156882
- eISBN:
- 9780231527576
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231156882.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This book provides an in-depth policy analysis of Asia's fourteen leading space programs, concentrating especially on developments in China, Japan, India, and South Korea. It shows that, in contrast ...
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This book provides an in-depth policy analysis of Asia's fourteen leading space programs, concentrating especially on developments in China, Japan, India, and South Korea. It shows that, in contrast to the close cooperation practiced among European states, space relations among Asian states have become increasingly tense. If current trends continue, the Asian civilian space competition could become a military space race. The book isolates the domestic motivations driving Asia's space programs, revisiting critical events such as China's 2007 anti-satellite weapons test and manned flights, Japan's successful Kaguya lunar mission and its Kibo module for the International Space Station (ISS), India's Chandrayaan lunar mission, and South Korea's astronaut visit to the ISS. It investigates these nations' divergent space goals and their tendency to focus on national solutions and self-reliance, rather than region-wide cooperation and multilateral initiatives. It concludes with recommendations for improved intra-Asian space cooperation and regional conflict prevention. The book also considers America's efforts to engage Asia's space programs in joint activities and the prospects for future U.S. space leadership. It extends its analysis to the relationship between space programs and economic development in Australia and across Asia.Less
This book provides an in-depth policy analysis of Asia's fourteen leading space programs, concentrating especially on developments in China, Japan, India, and South Korea. It shows that, in contrast to the close cooperation practiced among European states, space relations among Asian states have become increasingly tense. If current trends continue, the Asian civilian space competition could become a military space race. The book isolates the domestic motivations driving Asia's space programs, revisiting critical events such as China's 2007 anti-satellite weapons test and manned flights, Japan's successful Kaguya lunar mission and its Kibo module for the International Space Station (ISS), India's Chandrayaan lunar mission, and South Korea's astronaut visit to the ISS. It investigates these nations' divergent space goals and their tendency to focus on national solutions and self-reliance, rather than region-wide cooperation and multilateral initiatives. It concludes with recommendations for improved intra-Asian space cooperation and regional conflict prevention. The book also considers America's efforts to engage Asia's space programs in joint activities and the prospects for future U.S. space leadership. It extends its analysis to the relationship between space programs and economic development in Australia and across Asia.
Neil F. Comins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231177542
- eISBN:
- 9780231542890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231177542.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
Chapter 2 outlines the types of trips possible in the near future, namely suborbital flights; trips to earth-orbiting space stations; trips to the Moon, to nearby asteroids and comets, and trips to ...
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Chapter 2 outlines the types of trips possible in the near future, namely suborbital flights; trips to earth-orbiting space stations; trips to the Moon, to nearby asteroids and comets, and trips to Mars and its moons.Less
Chapter 2 outlines the types of trips possible in the near future, namely suborbital flights; trips to earth-orbiting space stations; trips to the Moon, to nearby asteroids and comets, and trips to Mars and its moons.
Ray Zone
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813136110
- eISBN:
- 9780813141183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813136110.003.0016
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The making of the film Space Station in IMAX 3D is examined. Interviews with the astronauts who filmed the production and the revolutionary 30perf 15/70 3D camera is explained.
The making of the film Space Station in IMAX 3D is examined. Interviews with the astronauts who filmed the production and the revolutionary 30perf 15/70 3D camera is explained.
Valerie Neal
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300206517
- eISBN:
- 9780300227987
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206517.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book examines the principal texts, images, and icons that convey the meaning, and transformation of meaning, of human spaceflight in the space shuttle era from the 1970s into the early 2000s. ...
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This book examines the principal texts, images, and icons that convey the meaning, and transformation of meaning, of human spaceflight in the space shuttle era from the 1970s into the early 2000s. Various themes and metaphors, consciously promoted by NASA and the media, refreshed the meaning of spaceflight in response to evolving agendas and challenges. Advocates and critics, participants and reporters, contributed to the ongoing redefinition of the purpose and value of human spaceflight. NASA promotional materials and planning documents, the changing character of the astronaut corps, media reportage and opinion pieces, editorial cartoons, program logos and insignia, and photographs are the source materials for this study of spaceflight ideology and iconography and their place in American culture. Inspired by the analytical disciplines of history, rhetoric, media and visual culture studies, and strategic planning, the author takes a broad and novel approach to spaceflight as a cultural text resonant with American traditions and civic values. The ambitious space endeavour that is one of America’s signal technical accomplishments is also one of its most persistent and resilient imaginaries.Less
This book examines the principal texts, images, and icons that convey the meaning, and transformation of meaning, of human spaceflight in the space shuttle era from the 1970s into the early 2000s. Various themes and metaphors, consciously promoted by NASA and the media, refreshed the meaning of spaceflight in response to evolving agendas and challenges. Advocates and critics, participants and reporters, contributed to the ongoing redefinition of the purpose and value of human spaceflight. NASA promotional materials and planning documents, the changing character of the astronaut corps, media reportage and opinion pieces, editorial cartoons, program logos and insignia, and photographs are the source materials for this study of spaceflight ideology and iconography and their place in American culture. Inspired by the analytical disciplines of history, rhetoric, media and visual culture studies, and strategic planning, the author takes a broad and novel approach to spaceflight as a cultural text resonant with American traditions and civic values. The ambitious space endeavour that is one of America’s signal technical accomplishments is also one of its most persistent and resilient imaginaries.
Lisa Westwood, Beth Laura O’Leary, and Milford Wayne Donaldson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062464
- eISBN:
- 9780813053004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062464.003.0004
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
“Rocket Testing Sites” presents some of the lesser known rocket testing sites founded with a better understanding of physics and rocketry provided by Goddard, beginning with the development of the ...
