John F. Cogan and Olivia S. Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226801
- eISBN:
- 9780191710285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226801.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security, composed of sixteen members from both major political parties. Members were tasked with providing ...
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In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security, composed of sixteen members from both major political parties. Members were tasked with providing the president with recommendations on how to modernize the Social Security system, restore its fiscal soundness, and develop a workable system of personal retirement accounts as part of a newly structured program. This chapter presents perspectives on Social Security reform, drawn from service on the President's Commission. It begins with a discussion of the use of personal retirement accounts as a method of prefunding the Social Security system. The Commission to Strengthen Social Security developed three reform scenarios that incorporate personal retirement accounts as a central element in a modernized system of old-age security. The chapter focuses on one reform plan in particular — one that promises an enhanced and more reliable safety net while also providing workers the opportunity to invest in personal accounts with diversified investment choice and potentially lower risk. It is argued that reforms of this sort can help put Social Security on a self-financing basis for the first time in over a quarter of a century.Less
In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security, composed of sixteen members from both major political parties. Members were tasked with providing the president with recommendations on how to modernize the Social Security system, restore its fiscal soundness, and develop a workable system of personal retirement accounts as part of a newly structured program. This chapter presents perspectives on Social Security reform, drawn from service on the President's Commission. It begins with a discussion of the use of personal retirement accounts as a method of prefunding the Social Security system. The Commission to Strengthen Social Security developed three reform scenarios that incorporate personal retirement accounts as a central element in a modernized system of old-age security. The chapter focuses on one reform plan in particular — one that promises an enhanced and more reliable safety net while also providing workers the opportunity to invest in personal accounts with diversified investment choice and potentially lower risk. It is argued that reforms of this sort can help put Social Security on a self-financing basis for the first time in over a quarter of a century.
Estelle James, Alejandra Cox Edwards, and Rebeca Wong
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226801
- eISBN:
- 9780191710285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226801.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
Over the past two decades many countries have adopted multipillar pension systems that include both a public DB and a private DC pillar. Critics of these pension reforms argue that the tight link ...
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Over the past two decades many countries have adopted multipillar pension systems that include both a public DB and a private DC pillar. Critics of these pension reforms argue that the tight link between payroll contributions and benefits in the DC pillar produce lower pensions for women. In contrast, supporters of these reforms argue that multipillar systems remove distortions that favour men and permit a more targeted public pillar that help women. This chapter examines the differential impact on genders of the new and old systems in Chile, Argentina, and Mexico. In all three cases, the new social security system includes two mandatory components: privately managed funded individual accounts (DC) and a publicly managed and financed safety net. Women accumulate retirement funds and private annuities from the DC pillar of the multipillar systems that are only 30-40% of those of men. This effect can be mitigated by introducing two critical elements into the new systems: (a) targeting the new public pillars toward low earners, because the majority of low earners are women, and (b) restricting payout provisions such as joint annuity requirements. With these modifications, total lifetime retirement benefits for women would reach 60-80% of those for men. For ‘full-career’ married women, they would equal or exceed benefits of men.Less
Over the past two decades many countries have adopted multipillar pension systems that include both a public DB and a private DC pillar. Critics of these pension reforms argue that the tight link between payroll contributions and benefits in the DC pillar produce lower pensions for women. In contrast, supporters of these reforms argue that multipillar systems remove distortions that favour men and permit a more targeted public pillar that help women. This chapter examines the differential impact on genders of the new and old systems in Chile, Argentina, and Mexico. In all three cases, the new social security system includes two mandatory components: privately managed funded individual accounts (DC) and a publicly managed and financed safety net. Women accumulate retirement funds and private annuities from the DC pillar of the multipillar systems that are only 30-40% of those of men. This effect can be mitigated by introducing two critical elements into the new systems: (a) targeting the new public pillars toward low earners, because the majority of low earners are women, and (b) restricting payout provisions such as joint annuity requirements. With these modifications, total lifetime retirement benefits for women would reach 60-80% of those for men. For ‘full-career’ married women, they would equal or exceed benefits of men.
