Ash Amin and Joanne Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545490
- eISBN:
- 9780191720093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545490.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Knowledge Management
The chapter frames the book by examining the relationship between community, economic creativity, and knowledge capitalism, focusing especially on why a new discourse of organization by community has ...
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The chapter frames the book by examining the relationship between community, economic creativity, and knowledge capitalism, focusing especially on why a new discourse of organization by community has emerged. It begins by explaining why capitalism and community are compatible, going on to examine how ‘community’ as a keyword of the knowledge economy is beginning to shape corporate practice. The chapter then offers a critical reading of contemporary interest in ‘communities of practice’, arguing that diverse types of situated practice generative of different types of learning and knowing should not be reduced to the language of community. Finally, the chapter explores the organizational implications of an economy valuing situated practice, forcing the recombinance of decentred effort and the cultivation of anticipatory knowledge.Less
The chapter frames the book by examining the relationship between community, economic creativity, and knowledge capitalism, focusing especially on why a new discourse of organization by community has emerged. It begins by explaining why capitalism and community are compatible, going on to examine how ‘community’ as a keyword of the knowledge economy is beginning to shape corporate practice. The chapter then offers a critical reading of contemporary interest in ‘communities of practice’, arguing that diverse types of situated practice generative of different types of learning and knowing should not be reduced to the language of community. Finally, the chapter explores the organizational implications of an economy valuing situated practice, forcing the recombinance of decentred effort and the cultivation of anticipatory knowledge.
Barbara Townley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199298358
- eISBN:
- 9780191700880
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298358.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
A situational rationality takes issue with the temporal dimension of rational action, the assumption that behaviour is foresightful and that rationality occurs in advance of action. A situational ...
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A situational rationality takes issue with the temporal dimension of rational action, the assumption that behaviour is foresightful and that rationality occurs in advance of action. A situational rationality recognizes that action is retrospectively rational. It is the product of action, occurring either concurrently or after, rather than before, action. This is not, however, to assume an ex post facto, retrospective rationalization of events. The second facet of a situational rationality is, as its name implies, the importance of its ‘situatedness’, the situated nature of social action. Rationality is an ongoing accomplishment, achieved through interaction with people and objects in a particular time and setting. A situational rationality is the temporally and spatially located sequential and interactional rationality of daily life. This chapter traces the various dimensions of a situational rationality and how they inform our understanding of organizational action.Less
A situational rationality takes issue with the temporal dimension of rational action, the assumption that behaviour is foresightful and that rationality occurs in advance of action. A situational rationality recognizes that action is retrospectively rational. It is the product of action, occurring either concurrently or after, rather than before, action. This is not, however, to assume an ex post facto, retrospective rationalization of events. The second facet of a situational rationality is, as its name implies, the importance of its ‘situatedness’, the situated nature of social action. Rationality is an ongoing accomplishment, achieved through interaction with people and objects in a particular time and setting. A situational rationality is the temporally and spatially located sequential and interactional rationality of daily life. This chapter traces the various dimensions of a situational rationality and how they inform our understanding of organizational action.
Jess Bier
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036153
- eISBN:
- 9780262339957
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036153.001.0001
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cartography
Mapping Israel, Mapping Palestine is an analysis of the ways that segregated landscapes have shaped digital cartography in Jerusalem and the West Bank since 1967. Extending work on how technology is ...
