Jørgen Goul Andersen and Per H. Jensen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861342720
- eISBN:
- 9781447301660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861342720.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
The change in the labour market is seen as one of the most serious threats to the economic sustainability of European welfare states, and to the realization of the ideal ‘full citizenship’ among ...
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The change in the labour market is seen as one of the most serious threats to the economic sustainability of European welfare states, and to the realization of the ideal ‘full citizenship’ among their citizens. Technological change and globalisation have resulted in the decline of labour market fortunes for the lower-skilled and the vulnerable segments of the labour force. This has led to social marginalisation and to a barrier in economic growth. Inflexible labour markets with high minimum wages mean that unemployment becomes structural so that an economic upturn leads to increased competition for skilled labour and thus to inflation rather than significantly reduced unemployment. This book presents some contributions to building more detailed comparative knowledge based on new and complex approaches which focus on citizenship, welfare arrangements, marginalisation as a multidimensional phenomenon and the need to differentiate the dimensions of gender, age, values and ethnicity when analysing marginalisation and citizenship. The aims of this book is: to contribute to the theoretical clarification of the key concepts of changing labour markets, citizenship, welfare policies and marginalisation; to take first steps towards applying such a framework to illuminate how European welfare states have handled similar problems through policies that give different emphasis on social rights and citizenship; and to discuss conditions and new directions of change by contributing to an understanding of the interplay of external challenges, institutions and agency in this policy field. In this introduction, the concepts of changing labour markets and welfare policies, including the concepts of marginalisation and citizenship are clarified and defined first before outlining the themes of the succeeding chapters.Less
The change in the labour market is seen as one of the most serious threats to the economic sustainability of European welfare states, and to the realization of the ideal ‘full citizenship’ among their citizens. Technological change and globalisation have resulted in the decline of labour market fortunes for the lower-skilled and the vulnerable segments of the labour force. This has led to social marginalisation and to a barrier in economic growth. Inflexible labour markets with high minimum wages mean that unemployment becomes structural so that an economic upturn leads to increased competition for skilled labour and thus to inflation rather than significantly reduced unemployment. This book presents some contributions to building more detailed comparative knowledge based on new and complex approaches which focus on citizenship, welfare arrangements, marginalisation as a multidimensional phenomenon and the need to differentiate the dimensions of gender, age, values and ethnicity when analysing marginalisation and citizenship. The aims of this book is: to contribute to the theoretical clarification of the key concepts of changing labour markets, citizenship, welfare policies and marginalisation; to take first steps towards applying such a framework to illuminate how European welfare states have handled similar problems through policies that give different emphasis on social rights and citizenship; and to discuss conditions and new directions of change by contributing to an understanding of the interplay of external challenges, institutions and agency in this policy field. In this introduction, the concepts of changing labour markets and welfare policies, including the concepts of marginalisation and citizenship are clarified and defined first before outlining the themes of the succeeding chapters.
David A. Leon and Gill Walt
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192631961
- eISBN:
- 9780191723599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631961.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents a conceptual model to help understand the variables that play a role in the complex scenario of child neglect in poor communities in developing countries, their social ...
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This chapter presents a conceptual model to help understand the variables that play a role in the complex scenario of child neglect in poor communities in developing countries, their social marginalization, and their seclusion from the health care available to them. Communicable diseases are an important public health problem linked to poverty and other harsh socio-economic conditions. Traditional interventions against communicable diseases, such as educational programmes, are important, but they will have limited success in peri-urban areas because of the marginalization that exists, associated with unwanted and neglected children.Less
This chapter presents a conceptual model to help understand the variables that play a role in the complex scenario of child neglect in poor communities in developing countries, their social marginalization, and their seclusion from the health care available to them. Communicable diseases are an important public health problem linked to poverty and other harsh socio-economic conditions. Traditional interventions against communicable diseases, such as educational programmes, are important, but they will have limited success in peri-urban areas because of the marginalization that exists, associated with unwanted and neglected children.