Milko Matijascic and Stephen J. Kay
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226801
- eISBN:
- 9780191710285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226801.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter describes Brazil's social security system and the highly contentious reform process. While much of the rest of the South American region moved toward individual accounts, Brazil engaged ...
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This chapter describes Brazil's social security system and the highly contentious reform process. While much of the rest of the South American region moved toward individual accounts, Brazil engaged in parametric reforms. Recently, the country introduced the fator previdenci ário, a system akin to a notional DC system, whereby contributions and benefits are strictly linked but contributions do not go into individual-funded savings accounts. Although a few political leaders have favoured private accounts, individual accounts never received much political support, and the transition costs are considered potentially prohibitive, reaching as high as 201% of GDP. Structural reform is complicated by the fact that the social security system is codified in the 1988 constitution, which means that any structural reform needs to go through the laborious and politically costly constitutional amendment process. It is argued that administrative and legislative reforms that would make the system more efficient and equitable are possible even when support for constitutional reform is lacking.Less
This chapter describes Brazil's social security system and the highly contentious reform process. While much of the rest of the South American region moved toward individual accounts, Brazil engaged in parametric reforms. Recently, the country introduced the fator previdenci ário, a system akin to a notional DC system, whereby contributions and benefits are strictly linked but contributions do not go into individual-funded savings accounts. Although a few political leaders have favoured private accounts, individual accounts never received much political support, and the transition costs are considered potentially prohibitive, reaching as high as 201% of GDP. Structural reform is complicated by the fact that the social security system is codified in the 1988 constitution, which means that any structural reform needs to go through the laborious and politically costly constitutional amendment process. It is argued that administrative and legislative reforms that would make the system more efficient and equitable are possible even when support for constitutional reform is lacking.
Martin Rhodes
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297567
- eISBN:
- 9780191600104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297564.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This is the third of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform; they explore the linkages between ...
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This is the third of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform; they explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Here Rhodes explores the implications for welfare states of nationally negotiated social pacts in bridging and making innovative linkages between social security systems and employment rules and wage bargaining. The essential argument of Sect. 1 is that the emergence of social pacts is linked to common domestic and external pressures for welfare state reform in the European Union, and that contrary to the expectations of many commentators, these pressures are neither ‘disorganizing’ European capitalism nor neutralizing the power of the state; furthermore, rather than fragmenting political‐economic structures, pressures for reform have in many instances modified or even bolstered efforts at coordination via bargaining. Section 2 introduces the notion of ‘competitive corporatism’, and shows that underpinning these social pacts are varying degrees of associational cohesion, and two types of coalition — seeking distributional deals and productivity gains — which have complex linkages and overlaps. In ideal typical terms, it can be suggested that competitive corporatism is successfully achieved if underpinned by a close but flexible interlocking of these two types of coalition, although in practice it is not always possible, as has been demonstrated in various continental European countries.Less
This is the third of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform; they explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Here Rhodes explores the implications for welfare states of nationally negotiated social pacts in bridging and making innovative linkages between social security systems and employment rules and wage bargaining. The essential argument of Sect. 1 is that the emergence of social pacts is linked to common domestic and external pressures for welfare state reform in the European Union, and that contrary to the expectations of many commentators, these pressures are neither ‘disorganizing’ European capitalism nor neutralizing the power of the state; furthermore, rather than fragmenting political‐economic structures, pressures for reform have in many instances modified or even bolstered efforts at coordination via bargaining. Section 2 introduces the notion of ‘competitive corporatism’, and shows that underpinning these social pacts are varying degrees of associational cohesion, and two types of coalition — seeking distributional deals and productivity gains — which have complex linkages and overlaps. In ideal typical terms, it can be suggested that competitive corporatism is successfully achieved if underpinned by a close but flexible interlocking of these two types of coalition, although in practice it is not always possible, as has been demonstrated in various continental European countries.
Maurizio Ferrera, Anton Hemerijck, and Martin Rhodes
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250158
- eISBN:
- 9780191599439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250154.003.0020
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the ...