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Mapping Israel, Mapping Palestine is an analysis of the ways that segregated landscapes have shaped digital cartography in Jerusalem and the West Bank since 1967. Extending work on how technology is socially constructed, it investigates the ways that knowledge is geographically produced. Technoscientific practices are situated in landscapes that are at once both social and material, and this influences the content of digital technology in sometimes unpredictable ways. Therefore it is necessary to reflexively engage with materiality and space in order to enable more diverse forms of knowledge. Maps are an iconic symbol of modernity, and they have been central to debates over the future of Palestine and Israel. This has only intensified as Geographic Information Science (GIS) mapmaking has led to increasingly minute forms of surveillance and control. Intended to display objective facts, maps inspire extensive discussions. However, the framing of these discussions cannot be divorced from the participants’ asymmetrical mobilities within the very terrains that they seek to portray. Therefore it is essential to investigate how Palestinian, Israeli, and international cartographers are unevenly affected by the segregated landscapes which their technologies have helped to create. Mapping Israel, Mapping Palestine addresses these important issues by bringing together the disciplines of critical geography, postcolonial theory, and science and technology studies (STS). It presents an analysis of the maps and mapmaking practices that result when diverse cartographers chart the same landscapes that so condition their movement. It investigates the myriad ways that the segregated landscapes of the Israeli occupation shape knowledge about the occupation.Less
Mapping Israel, Mapping Palestine is an analysis of the ways that segregated landscapes have shaped digital cartography in Jerusalem and the West Bank since 1967. Extending work on how technology is socially constructed, it investigates the ways that knowledge is geographically produced. Technoscientific practices are situated in landscapes that are at once both social and material, and this influences the content of digital technology in sometimes unpredictable ways. Therefore it is necessary to reflexively engage with materiality and space in order to enable more diverse forms of knowledge. Maps are an iconic symbol of modernity, and they have been central to debates over the future of Palestine and Israel. This has only intensified as Geographic Information Science (GIS) mapmaking has led to increasingly minute forms of surveillance and control. Intended to display objective facts, maps inspire extensive discussions. However, the framing of these discussions cannot be divorced from the participants’ asymmetrical mobilities within the very terrains that they seek to portray. Therefore it is essential to investigate how Palestinian, Israeli, and international cartographers are unevenly affected by the segregated landscapes which their technologies have helped to create. Mapping Israel, Mapping Palestine addresses these important issues by bringing together the disciplines of critical geography, postcolonial theory, and science and technology studies (STS). It presents an analysis of the maps and mapmaking practices that result when diverse cartographers chart the same landscapes that so condition their movement. It investigates the myriad ways that the segregated landscapes of the Israeli occupation shape knowledge about the occupation.
Norie Neumark
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036139
- eISBN:
- 9780262339834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036139.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter establishes the theoretical underpinnings of the book, introducing theories of voice, new materialism, posthumanism, carnal and situated knowledge, and affect. It discusses the unusual ...
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This chapter establishes the theoretical underpinnings of the book, introducing theories of voice, new materialism, posthumanism, carnal and situated knowledge, and affect. It discusses the unusual writing voice that a new materialist book about voice calls for. Presenting the implications of a new materialist approach to voice, the author discusses why she listens to this as voice particularly, rather than sound in general. Listening and conversations as the modes and methodologies are introduced. There is further discussion of voicetracks as the way through the book’s diverse works and transversal or inter-disciplinary theories. This chapter also introduces the engagement with the author’s own sound and media work which has shaped her apprehension of voice and the assemblages with/in which it speaks.Less
This chapter establishes the theoretical underpinnings of the book, introducing theories of voice, new materialism, posthumanism, carnal and situated knowledge, and affect. It discusses the unusual writing voice that a new materialist book about voice calls for. Presenting the implications of a new materialist approach to voice, the author discusses why she listens to this as voice particularly, rather than sound in general. Listening and conversations as the modes and methodologies are introduced. There is further discussion of voicetracks as the way through the book’s diverse works and transversal or inter-disciplinary theories. This chapter also introduces the engagement with the author’s own sound and media work which has shaped her apprehension of voice and the assemblages with/in which it speaks.
Norie Neumark
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036139
- eISBN:
- 9780262339834
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036139.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
Moved by Aboriginal or Indigenous understandings of tracks, Norie Neumark’s Voicetracks seeks to deepen understandings of voice through listening to a variety of media and contemporary art works from ...
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Moved by Aboriginal or Indigenous understandings of tracks, Norie Neumark’s Voicetracks seeks to deepen understandings of voice through listening to a variety of media and contemporary art works from Australia, Europe, and the United States. The author aims to bring voice studies into conversation with new materialism to broaden thinking within both. Through a methodology based in listening, she brings theories of affect and carnal and situated knowledge into conversation with her examples and the theories she works with. Through her examples, Neumark engages with artists working with animal sounds and voices; voices of place, placed voices in installation works; voices of technology; and “unvoicing,” disturbances in the image/voice relationship and in the idea of what voice is. Neumark evokes both the literal—the actual voices within the works with which she engages—and the metaphorical—in a new materialist exploration of voice encompassing humans, animals, things, and assemblages. Not content with the often dry tone of academic writing, the author engages a “wayfaring” process that brings together theories from sound, animal, and posthuman studies in order to change the ways we think about and act with and within the assemblages of living creatures, things, places and histories around us. Finally, she considers ethics and politics, and describes how her own work has shaped her understandings and apprehensions of voice.Less
Moved by Aboriginal or Indigenous understandings of tracks, Norie Neumark’s Voicetracks seeks to deepen understandings of voice through listening to a variety of media and contemporary art works from Australia, Europe, and the United States. The author aims to bring voice studies into conversation with new materialism to broaden thinking within both. Through a methodology based in listening, she brings theories of affect and carnal and situated knowledge into conversation with her examples and the theories she works with. Through her examples, Neumark engages with artists working with animal sounds and voices; voices of place, placed voices in installation works; voices of technology; and “unvoicing,” disturbances in the image/voice relationship and in the idea of what voice is. Neumark evokes both the literal—the actual voices within the works with which she engages—and the metaphorical—in a new materialist exploration of voice encompassing humans, animals, things, and assemblages. Not content with the often dry tone of academic writing, the author engages a “wayfaring” process that brings together theories from sound, animal, and posthuman studies in order to change the ways we think about and act with and within the assemblages of living creatures, things, places and histories around us. Finally, she considers ethics and politics, and describes how her own work has shaped her understandings and apprehensions of voice.
