William Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240975
- eISBN:
- 9780191598999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240973.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Argues that the shift in the US policy from supporting authoritarianism to promoting polyarchy in much of the Third World corresponds to the emergence of a global capitalist economy and is meant to ...
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Argues that the shift in the US policy from supporting authoritarianism to promoting polyarchy in much of the Third World corresponds to the emergence of a global capitalist economy and is meant to ‘make the world safe for capital’. Authoritarianism is seen as an increasingly ineffective mechanism of social control and is replaced by polyarchic regimes that do not pursue any fundamental class redistribution of political and economic power. The author examines some instances of US polyarchy promotion in Latin America.Less
Argues that the shift in the US policy from supporting authoritarianism to promoting polyarchy in much of the Third World corresponds to the emergence of a global capitalist economy and is meant to ‘make the world safe for capital’. Authoritarianism is seen as an increasingly ineffective mechanism of social control and is replaced by polyarchic regimes that do not pursue any fundamental class redistribution of political and economic power. The author examines some instances of US polyarchy promotion in Latin America.
Ruth W. Grant
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151601
- eISBN:
- 9781400839742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151601.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter presents a historical account of the use of the term “incentives” and of the introduction of incentives in scientific management and behavioral psychology. “Incentives” came into the ...
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This chapter presents a historical account of the use of the term “incentives” and of the introduction of incentives in scientific management and behavioral psychology. “Incentives” came into the language in the early part of the twentieth century in America. During this period, the language of social control and of social engineering was quite prevalent, and incentives were understood to be one tool in the social engineers' toolbox—an instrument of power. Not coincidentally, incentives were also extremely controversial at this time and were criticized from several quarters as dehumanizing, manipulative, heartless, and exploitative. When incentives are viewed as instruments of power, the controversial ethical aspects of their use come readily to the fore.Less
This chapter presents a historical account of the use of the term “incentives” and of the introduction of incentives in scientific management and behavioral psychology. “Incentives” came into the language in the early part of the twentieth century in America. During this period, the language of social control and of social engineering was quite prevalent, and incentives were understood to be one tool in the social engineers' toolbox—an instrument of power. Not coincidentally, incentives were also extremely controversial at this time and were criticized from several quarters as dehumanizing, manipulative, heartless, and exploitative. When incentives are viewed as instruments of power, the controversial ethical aspects of their use come readily to the fore.
Peter B. E. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257522
- eISBN:
- 9780191601026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257523.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The concluding chapter of this book draws these chapters together and sets them in the broader context of the state's provision of protection in Japan. The preference of the Japanese authorities for ...
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The concluding chapter of this book draws these chapters together and sets them in the broader context of the state's provision of protection in Japan. The preference of the Japanese authorities for social control processes over formal mechanisms of enforcement and dispute resolution has created a conducive environment for private protection markets. Yakuza provision of such protection has been one consequence. Current developments in the set Japan's social, legal, economic, and political relations suggest, however, that this market is under threat.Less
The concluding chapter of this book draws these chapters together and sets them in the broader context of the state's provision of protection in Japan. The preference of the Japanese authorities for social control processes over formal mechanisms of enforcement and dispute resolution has created a conducive environment for private protection markets. Yakuza provision of such protection has been one consequence. Current developments in the set Japan's social, legal, economic, and political relations suggest, however, that this market is under threat.
Richard Von Glahn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Civil registration for the purposes of social control and the mobilization of labour has been a cornerstone of the Chinese imperial state since ancient times. This chapter traces the origins and ...
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Civil registration for the purposes of social control and the mobilization of labour has been a cornerstone of the Chinese imperial state since ancient times. This chapter traces the origins and historical development of the civil registration system of imperial China in order to clarify its ideological and institutional evolution, focusing on four key phases: the initial development of household registration for military conscription that accompanied the rise of autocratic states and the founding of the first empires during the first millennium bce; the institution of state landownership during the fifth to eighth centuries ce; the shift from the household to wealth as the basis of taxation and the introduction of household-ranking systems under the Song dynasty; and the rise and demise of the lijia system of rural social organization during the late imperial era (Ming and Qing dynasties).Less
Civil registration for the purposes of social control and the mobilization of labour has been a cornerstone of the Chinese imperial state since ancient times. This chapter traces the origins and historical development of the civil registration system of imperial China in order to clarify its ideological and institutional evolution, focusing on four key phases: the initial development of household registration for military conscription that accompanied the rise of autocratic states and the founding of the first empires during the first millennium bce; the institution of state landownership during the fifth to eighth centuries ce; the shift from the household to wealth as the basis of taxation and the introduction of household-ranking systems under the Song dynasty; and the rise and demise of the lijia system of rural social organization during the late imperial era (Ming and Qing dynasties).