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The chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the challenges that still confront them. The first section examines welfare state performance thematically, focusing on employment, the scale and shape of social security systems, and distributive outcomes. The second section takes Europe’s four welfare regimes (those of Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Southern Europe) and analyses their respective strengths and vulnerabilities. The conclusion considers where the literature on welfare states is likely to go in the future.Less
The chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the challenges that still confront them. The first section examines welfare state performance thematically, focusing on employment, the scale and shape of social security systems, and distributive outcomes. The second section takes Europe’s four welfare regimes (those of Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Southern Europe) and analyses their respective strengths and vulnerabilities. The conclusion considers where the literature on welfare states is likely to go in the future.
Robert L. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226801
- eISBN:
- 9780191710285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226801.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter discusses Social Security reform in Canada in 1996-7. It argues that the C/QPP reforms of 1997 gave merely tweaks to the system as opposed to massive change, with most of the amendments ...
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This chapter discusses Social Security reform in Canada in 1996-7. It argues that the C/QPP reforms of 1997 gave merely tweaks to the system as opposed to massive change, with most of the amendments subtle and not fully understood by the average Canadian citizen. These reforms were made without apparent opposition, which is somewhat surprising given that contribution rates were raised from 6 to 9.9% over a short 6-year period. The failure of the Seniors Benefit in 1996 was political, not actuarial. The government failed to understand how popular the OAS was and how emotional the response would be to proposed reforms given the very small- and long-deferred savings that were projected to result. The Canadian social security system today provides Canadians with a high level of income security while leaving ample room for individual savings and investments. The reforms of 1997 have meant that the CPP now rests on a healthy foundation. The latest CPP actuarial report shows that this system is sustainable for at least the next seventy-five years.Less
This chapter discusses Social Security reform in Canada in 1996-7. It argues that the C/QPP reforms of 1997 gave merely tweaks to the system as opposed to massive change, with most of the amendments subtle and not fully understood by the average Canadian citizen. These reforms were made without apparent opposition, which is somewhat surprising given that contribution rates were raised from 6 to 9.9% over a short 6-year period. The failure of the Seniors Benefit in 1996 was political, not actuarial. The government failed to understand how popular the OAS was and how emotional the response would be to proposed reforms given the very small- and long-deferred savings that were projected to result. The Canadian social security system today provides Canadians with a high level of income security while leaving ample room for individual savings and investments. The reforms of 1997 have meant that the CPP now rests on a healthy foundation. The latest CPP actuarial report shows that this system is sustainable for at least the next seventy-five years.
Kenneth H. Craik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195330922
- eISBN:
- 9780199868292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330922.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Chapter 7 explores the mutual relevance of reputation and personality, two important constructs that appear to address the same question: What kind of person is this individual? A primary claim of ...
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Chapter 7 explores the mutual relevance of reputation and personality, two important constructs that appear to address the same question: What kind of person is this individual? A primary claim of the network interpretation is that the reputation of a person resides within the social system. At the same time, constructs such as the self-concept, social selves, and tactics of reputation management can be formulated as reputation-relevant elements of the personality system. At the theoretical level, this chapter demonstrates that a generic model of reputational concepts can be accommodated within a variety of contemporary personality theories. This argument is illustrated by a review of the socioanalytic personality theory and the five-factor personality theory.Less
Chapter 7 explores the mutual relevance of reputation and personality, two important constructs that appear to address the same question: What kind of person is this individual? A primary claim of the network interpretation is that the reputation of a person resides within the social system. At the same time, constructs such as the self-concept, social selves, and tactics of reputation management can be formulated as reputation-relevant elements of the personality system. At the theoretical level, this chapter demonstrates that a generic model of reputational concepts can be accommodated within a variety of contemporary personality theories. This argument is illustrated by a review of the socioanalytic personality theory and the five-factor personality theory.
Tom Burns and G. M. Stalker
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288787
- eISBN:
- 9780191684630
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288787.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
First published in 1961, this book is a very influential book on organization theory and industrial sociology. The central theme of the book is the relationship between an organization and its ...