Colin Dayan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691070919
- eISBN:
- 9781400838592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691070919.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter analyzes what happens to persons in two cases: the free person of property who commits a felony and undergoes civil death and the enslaved person, who, as bearer of “negative ...
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This chapter analyzes what happens to persons in two cases: the free person of property who commits a felony and undergoes civil death and the enslaved person, who, as bearer of “negative personhood,” has undergone social death. In most instances, though the person declared civilly dead has property to lose, the slave who never had property is property in fact, and can never have any independent relation to property. However, both of these characterizations possess juridical significance in so far as they recognize the individual as “a kind of civil ghost.” Rather than focus on the various and sometimes diffuse consequences of social marginalization, the chapter traces instead a developing logic in modern law. By the eighteenth century, Judeo-Christian antecedents and inchoate traditions of punishment were redrawn and fully articulated as a rationale appropriate to the needs of emerging modernity.Less
This chapter analyzes what happens to persons in two cases: the free person of property who commits a felony and undergoes civil death and the enslaved person, who, as bearer of “negative personhood,” has undergone social death. In most instances, though the person declared civilly dead has property to lose, the slave who never had property is property in fact, and can never have any independent relation to property. However, both of these characterizations possess juridical significance in so far as they recognize the individual as “a kind of civil ghost.” Rather than focus on the various and sometimes diffuse consequences of social marginalization, the chapter traces instead a developing logic in modern law. By the eighteenth century, Judeo-Christian antecedents and inchoate traditions of punishment were redrawn and fully articulated as a rationale appropriate to the needs of emerging modernity.
Matthew Schneider-Mayerson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226285269
- eISBN:
- 9780226285573
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226285573.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
This chapter introduces the motivations, beliefs and actions of Americans involved in the peak oil movement and explains the ideology (and ‘ecological identity’) of ‘peakism’ via profiles of three ...
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This chapter introduces the motivations, beliefs and actions of Americans involved in the peak oil movement and explains the ideology (and ‘ecological identity’) of ‘peakism’ via profiles of three representative peakists and two well-known figures, evangelist James Howard Kunstler and “Peak Shrink” Kathy McMahon. It applies McMahon’s through-the-looking-glass environmental psychological perspective, in which acute awareness of ecological crisis and preparation for the collapse of industrial civilization is not a symptom of emotional instability or mental illness but a sign of lucidity and health, to an experience shared by almost all peak oil believers: social marginalization as a result of discussing and acting on serious environmental issues, such as energy depletion and climate change. Finally, it highlights the ways that peakism deviated from the American ‘dominant social paradigm’ of implicit faith in technology and the inexhaustibility of crucial resources.Less
This chapter introduces the motivations, beliefs and actions of Americans involved in the peak oil movement and explains the ideology (and ‘ecological identity’) of ‘peakism’ via profiles of three representative peakists and two well-known figures, evangelist James Howard Kunstler and “Peak Shrink” Kathy McMahon. It applies McMahon’s through-the-looking-glass environmental psychological perspective, in which acute awareness of ecological crisis and preparation for the collapse of industrial civilization is not a symptom of emotional instability or mental illness but a sign of lucidity and health, to an experience shared by almost all peak oil believers: social marginalization as a result of discussing and acting on serious environmental issues, such as energy depletion and climate change. Finally, it highlights the ways that peakism deviated from the American ‘dominant social paradigm’ of implicit faith in technology and the inexhaustibility of crucial resources.
Kelly E. Hayes
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520262645
- eISBN:
- 9780520949430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520262645.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Religion
This chapter examines the intersections of magic, morality, and social marginalization in contemporary Brazil as they are embodied in and through the figure of Pomba Gira. Rather than abstracting ...
