James Higginbotham
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199239313
- eISBN:
- 9780191716904
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239313.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Theoretical Linguistics
James Higginbotham's work on tense, aspect, and indexicality discusses the principles governing demonstrative, temporal, and indexical expressions in natural language, and presents new ideas in the ...
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James Higginbotham's work on tense, aspect, and indexicality discusses the principles governing demonstrative, temporal, and indexical expressions in natural language, and presents new ideas in the semantics of sentence structure. The book brings together his key contributions to the fields, including his recent intervention in the debate on the roles of context and anaphora in reference. The book's chapters are presented in the form in which they were first published, with afterwords where needed, to cover points where the author's thought has developed.Less
James Higginbotham's work on tense, aspect, and indexicality discusses the principles governing demonstrative, temporal, and indexical expressions in natural language, and presents new ideas in the semantics of sentence structure. The book brings together his key contributions to the fields, including his recent intervention in the debate on the roles of context and anaphora in reference. The book's chapters are presented in the form in which they were first published, with afterwords where needed, to cover points where the author's thought has developed.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297412
- eISBN:
- 9780191711176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297412.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter introduces the formulation of notional grammar that is adopted and further developed in this book. Word-classes are differentiated by combinations of (simplex – non-binary) notional ...
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This chapter introduces the formulation of notional grammar that is adopted and further developed in this book. Word-classes are differentiated by combinations of (simplex – non-binary) notional features, and these combinations underlie the differences in the syntax of the word-classes and coincidences in distribution between particular classes. A distinction is made between lexical (noun, verb, adjective) and functional (determinatives – pronouns and determiners; operatives – ‘finite auxiliaries’; functors – adpositions and cases) categories. Names are determinatives in previous notional accounts. Sentence structure is projected from such categorizations and from the valency and modificational requirements of members of these categories. Syntax involves the erection of dependency trees the sequencing of whose nodes is inalterable. Relationships which have been allowed for by ‘movement’ are provided for in terms of argument-sharing, whereby a single element is dependent on more than one mother (governor). Focus is given to aspects of syntax relevant to the behaviour of names — complements and modification.Less
This chapter introduces the formulation of notional grammar that is adopted and further developed in this book. Word-classes are differentiated by combinations of (simplex – non-binary) notional features, and these combinations underlie the differences in the syntax of the word-classes and coincidences in distribution between particular classes. A distinction is made between lexical (noun, verb, adjective) and functional (determinatives – pronouns and determiners; operatives – ‘finite auxiliaries’; functors – adpositions and cases) categories. Names are determinatives in previous notional accounts. Sentence structure is projected from such categorizations and from the valency and modificational requirements of members of these categories. Syntax involves the erection of dependency trees the sequencing of whose nodes is inalterable. Relationships which have been allowed for by ‘movement’ are provided for in terms of argument-sharing, whereby a single element is dependent on more than one mother (governor). Focus is given to aspects of syntax relevant to the behaviour of names — complements and modification.
Michael Morris
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199283569
- eISBN:
- 9780191712708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283569.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Language
This chapter questions the view that correspondence theories of truth are a paradigm of realism, and raises the possibility of a non-correspondence account that is more thoroughly realist. The ...
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This chapter questions the view that correspondence theories of truth are a paradigm of realism, and raises the possibility of a non-correspondence account that is more thoroughly realist. The problem is that correspondence theories require an isomorphism between truth-bearers and the world, which is too neat to be easily motivated from a realist point of view: the world has to have a kind of propositional structure, which is hard to understand as anything other than a projection of the structure of sentences. It is then argued that a non-correspondence realism is preferable to an idealism that continues to accept the correspondence theory. The chapter ends by attempting to defend the claim that it is possible to describe the world as it is in itself, even if the world is not in itself propositional.Less
This chapter questions the view that correspondence theories of truth are a paradigm of realism, and raises the possibility of a non-correspondence account that is more thoroughly realist. The problem is that correspondence theories require an isomorphism between truth-bearers and the world, which is too neat to be easily motivated from a realist point of view: the world has to have a kind of propositional structure, which is hard to understand as anything other than a projection of the structure of sentences. It is then argued that a non-correspondence realism is preferable to an idealism that continues to accept the correspondence theory. The chapter ends by attempting to defend the claim that it is possible to describe the world as it is in itself, even if the world is not in itself propositional.
Cynthia Fisher and Hyun-joo Song
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195170009
- eISBN:
- 9780199893300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170009.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
This chapter argues that once children can identify the subject of a multiargument sentence as structurally prominent, they could assign a default interpretation to sentences containing a novel verb ...