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First published in 1961, this book is a very influential book on organization theory and industrial sociology. The central theme of the book is the relationship between an organization and its environment — particularly technological and market innovations. Based on first-class scholarship, the book presents the now famous and ubiquitous classifications of ‘mechanistic’ and ‘organic’ systems. For this it has become justly famous, but the book is also a penetrating study of social systems within organizations and organizational dynamics.Less
First published in 1961, this book is a very influential book on organization theory and industrial sociology. The central theme of the book is the relationship between an organization and its environment — particularly technological and market innovations. Based on first-class scholarship, the book presents the now famous and ubiquitous classifications of ‘mechanistic’ and ‘organic’ systems. For this it has become justly famous, but the book is also a penetrating study of social systems within organizations and organizational dynamics.
William H. Starbuck
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199288533
- eISBN:
- 9780191700521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288533.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Knowledge Management
As some questions cannot be answered by traditional theories alone, this book asserts that there are research tactics do not help humans in understanding themselves and their environments. As a ...
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As some questions cannot be answered by traditional theories alone, this book asserts that there are research tactics do not help humans in understanding themselves and their environments. As a consequence social scientists have found a need to come up with alternative research methods. Such reforms attempt to point out inappropriate statistical technique, faults in the assumption that social systems and people are stable and nonreactive, and that research should consider environmental circumstance and not just logic and human physiology alone. Researchers must be able to set higher standards for the credibility of their findings so that social science research can better account for features in society and bring greater respect to the researchers. This chapter introduces the structure of the book and shows an autobiographical approach in an attempt to explain views through research experiences.Less
As some questions cannot be answered by traditional theories alone, this book asserts that there are research tactics do not help humans in understanding themselves and their environments. As a consequence social scientists have found a need to come up with alternative research methods. Such reforms attempt to point out inappropriate statistical technique, faults in the assumption that social systems and people are stable and nonreactive, and that research should consider environmental circumstance and not just logic and human physiology alone. Researchers must be able to set higher standards for the credibility of their findings so that social science research can better account for features in society and bring greater respect to the researchers. This chapter introduces the structure of the book and shows an autobiographical approach in an attempt to explain views through research experiences.
Mark Thomas and Paul Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263471
- eISBN:
- 9780191734786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263471.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter focuses on one fundamental aspects of an ageing population — how to pay for old age, individually and collectively. It also presents a study of the history of old age support in the UK ...
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This chapter focuses on one fundamental aspects of an ageing population — how to pay for old age, individually and collectively. It also presents a study of the history of old age support in the UK and US and concludes that despite the quite different beginnings of the public pension and social security systems, government policy in both countries has become similarly locked in to a set of institutional arrangements which were devised to respond to immediate social and economic problems, but which have acquired a rationale and a dynamic of their own.Less
This chapter focuses on one fundamental aspects of an ageing population — how to pay for old age, individually and collectively. It also presents a study of the history of old age support in the UK and US and concludes that despite the quite different beginnings of the public pension and social security systems, government policy in both countries has become similarly locked in to a set of institutional arrangements which were devised to respond to immediate social and economic problems, but which have acquired a rationale and a dynamic of their own.
Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199812875
- eISBN:
- 9780199933150
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812875.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, General
This chapter summarizes social epistemology and its taxonomies. It presents a wider range of measures of epistemic appraisal, as well as a framework that classifies the varieties of social ...
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This chapter summarizes social epistemology and its taxonomies. It presents a wider range of measures of epistemic appraisal, as well as a framework that classifies the varieties of social epistemology in terms of different “actors” that are also the players of focal interest. The chapter shows that social epistemology is prepared to study individual doxastic agents who “choose” among other doxastic attitudes toward a proposition. The chapter also determines that social epistemology can imagine the existence of collective agents and can study social systems that house institutions and relationship patterns.Less
This chapter summarizes social epistemology and its taxonomies. It presents a wider range of measures of epistemic appraisal, as well as a framework that classifies the varieties of social epistemology in terms of different “actors” that are also the players of focal interest. The chapter shows that social epistemology is prepared to study individual doxastic agents who “choose” among other doxastic attitudes toward a proposition. The chapter also determines that social epistemology can imagine the existence of collective agents and can study social systems that house institutions and relationship patterns.