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This chapter examines the intersections of magic, morality, and social marginalization in contemporary Brazil as they are embodied in and through the figure of Pomba Gira. Rather than abstracting this imaginative persona from the human dramas in which she figures, this chapter focuses on the significance of Pomba Gira in the life of an individual devotee, Maria Nazaré de Souza Oliveira, a working-class housewife, mother, and spiritual healer who lives with her extended family on the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro. Situating the spirit within the particularities of Nazaré's life, the chapter explores her relationship with Pomba Gira as a means for “working on the self and the world,” to borrow the historian Robert Orsi's formulation. The chapter suggests ways that individuals endeavor to transform both themselves and the world around them through stories and ritual practices invoking this spirit entity, and how they are transformed in the process.Less
This chapter examines the intersections of magic, morality, and social marginalization in contemporary Brazil as they are embodied in and through the figure of Pomba Gira. Rather than abstracting this imaginative persona from the human dramas in which she figures, this chapter focuses on the significance of Pomba Gira in the life of an individual devotee, Maria Nazaré de Souza Oliveira, a working-class housewife, mother, and spiritual healer who lives with her extended family on the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro. Situating the spirit within the particularities of Nazaré's life, the chapter explores her relationship with Pomba Gira as a means for “working on the self and the world,” to borrow the historian Robert Orsi's formulation. The chapter suggests ways that individuals endeavor to transform both themselves and the world around them through stories and ritual practices invoking this spirit entity, and how they are transformed in the process.
Jacqueline Bhabha (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015271
- eISBN:
- 9780262295437
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015271.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Children are among the most vulnerable citizens of the world, with a special need for the protections, rights, and services offered by states, and yet, they are particularly at risk from ...
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Children are among the most vulnerable citizens of the world, with a special need for the protections, rights, and services offered by states, and yet, they are particularly at risk from statelessness. Thirty-six percent of all births in the world are not registered, leaving more than 48 million children under the age of five with no legal identity and no formal claim on any state. Millions of other children are born stateless or become undocumented as a result of migration. This book examines how statelessness affects children throughout the world, looking at this largely unexplored problem from a human rights perspective. It identifies three contemporary manifestations of statelessness: legal statelessness, when people lack any nationality because of the circumstances of their birth or political and legal obstacles; de facto statelessness, when nationals of one country live illegally in another; and effective statelessness, when legal citizens lack the documentation to prove their right to state services. The human rights repercussions range from dramatic abuses (detention and deportation) to social marginalization (lack of access to education and health care). The book provides a variety of examples, including chapters on Palestinian children in Israel, undocumented young people seeking higher education in the United States, unaccompanied child migrants in Spain, Roma children in Italy, irregular internal child migrants in China, and children in mixed legal/illegal families in the United States.Less
Children are among the most vulnerable citizens of the world, with a special need for the protections, rights, and services offered by states, and yet, they are particularly at risk from statelessness. Thirty-six percent of all births in the world are not registered, leaving more than 48 million children under the age of five with no legal identity and no formal claim on any state. Millions of other children are born stateless or become undocumented as a result of migration. This book examines how statelessness affects children throughout the world, looking at this largely unexplored problem from a human rights perspective. It identifies three contemporary manifestations of statelessness: legal statelessness, when people lack any nationality because of the circumstances of their birth or political and legal obstacles; de facto statelessness, when nationals of one country live illegally in another; and effective statelessness, when legal citizens lack the documentation to prove their right to state services. The human rights repercussions range from dramatic abuses (detention and deportation) to social marginalization (lack of access to education and health care). The book provides a variety of examples, including chapters on Palestinian children in Israel, undocumented young people seeking higher education in the United States, unaccompanied child migrants in Spain, Roma children in Italy, irregular internal child migrants in China, and children in mixed legal/illegal families in the United States.
Samuel K. Byrd
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479859405
- eISBN:
- 9781479876426
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479859405.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This book explores the Latino music scene as a lens through which to understand changing ideas about latinidad in the New South. Focusing on Latino immigrant musicians and their fans in Charlotte, ...