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“Rocket Testing Sites” presents some of the lesser known rocket testing sites founded with a better understanding of physics and rocketry provided by Goddard, beginning with the development of the V-2 and A-4 rockets. The chapter focuses on some histories of rocket testing involving Operation Paperclip and Werner Von Braun, such as the Saturn V and Redstone projects. It also focuses on memorable launching experimentation at a variety of facilities in the U.S., like the White Sands in New Mexico, the neighbouring Pioneer Deep Space Station, Cape Canaveral in Florida, the Edwards and Holloman Air Force Bases, and the Santa Susana Field Laboratory.Less
“Rocket Testing Sites” presents some of the lesser known rocket testing sites founded with a better understanding of physics and rocketry provided by Goddard, beginning with the development of the V-2 and A-4 rockets. The chapter focuses on some histories of rocket testing involving Operation Paperclip and Werner Von Braun, such as the Saturn V and Redstone projects. It also focuses on memorable launching experimentation at a variety of facilities in the U.S., like the White Sands in New Mexico, the neighbouring Pioneer Deep Space Station, Cape Canaveral in Florida, the Edwards and Holloman Air Force Bases, and the Santa Susana Field Laboratory.
James Clay Moltz
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231156882
- eISBN:
- 9780231527576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231156882.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter describes South Korea's emergence as a space power. Developing a space program has represented a major national challenge for South Korea, a country that was forced to rebuild itself and ...
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This chapter describes South Korea's emergence as a space power. Developing a space program has represented a major national challenge for South Korea, a country that was forced to rebuild itself and its economy after World War II and the Korean War. The motivations for Seoul's new focus on space can be found in a number of specific factors: South Korea's economic development aims and its pattern of state-led industrial development in other critical sectors in the past; the threats posed by North Korea's nuclear and missile developments and South Korea's need to have an independent monitoring capability for national security purposes; and South Korean national pride and desire to be recognized as an independent, modern, and technologically advanced society. Under the helm of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute, the nation now has the capabilities to send its astronauts to the International Space Station.Less
This chapter describes South Korea's emergence as a space power. Developing a space program has represented a major national challenge for South Korea, a country that was forced to rebuild itself and its economy after World War II and the Korean War. The motivations for Seoul's new focus on space can be found in a number of specific factors: South Korea's economic development aims and its pattern of state-led industrial development in other critical sectors in the past; the threats posed by North Korea's nuclear and missile developments and South Korea's need to have an independent monitoring capability for national security purposes; and South Korean national pride and desire to be recognized as an independent, modern, and technologically advanced society. Under the helm of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute, the nation now has the capabilities to send its astronauts to the International Space Station.
Peter J. Westwick
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300110753
- eISBN:
- 9780300134582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300110753.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter describes the important legacy in space technology of the defense work undertaken at JPL. NASA's neglect of technology development continued into the 1980s; what little technology NASA ...
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This chapter describes the important legacy in space technology of the defense work undertaken at JPL. NASA's neglect of technology development continued into the 1980s; what little technology NASA did support emphasized the shuttle and the space station, with a focus on the short term instead of the long term. In spite of arguments by Lew Allen and other JPL staff that new technology could help cut costs, plans for low-budget planetary exploration stressed off-the-shelf components, and as a result such programs as electronics and sensors struggled for support. Allen made technology development a prime goal for JPL during his tenure. He acknowledged the need for conservative engineering on Voyager and Galileo but warned that risk aversion would sap JPL's ability to pursue dramatic missions in the long run.Less
This chapter describes the important legacy in space technology of the defense work undertaken at JPL. NASA's neglect of technology development continued into the 1980s; what little technology NASA did support emphasized the shuttle and the space station, with a focus on the short term instead of the long term. In spite of arguments by Lew Allen and other JPL staff that new technology could help cut costs, plans for low-budget planetary exploration stressed off-the-shelf components, and as a result such programs as electronics and sensors struggled for support. Allen made technology development a prime goal for JPL during his tenure. He acknowledged the need for conservative engineering on Voyager and Galileo but warned that risk aversion would sap JPL's ability to pursue dramatic missions in the long run.
Claude A. Piantadosi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231162432
- eISBN:
- 9780231531030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231162432.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter begins by considering the myriad of the problems faced by NASA. These include the difficulty of trying to maintain in-house expertise in all areas of space research; the financial ...
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This chapter begins by considering the myriad of the problems faced by NASA. These include the difficulty of trying to maintain in-house expertise in all areas of space research; the financial constraints that forced the agency to outsource certain functions, such as cargo delivery to the International Space Station (ISS); the massive cost overruns in the Mars Science Laboratory at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 2008; and flattening of the NASA budget and ISS funding with the onset of the 2009 recession, causing decades of international investment to languish. The chapter then turns to NASA's successful robotic exploration programs followed by discussion of how the Moon is the only platform large enough and close enough to build a community in space.Less
This chapter begins by considering the myriad of the problems faced by NASA. These include the difficulty of trying to maintain in-house expertise in all areas of space research; the financial constraints that forced the agency to outsource certain functions, such as cargo delivery to the International Space Station (ISS); the massive cost overruns in the Mars Science Laboratory at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 2008; and flattening of the NASA budget and ISS funding with the onset of the 2009 recession, causing decades of international investment to languish. The chapter then turns to NASA's successful robotic exploration programs followed by discussion of how the Moon is the only platform large enough and close enough to build a community in space.