Cyrielle Champion
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592296
- eISBN:
- 9780191731471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592296.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The chapter discusses the logic of reforms undertaken in the Swiss social security system for working-age people since the early 1990s when the country experienced a steep rise in unemployment for ...
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The chapter discusses the logic of reforms undertaken in the Swiss social security system for working-age people since the early 1990s when the country experienced a steep rise in unemployment for the first time in the post-war era. It shows that reforms have predominantly focused on parametric cost containment objectives within each of the three key benefit schemes (unemployment insurance, social assistance, and disability insurance), leaving little room for initiatives towards a more integrative unemployment protection approach. Indeed, the progressive extension of activation has not been followed by a greater benefit homogenization or a closer coordination of services. It is argued that one of the reasons for this particular movement is to be seen in the fragmentation of power and responsibilities induced by federalism.Less
The chapter discusses the logic of reforms undertaken in the Swiss social security system for working-age people since the early 1990s when the country experienced a steep rise in unemployment for the first time in the post-war era. It shows that reforms have predominantly focused on parametric cost containment objectives within each of the three key benefit schemes (unemployment insurance, social assistance, and disability insurance), leaving little room for initiatives towards a more integrative unemployment protection approach. Indeed, the progressive extension of activation has not been followed by a greater benefit homogenization or a closer coordination of services. It is argued that one of the reasons for this particular movement is to be seen in the fragmentation of power and responsibilities induced by federalism.
Deepak Lal
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199275793
- eISBN:
- 9780191706097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275793.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter sketches an economic theory which might be able to explain both the origins and the resilience of the Hindu social system as expressed in its twin pillars: the caste system and the ...
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This chapter sketches an economic theory which might be able to explain both the origins and the resilience of the Hindu social system as expressed in its twin pillars: the caste system and the village “community”. It considers another novel aspect of Hindu customs — its ban on cow slaughter. It focuses on the north, in particular on the Indo-Gangetic plain, which was the crucible of Hinduism, and its social expression in the caste system. The chapter also outlines the variant of the Hindu social system that was established in the southern peninsula by about the 6th to 9th centuries AD, and the reasons for the form it took.Less
This chapter sketches an economic theory which might be able to explain both the origins and the resilience of the Hindu social system as expressed in its twin pillars: the caste system and the village “community”. It considers another novel aspect of Hindu customs — its ban on cow slaughter. It focuses on the north, in particular on the Indo-Gangetic plain, which was the crucible of Hinduism, and its social expression in the caste system. The chapter also outlines the variant of the Hindu social system that was established in the southern peninsula by about the 6th to 9th centuries AD, and the reasons for the form it took.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Organizations are living complex systems and as such are vulnerable to the impact of trauma and adversity. This chapter explores how groups respond to stress and suggests that as a result of acute ...
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Organizations are living complex systems and as such are vulnerable to the impact of trauma and adversity. This chapter explores how groups respond to stress and suggests that as a result of acute and chronic organizational stress, destructive processes occur within and between organizations that mirror or “parallel” the processes for which clients seek help. The result for them is “sanctuary trauma”, while the result for providers of service is a collective maladjustments as the organizations within which we work cease fulfilling a fundamental social role, that of containing anxiety in the face of death, suffering, defeat, and uncertainty. In such cases, social defense mechanisms come to dominate whatever therapeutic activity is supposed to be occurring in the social service environment. However, these parallel processes can be named and understood within the context of present knowledge of individual and group psychology.Less
Organizations are living complex systems and as such are vulnerable to the impact of trauma and adversity. This chapter explores how groups respond to stress and suggests that as a result of acute and chronic organizational stress, destructive processes occur within and between organizations that mirror or “parallel” the processes for which clients seek help. The result for them is “sanctuary trauma”, while the result for providers of service is a collective maladjustments as the organizations within which we work cease fulfilling a fundamental social role, that of containing anxiety in the face of death, suffering, defeat, and uncertainty. In such cases, social defense mechanisms come to dominate whatever therapeutic activity is supposed to be occurring in the social service environment. However, these parallel processes can be named and understood within the context of present knowledge of individual and group psychology.