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This book explores the Latino music scene as a lens through which to understand changing ideas about latinidad in the New South. Focusing on Latino immigrant musicians and their fans in Charlotte, North Carolina, the volume shows how limited economic mobility, social marginalization, and restrictive immigration policies have stymied immigrants' access to the American dream and musicians' dreams of success. Instead, Latin music has become a way to form community, debate political questions, and claim cultural citizenship. The book illuminates the complexity of Latina/o musicians' lives. They find themselves at the intersection of culture and politics, often pushed to define a vision of what it means to be Latino in a globalizing city in the Nuevo South. At the same time, they often avoid overt political statements and do not participate in immigrants' rights struggles, instead holding a cautious view of political engagement. Yet despite this politics of ambivalence, Latina/o musicians do assert intellectual agency and engage in a politics that is embedded in their musical community, debating aesthetics, forging collective solidarity with their audiences, and protesting poor working conditions. Challenging scholarship on popular music that focuses on famous artists or on one particular genre, this book demonstrates how exploring the everyday lives of ordinary musicians can lead to a deeper understanding of musicians' roles in society. It argues that the often overlooked population of Latina/o musicians should be central to our understanding of what it means to live in a southern U.S. city today.Less
This book explores the Latino music scene as a lens through which to understand changing ideas about latinidad in the New South. Focusing on Latino immigrant musicians and their fans in Charlotte, North Carolina, the volume shows how limited economic mobility, social marginalization, and restrictive immigration policies have stymied immigrants' access to the American dream and musicians' dreams of success. Instead, Latin music has become a way to form community, debate political questions, and claim cultural citizenship. The book illuminates the complexity of Latina/o musicians' lives. They find themselves at the intersection of culture and politics, often pushed to define a vision of what it means to be Latino in a globalizing city in the Nuevo South. At the same time, they often avoid overt political statements and do not participate in immigrants' rights struggles, instead holding a cautious view of political engagement. Yet despite this politics of ambivalence, Latina/o musicians do assert intellectual agency and engage in a politics that is embedded in their musical community, debating aesthetics, forging collective solidarity with their audiences, and protesting poor working conditions. Challenging scholarship on popular music that focuses on famous artists or on one particular genre, this book demonstrates how exploring the everyday lives of ordinary musicians can lead to a deeper understanding of musicians' roles in society. It argues that the often overlooked population of Latina/o musicians should be central to our understanding of what it means to live in a southern U.S. city today.
Sheila Riddell, Stephen Baron, and Alastair Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861342232
- eISBN:
- 9781447303886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861342232.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter discusses salient ideas of social justice and their implications for the inclusion of people with learning difficulties. It considers the development of post-war education and training ...
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This chapter discusses salient ideas of social justice and their implications for the inclusion of people with learning difficulties. It considers the development of post-war education and training policy for young people in the transition from school to work, both in relation to the mainstream population and in relation to people with learning difficulties. The chapter explores some implication of the experiences of case-study individuals with learning difficulties who have been the active recipients of such policies in their post-school years. It argues that training may be seen as a crucible of social values, since its distribution transmits powerful messages about who is likely to become economically active and who is to be consigned to some special status of otherness. The chapter considers which conceptualisations of social justice might hold out most hope for people with learning difficulties in terms of challenging their social marginalization.Less
This chapter discusses salient ideas of social justice and their implications for the inclusion of people with learning difficulties. It considers the development of post-war education and training policy for young people in the transition from school to work, both in relation to the mainstream population and in relation to people with learning difficulties. The chapter explores some implication of the experiences of case-study individuals with learning difficulties who have been the active recipients of such policies in their post-school years. It argues that training may be seen as a crucible of social values, since its distribution transmits powerful messages about who is likely to become economically active and who is to be consigned to some special status of otherness. The chapter considers which conceptualisations of social justice might hold out most hope for people with learning difficulties in terms of challenging their social marginalization.