Katherine Beckett and Steve Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195395174
- eISBN:
- 9780199943319
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395174.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter shows how the social control practices that involve banishment emerge from key political and legal dynamics. It first suggests that banishment emerged as a response to the Supreme ...
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This chapter shows how the social control practices that involve banishment emerge from key political and legal dynamics. It first suggests that banishment emerged as a response to the Supreme Court's invalidation of traditional vagrancy and loitering laws. It then outlines the legal evolution of the techniques that include banishment. The discussion also identifies some techniques that have three distinct and consequential characteristics: they are definitely territorial, they improve police and prosecutorial power, and they widen the range of behaviors that may lead to criminal justice intervention.Less
This chapter shows how the social control practices that involve banishment emerge from key political and legal dynamics. It first suggests that banishment emerged as a response to the Supreme Court's invalidation of traditional vagrancy and loitering laws. It then outlines the legal evolution of the techniques that include banishment. The discussion also identifies some techniques that have three distinct and consequential characteristics: they are definitely territorial, they improve police and prosecutorial power, and they widen the range of behaviors that may lead to criminal justice intervention.
Joseph Lampel
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269761
- eISBN:
- 9780191710087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269761.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter enquires into the cognitive foundations of governance and points out that common features of modern economic activities, such as uncertainty and knowledge intensity, undermine the ...
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This chapter enquires into the cognitive foundations of governance and points out that common features of modern economic activities, such as uncertainty and knowledge intensity, undermine the efficiency of hierarchical and contractual governance mechanisms. These call for ‘soft’ governance means, such as implicit agreements and social norms. On the other hand, this chapter acknowledges the pitfalls of these means in the face of unforeseen contingencies and required flexibility. Hence, it engages in a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of social control which yields a distinction between types of norms. This shows how ‘shadow norms’ (procedural heuristics helping in making sense of what behaviours can be considered violations of norms) and ‘meta-norms’ (procedural norms about what behaviours should be followed in the face of norm violation) possess relatively flexible coordination mechanisms, helping bystanders to exert effective social control.Less
This chapter enquires into the cognitive foundations of governance and points out that common features of modern economic activities, such as uncertainty and knowledge intensity, undermine the efficiency of hierarchical and contractual governance mechanisms. These call for ‘soft’ governance means, such as implicit agreements and social norms. On the other hand, this chapter acknowledges the pitfalls of these means in the face of unforeseen contingencies and required flexibility. Hence, it engages in a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of social control which yields a distinction between types of norms. This shows how ‘shadow norms’ (procedural heuristics helping in making sense of what behaviours can be considered violations of norms) and ‘meta-norms’ (procedural norms about what behaviours should be followed in the face of norm violation) possess relatively flexible coordination mechanisms, helping bystanders to exert effective social control.
Michael Foley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199232673
- eISBN:
- 9780191716362
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232673.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses the issue of order in American society. Topics covered include the foundations of order, government action into the private sphere of individual liberty on the grounds of ...
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This chapter discusses the issue of order in American society. Topics covered include the foundations of order, government action into the private sphere of individual liberty on the grounds of preventing disorder, response to terrorism, order as a constitutional principle, social control and conspiracy, and criminal justice and private security.Less
This chapter discusses the issue of order in American society. Topics covered include the foundations of order, government action into the private sphere of individual liberty on the grounds of preventing disorder, response to terrorism, order as a constitutional principle, social control and conspiracy, and criminal justice and private security.
Rudy Haapanen, Lee Britton, Tim Croisdale, and Branko Coebergh
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
By any common definition of “persistent criminality,” young offenders released from the California Youth Authority (CYA) meet the criteria. Most have demonstrated considerable persistence in criminal ...