Daniel M. T. Fessler
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310139
- eISBN:
- 9780199871209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310139.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Socially-transmitted information allows humans to survive in diverse social and ecological systems, a pattern that is as old as — and perhaps even predates — our species. This suggests that natural ...
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Socially-transmitted information allows humans to survive in diverse social and ecological systems, a pattern that is as old as — and perhaps even predates — our species. This suggests that natural selection can be expected to have shaped the human mind to enhance the ability to acquire and exploit such information. After reviewing existing approaches to the question, this chapter argues for a dissection of the cognitive and motivational architectures underlying this ability. Key questions addressed include how models for imitative learning are selected; the ultimate benefits of conformism, normative moralization, and moral outrage; and the nature and function of internalization.Less
Socially-transmitted information allows humans to survive in diverse social and ecological systems, a pattern that is as old as — and perhaps even predates — our species. This suggests that natural selection can be expected to have shaped the human mind to enhance the ability to acquire and exploit such information. After reviewing existing approaches to the question, this chapter argues for a dissection of the cognitive and motivational architectures underlying this ability. Key questions addressed include how models for imitative learning are selected; the ultimate benefits of conformism, normative moralization, and moral outrage; and the nature and function of internalization.
H. Peyton Young
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199269181
- eISBN:
- 9780191699375
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269181.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and shows how the results extend to situations involving strategic agents interacting with each other as well as with their external environment. ...
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This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and shows how the results extend to situations involving strategic agents interacting with each other as well as with their external environment. These lectures examined the problem of interactive learning in the context of repeated games, where it is very starkly defined. In fact, interactive learning is a feature of almost all economic and social systems, where the intentions of the learners are at least part of what needs to be learned. Many of the results discussed in the preceding chapters extend readily to a wider class of situations in which players interact with each other as well as with their external environment.Less
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and shows how the results extend to situations involving strategic agents interacting with each other as well as with their external environment. These lectures examined the problem of interactive learning in the context of repeated games, where it is very starkly defined. In fact, interactive learning is a feature of almost all economic and social systems, where the intentions of the learners are at least part of what needs to be learned. Many of the results discussed in the preceding chapters extend readily to a wider class of situations in which players interact with each other as well as with their external environment.
Richard K. Fenn
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195143690
- eISBN:
- 9780199834174
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195143698.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Can a nation‐state survive without a sense of identity that is religious and thus transcends the passage of time? A secular society is agnostic about the boundaries between the real and the unreal, ...
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Can a nation‐state survive without a sense of identity that is religious and thus transcends the passage of time? A secular society is agnostic about the boundaries between the real and the unreal, the imaginable and the unimaginable, and the possible and the impossible because it is radically open to its environment. If Christianity is to supply an ethic for such a society, it would be one suitable for a highly complex and open social system, and its norms would be evolutionary, procedural, and self‐referential. It would be suitable for a world in which no nation deems itself obligated to enlighten and emancipate other nations.Less
Can a nation‐state survive without a sense of identity that is religious and thus transcends the passage of time? A secular society is agnostic about the boundaries between the real and the unreal, the imaginable and the unimaginable, and the possible and the impossible because it is radically open to its environment. If Christianity is to supply an ethic for such a society, it would be one suitable for a highly complex and open social system, and its norms would be evolutionary, procedural, and self‐referential. It would be suitable for a world in which no nation deems itself obligated to enlighten and emancipate other nations.
Francis Wing-lin Lee
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028801
- eISBN:
- 9789882207226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028801.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
During a period in a person's life when he or she is between two and 22 years of age, the three fundamental social systems he or she is exposed to includes family, school, and peers. Adopting a ...