Jess Bier
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036153
- eISBN:
- 9780262339957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036153.003.0005
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cartography
Chapter 5, “Validating Segregated Observers”, explores the intricate ways that the Israeli occupation shapes empirical observations. Through a critique of feminist standpoint theory and Donna ...
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Chapter 5, “Validating Segregated Observers”, explores the intricate ways that the Israeli occupation shapes empirical observations. Through a critique of feminist standpoint theory and Donna Haraway’s work on situated knowledge, it shows how the most well meaning maps can be drastically different depending on who makes them. After 1967 Israeli settlers have increasingly moved to the West Bank, establishing diffuse but numerous settlements that dominate the landscape, engendering forms of segregation that are both rigid and complex. As a result, Palestinians see different parts of the landscape, and under tougher restrictions, than do Israelis, and vice versa. For example, cartographers in Palestinian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are able to collect map data only within Palestinian areas, and must view the Israeli settlements from without. This produces a dichotomy between, and enforces a drastically unequal separation of, Palestinians and Israelis. It also buttresses imbalances of power in international technoscience, influencing even the most apparently objective, empirical knowledge. Chapter 5 explores the (by no means straightforward) implications of this segregation in detail, while also introducing the notion of refractivity, or material and spatial reflexivity. Throughout, it seeks to understand how cartographers in organizations who use the same tools to map the same landscapes can produce different results.Less
Chapter 5, “Validating Segregated Observers”, explores the intricate ways that the Israeli occupation shapes empirical observations. Through a critique of feminist standpoint theory and Donna Haraway’s work on situated knowledge, it shows how the most well meaning maps can be drastically different depending on who makes them. After 1967 Israeli settlers have increasingly moved to the West Bank, establishing diffuse but numerous settlements that dominate the landscape, engendering forms of segregation that are both rigid and complex. As a result, Palestinians see different parts of the landscape, and under tougher restrictions, than do Israelis, and vice versa. For example, cartographers in Palestinian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are able to collect map data only within Palestinian areas, and must view the Israeli settlements from without. This produces a dichotomy between, and enforces a drastically unequal separation of, Palestinians and Israelis. It also buttresses imbalances of power in international technoscience, influencing even the most apparently objective, empirical knowledge. Chapter 5 explores the (by no means straightforward) implications of this segregation in detail, while also introducing the notion of refractivity, or material and spatial reflexivity. Throughout, it seeks to understand how cartographers in organizations who use the same tools to map the same landscapes can produce different results.
Gunnar Stevens, Markus Rohde, Matthias Korn, and Volker Wulf
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198733249
- eISBN:
- 9780191797736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198733249.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Computational Mathematics / Optimization
This chapter presents grounded design as a suggestion for a praxeological turn in the field of computing. It argues that, given the high societal relevance of computing to all aspects of life, the ...
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This chapter presents grounded design as a suggestion for a praxeological turn in the field of computing. It argues that, given the high societal relevance of computing to all aspects of life, the academic field of (applied) computer science needs to develop its epistemological paradigm and research methods accordingly. Computer science arguably needs to define itself as a sociotechnical discipline that contributes to the solution of social problems in context. The grounded-design position is that a design-oriented discipline of practice-based computing is needed, one where methods and techniques can deal with the context specificity of local knowledge and appropriation of information and communications technology more seriously. This chapter presents an approach that outlines such practice-based computing by building on situated design knowledge and dealing with the interplay of the social and the technical.Less
This chapter presents grounded design as a suggestion for a praxeological turn in the field of computing. It argues that, given the high societal relevance of computing to all aspects of life, the academic field of (applied) computer science needs to develop its epistemological paradigm and research methods accordingly. Computer science arguably needs to define itself as a sociotechnical discipline that contributes to the solution of social problems in context. The grounded-design position is that a design-oriented discipline of practice-based computing is needed, one where methods and techniques can deal with the context specificity of local knowledge and appropriation of information and communications technology more seriously. This chapter presents an approach that outlines such practice-based computing by building on situated design knowledge and dealing with the interplay of the social and the technical.