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By any common definition of “persistent criminality,” young offenders released from the California Youth Authority (CYA) meet the criteria. Most have demonstrated considerable persistence in criminal behavior before being committed to state facilities, and virtually all continue their criminal behavior, at some level, well into adulthood. The study of these individuals, then, can help us to understand the nature of persistent criminality and the characteristics and likely outcome trajectories of persistent criminals whose criminal behavior begins early. Using information gathered in several longitudinal follow-ups of youth released from CYA facilities, this chapter describes these persistent offenders and their transition to adulthood. In addition to being drawn to criminal behavior and associated lifestyles, these young offenders manage to avoid more conventional lifestyles. This avoidance, along with a profound unresponsiveness to criminal justice sanctions, is seen to reflect a general resistance to social control, which plays a major role in sustaining criminal behavior. This chapter discusses some of the implications of this perspective for understanding persistence, for studying crime among persistent offenders, and for treating these offenders.Less
By any common definition of “persistent criminality,” young offenders released from the California Youth Authority (CYA) meet the criteria. Most have demonstrated considerable persistence in criminal behavior before being committed to state facilities, and virtually all continue their criminal behavior, at some level, well into adulthood. The study of these individuals, then, can help us to understand the nature of persistent criminality and the characteristics and likely outcome trajectories of persistent criminals whose criminal behavior begins early. Using information gathered in several longitudinal follow-ups of youth released from CYA facilities, this chapter describes these persistent offenders and their transition to adulthood. In addition to being drawn to criminal behavior and associated lifestyles, these young offenders manage to avoid more conventional lifestyles. This avoidance, along with a profound unresponsiveness to criminal justice sanctions, is seen to reflect a general resistance to social control, which plays a major role in sustaining criminal behavior. This chapter discusses some of the implications of this perspective for understanding persistence, for studying crime among persistent offenders, and for treating these offenders.
Kieran T. Sullivan, Lauri Pasch, Kathrine Bejanyan, and Katherine Hanson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380170
- eISBN:
- 9780199864355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380170.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter reviews the research on the effects of social support and social control on health behavior in intimate relationships. The authors apply the transtheoretical model of change to account ...
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This chapter reviews the research on the effects of social support and social control on health behavior in intimate relationships. The authors apply the transtheoretical model of change to account for variability in outcomes of support and control attempts. That is, the effectiveness of support and control attempts may be due, at least in part, to the accuracy with which the partner perceives the target spouse’s readiness to change and the extent to which the partner uses strategies consistent with the partner’s current stage of change. Exploratory quantitative and qualitative research is presented to support the proposed model.Less
This chapter reviews the research on the effects of social support and social control on health behavior in intimate relationships. The authors apply the transtheoretical model of change to account for variability in outcomes of support and control attempts. That is, the effectiveness of support and control attempts may be due, at least in part, to the accuracy with which the partner perceives the target spouse’s readiness to change and the extent to which the partner uses strategies consistent with the partner’s current stage of change. Exploratory quantitative and qualitative research is presented to support the proposed model.
Kiran Klaus Patel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149127
- eISBN:
- 9781400873623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149127.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the early New Deal years and explores the Roosevelt administration's initiatives while putting them in global context. The New Deal sought to relativize the culture of ...
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This chapter focuses on the early New Deal years and explores the Roosevelt administration's initiatives while putting them in global context. The New Deal sought to relativize the culture of individualism; social control and the regulation of previously private matters were not foreign to it. Thus, eugenics were broadly compatible with New Deal ideals, and the increased New Deal funding to state agencies is a critical reason why sterilization figures went up in many states during the 1930s. However, eugenics was not a formative element of the New Deal. Roosevelt's agenda instead stood out for its focus on economic regulation. The New Deal aimed at improving individual morality and social behavior, but it did so mainly through the economic lens, whereas many other states also introduced programs directly aimed in this direction.Less
This chapter focuses on the early New Deal years and explores the Roosevelt administration's initiatives while putting them in global context. The New Deal sought to relativize the culture of individualism; social control and the regulation of previously private matters were not foreign to it. Thus, eugenics were broadly compatible with New Deal ideals, and the increased New Deal funding to state agencies is a critical reason why sterilization figures went up in many states during the 1930s. However, eugenics was not a formative element of the New Deal. Roosevelt's agenda instead stood out for its focus on economic regulation. The New Deal aimed at improving individual morality and social behavior, but it did so mainly through the economic lens, whereas many other states also introduced programs directly aimed in this direction.