Kelly E. Hayes
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520262645
- eISBN:
- 9780520949430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520262645.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Religion
This chapter analyzes the distinctive trabalhos associated with Pomba Gira and other exu spirits as strategic ritual acts that disclose a particular view of the world at the same time that they are ...
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This chapter analyzes the distinctive trabalhos associated with Pomba Gira and other exu spirits as strategic ritual acts that disclose a particular view of the world at the same time that they are intended to produce concrete effects in that world. It examines the specific nature of the transformations that these ritual works are believed to effect, and what this reveals about the participants' worldview. Trabalhos like those that Maria Nazaré de Souza Oliveira performed for Margarida not only permit their beneficiaries to conceptualize and endeavor to bring to fruition alternative scenarios for their lives; they also offer poignant testimony about what could be termed the micropolitics of power: the ways that gender, social marginalization, and systematic in equality work together to delimit the life chances of men and women living in Rio's urban periphery.Less
This chapter analyzes the distinctive trabalhos associated with Pomba Gira and other exu spirits as strategic ritual acts that disclose a particular view of the world at the same time that they are intended to produce concrete effects in that world. It examines the specific nature of the transformations that these ritual works are believed to effect, and what this reveals about the participants' worldview. Trabalhos like those that Maria Nazaré de Souza Oliveira performed for Margarida not only permit their beneficiaries to conceptualize and endeavor to bring to fruition alternative scenarios for their lives; they also offer poignant testimony about what could be termed the micropolitics of power: the ways that gender, social marginalization, and systematic in equality work together to delimit the life chances of men and women living in Rio's urban periphery.
Valerie Lester Leyva
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447309673
- eISBN:
- 9781447313526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447309673.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Large scale studies have explored the interactions between sexual orientation/gender identity and mental health outcomes in English-speaking countries. These studies illuminate the ways in which ...
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Large scale studies have explored the interactions between sexual orientation/gender identity and mental health outcomes in English-speaking countries. These studies illuminate the ways in which lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) adults experience disparities in mental health outcomes when compared to their heterosexual peers. For example, lesbians and bisexual women are at greater lifetime risk for substance abuse and dependence than heterosexual men and women. Gay men experience higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders than their heterosexual male peers or lesbians. Bisexual women are more likely to report poorer outcomes related to mood, anxiety and suicide than their heterosexual or homosexual counterparts. Transgendered individuals cite sexual minority status, discrimination, negative body image and the complexity of intimate partner relationships as significant factors affecting mental health. The effects of aging on mental health outcomes have largely been ignored. While some authors specify the need to focus on the additional factors of age, cohort affect, culture and individual life experiences when studying LGBT populations, few studies have utilized these when exploring mental health disparities. This chapter describes how incorporating these factors will illuminate ways in which LGBT mental health disparities may shift over the lifespan and offer suggestions for future research.Less
Large scale studies have explored the interactions between sexual orientation/gender identity and mental health outcomes in English-speaking countries. These studies illuminate the ways in which lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) adults experience disparities in mental health outcomes when compared to their heterosexual peers. For example, lesbians and bisexual women are at greater lifetime risk for substance abuse and dependence than heterosexual men and women. Gay men experience higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders than their heterosexual male peers or lesbians. Bisexual women are more likely to report poorer outcomes related to mood, anxiety and suicide than their heterosexual or homosexual counterparts. Transgendered individuals cite sexual minority status, discrimination, negative body image and the complexity of intimate partner relationships as significant factors affecting mental health. The effects of aging on mental health outcomes have largely been ignored. While some authors specify the need to focus on the additional factors of age, cohort affect, culture and individual life experiences when studying LGBT populations, few studies have utilized these when exploring mental health disparities. This chapter describes how incorporating these factors will illuminate ways in which LGBT mental health disparities may shift over the lifespan and offer suggestions for future research.