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During a period in a person's life when he or she is between two and 22 years of age, the three fundamental social systems he or she is exposed to includes family, school, and peers. Adopting a system perspective would reveal that each of these systems entails internal dimensions or subsystems that aid in shaping the fulfillment of the expectations and needs of an individual. The family is responsible for providing intimacy, emotional and material support, guidance, and discipline, as well as nurturing personalities and teaching the individual the basic skills and rules of life. In school, the individual is given the opportunity to build self-esteem through positive experiences that concern facing new environments, interacting with teachers and classmates, dealing with stress, and other such activities while avoiding negative experiences. Lastly, peers are found to be most influential since individuals feel freedom, power, and a source of belonging that develop one's self-confidence when with their peers.Less
During a period in a person's life when he or she is between two and 22 years of age, the three fundamental social systems he or she is exposed to includes family, school, and peers. Adopting a system perspective would reveal that each of these systems entails internal dimensions or subsystems that aid in shaping the fulfillment of the expectations and needs of an individual. The family is responsible for providing intimacy, emotional and material support, guidance, and discipline, as well as nurturing personalities and teaching the individual the basic skills and rules of life. In school, the individual is given the opportunity to build self-esteem through positive experiences that concern facing new environments, interacting with teachers and classmates, dealing with stress, and other such activities while avoiding negative experiences. Lastly, peers are found to be most influential since individuals feel freedom, power, and a source of belonging that develop one's self-confidence when with their peers.
Damon J. Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150888
- eISBN:
- 9781400846481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150888.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter explains why it matters that jazz was produced in sixty-seven cities worldwide. That is, jazz up to 1933 was primarily recorded in a small set of cities, including Chicago, London, and ...
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This chapter explains why it matters that jazz was produced in sixty-seven cities worldwide. That is, jazz up to 1933 was primarily recorded in a small set of cities, including Chicago, London, and New York. Focusing on the mobility networks of musicians across these cities, the chapter examines how disconnectedness can have a unique role in social systems, particularly in innovation-based social systems familiar to scholars of organizations and markets (e.g., cultural markets, technological systems). Using an empirical approach to the rise of jazz during the period 1897–1933, it explores the impact of structurally disconnected cities and the emergence of jazz standards through the discographical canon. The chapter argues that it is important to pay attention to jazz recordings from more disconnected cities such as Minneapolis (Minnesota), Hilversum (Holland), Sydney (Australia), Buenos Aires (Argentina), and Calcutta (India).Less
This chapter explains why it matters that jazz was produced in sixty-seven cities worldwide. That is, jazz up to 1933 was primarily recorded in a small set of cities, including Chicago, London, and New York. Focusing on the mobility networks of musicians across these cities, the chapter examines how disconnectedness can have a unique role in social systems, particularly in innovation-based social systems familiar to scholars of organizations and markets (e.g., cultural markets, technological systems). Using an empirical approach to the rise of jazz during the period 1897–1933, it explores the impact of structurally disconnected cities and the emergence of jazz standards through the discographical canon. The chapter argues that it is important to pay attention to jazz recordings from more disconnected cities such as Minneapolis (Minnesota), Hilversum (Holland), Sydney (Australia), Buenos Aires (Argentina), and Calcutta (India).
Vladislav M. Zubok and Hope M. Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198294689
- eISBN:
- 9780191601538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294689.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Khrushchev was the first Soviet leader to realize that nuclear bipolarity dictated permanent ’peaceful coexistence’ between two antagonistic social systems. Although he never abandoned the idea of ...
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Khrushchev was the first Soviet leader to realize that nuclear bipolarity dictated permanent ’peaceful coexistence’ between two antagonistic social systems. Although he never abandoned the idea of the usability of nuclear weapons, he regarded them primarily as a positive force and was eager to use them in his gamble for peace – an attempt to negotiate a permanent truce with the US, which would have liberated Soviet resources for the construction of communism and the assistance of ’progressive’ movements and regimes around the world. Khrushchev had little doubt that behind the nuclear shield, the Soviet Union would win a peaceful economic competition with the capitalist camp.Less
Khrushchev was the first Soviet leader to realize that nuclear bipolarity dictated permanent ’peaceful coexistence’ between two antagonistic social systems. Although he never abandoned the idea of the usability of nuclear weapons, he regarded them primarily as a positive force and was eager to use them in his gamble for peace – an attempt to negotiate a permanent truce with the US, which would have liberated Soviet resources for the construction of communism and the assistance of ’progressive’ movements and regimes around the world. Khrushchev had little doubt that behind the nuclear shield, the Soviet Union would win a peaceful economic competition with the capitalist camp.