Wendy Russell, Stuart Lester, and Hilary Smith
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447330035
- eISBN:
- 9781447330080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447330035.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Methodology and Statistics
This introductory chapter explores the entanglements of theory research and practice. Research questions and methods delimit what can be known, highlighting how knowledge production is a political ...
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This introductory chapter explores the entanglements of theory research and practice. Research questions and methods delimit what can be known, highlighting how knowledge production is a political and ethical endeavour. Drawing on conversations with contributors and on the collective experiences of students, graduates and staff on the University of Gloucestershire postgraduate programme in children’s play, the chapter considers how both the transdisciplinary nature of the programme and the considerable practice experience and knowledge of the contributors open up new possibilities for research and for what can be known about children’s play and adult roles in supporting it. The chapter also presents a brief summary of each study presented in the book.Less
This introductory chapter explores the entanglements of theory research and practice. Research questions and methods delimit what can be known, highlighting how knowledge production is a political and ethical endeavour. Drawing on conversations with contributors and on the collective experiences of students, graduates and staff on the University of Gloucestershire postgraduate programme in children’s play, the chapter considers how both the transdisciplinary nature of the programme and the considerable practice experience and knowledge of the contributors open up new possibilities for research and for what can be known about children’s play and adult roles in supporting it. The chapter also presents a brief summary of each study presented in the book.
Michael Lynch
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226467221
- eISBN:
- 9780226467245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226467245.003.0019
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
One of the prominent tendencies in the constructionist studies of science is a resolute insistence that science is work. Like other forms of work, scientific practice is viewed as an embodied and ...
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One of the prominent tendencies in the constructionist studies of science is a resolute insistence that science is work. Like other forms of work, scientific practice is viewed as an embodied and material labor process involving numerous, often obscure, parties. Connected with this emphasis is a stress upon the “local” or “situated” character of scientific and technical work—work that involves practical actions and reasoned judgments, which are not a matter of mechanically following methodological rules. Moments of creative struggle and opportunities for improvisation in a laboratory occur from top to bottom in a hierarchy of research directors, staff scientists, technicians, and civilian participants. The contingent products of this collective labor process (data, results, publications, discovery claims) are more than deliberately planned outcomes, as they can be sources of surprise and puzzlement. An understanding of the implications of this picture of scientific work may provide a basis for solidarity rather than epistemological infighting.Less
One of the prominent tendencies in the constructionist studies of science is a resolute insistence that science is work. Like other forms of work, scientific practice is viewed as an embodied and material labor process involving numerous, often obscure, parties. Connected with this emphasis is a stress upon the “local” or “situated” character of scientific and technical work—work that involves practical actions and reasoned judgments, which are not a matter of mechanically following methodological rules. Moments of creative struggle and opportunities for improvisation in a laboratory occur from top to bottom in a hierarchy of research directors, staff scientists, technicians, and civilian participants. The contingent products of this collective labor process (data, results, publications, discovery claims) are more than deliberately planned outcomes, as they can be sources of surprise and puzzlement. An understanding of the implications of this picture of scientific work may provide a basis for solidarity rather than epistemological infighting.
Molly Andrews
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199812394
- eISBN:
- 9780199388554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812394.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
The book opens with a discussion of why imagination is so central to narrative and why narrative is such a vital component of imagination. What is the role of imagination in helping us to ‘see ...
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The book opens with a discussion of why imagination is so central to narrative and why narrative is such a vital component of imagination. What is the role of imagination in helping us to ‘see difference’, not only between ourselves and others, but between ourselves and who we might be or might have been? The chapter explores the situated nature of ‘imagination’ and its critical role in everyday life.Less
The book opens with a discussion of why imagination is so central to narrative and why narrative is such a vital component of imagination. What is the role of imagination in helping us to ‘see difference’, not only between ourselves and others, but between ourselves and who we might be or might have been? The chapter explores the situated nature of ‘imagination’ and its critical role in everyday life.