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This chapter argues that once children can identify the subject of a multiargument sentence as structurally prominent, they could assign a default interpretation to sentences containing a novel verb by assuming that the subject referent plays a semantically prominent role in the conceptual relation named by the verb. What counts as prominent will be determined by the situation and by the multidimensional attentional and representational biases of human perceivers.Less
This chapter argues that once children can identify the subject of a multiargument sentence as structurally prominent, they could assign a default interpretation to sentences containing a novel verb by assuming that the subject referent plays a semantically prominent role in the conceptual relation named by the verb. What counts as prominent will be determined by the situation and by the multidimensional attentional and representational biases of human perceivers.
Tobias Reinhardt, Michael Lapidge, and J. N. Adams (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263327
- eISBN:
- 9780191734168
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263327.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Twenty chapters from two often-dissociated areas of Latin studies, classical and medieval Latin, examine continuities and developments in the language of Latin prose from its emergence to the twelfth ...
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Twenty chapters from two often-dissociated areas of Latin studies, classical and medieval Latin, examine continuities and developments in the language of Latin prose from its emergence to the twelfth century. Language is not understood in a narrowly philological or linguistic sense, but as encompassing the literary exploitation of linguistic effects and the influence of formal rhetoric on prose. Key themes explored throughout this book are the use of poetic diction in prose, archaism, sentence structure, and bilingualism. Chapters cover a comprehensive range of material including studies of individual works, groups of authors such as the Republican historians, prose genres such as the ancient novel or medieval biography, and linguistic topics such as the use of connectives in archaic Latin or prose rhythm in medieval Latin.Less
Twenty chapters from two often-dissociated areas of Latin studies, classical and medieval Latin, examine continuities and developments in the language of Latin prose from its emergence to the twelfth century. Language is not understood in a narrowly philological or linguistic sense, but as encompassing the literary exploitation of linguistic effects and the influence of formal rhetoric on prose. Key themes explored throughout this book are the use of poetic diction in prose, archaism, sentence structure, and bilingualism. Chapters cover a comprehensive range of material including studies of individual works, groups of authors such as the Republican historians, prose genres such as the ancient novel or medieval biography, and linguistic topics such as the use of connectives in archaic Latin or prose rhythm in medieval Latin.
Joshua Landy
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195169393
- eISBN:
- 9780199787845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169393.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter examines the connections between Proust's philosophy, and his and his narrator's literary style. On the one hand, a set of stylistic features correspond neatly to the theory of self ...
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This chapter examines the connections between Proust's philosophy, and his and his narrator's literary style. On the one hand, a set of stylistic features correspond neatly to the theory of self described in Chapter 3: the inconsistencies of the novel's chronology mirror the imperfections of memory; the shifts in tone translate the self's constant fluctuations; the multiple narratorial voices reproduce the disjointed nature of consciousness; and the syntax of the famously convoluted and multilayered sentences — which often seem to grow from the middle, constantly allowing for revision and reconsideration — imitates the process by which we attempt to shape the total self. On the other hand, and more importantly, Proust's style does something else: by encouraging us to hold a great deal of information in our head at once, to retrace our steps, and to doubt what we simultaneously believe, it offers the opportunity for a kind of training that may ultimately allow us to construct our own total selves, transforming our disorderly lives into works of art.Less
This chapter examines the connections between Proust's philosophy, and his and his narrator's literary style. On the one hand, a set of stylistic features correspond neatly to the theory of self described in Chapter 3: the inconsistencies of the novel's chronology mirror the imperfections of memory; the shifts in tone translate the self's constant fluctuations; the multiple narratorial voices reproduce the disjointed nature of consciousness; and the syntax of the famously convoluted and multilayered sentences — which often seem to grow from the middle, constantly allowing for revision and reconsideration — imitates the process by which we attempt to shape the total self. On the other hand, and more importantly, Proust's style does something else: by encouraging us to hold a great deal of information in our head at once, to retrace our steps, and to doubt what we simultaneously believe, it offers the opportunity for a kind of training that may ultimately allow us to construct our own total selves, transforming our disorderly lives into works of art.
Lorri G. Nandrea
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823263431
- eISBN:
- 9780823266623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823263431.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
This chapter argues that a tendency to equate “plot,” per se, with the teleological plot aimed at closure has obscured the specific capacities of alternative structures. An analogy to periodic and ...
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This chapter argues that a tendency to equate “plot,” per se, with the teleological plot aimed at closure has obscured the specific capacities of alternative structures. An analogy to periodic and cumulative sentence structures helps clarify the architectural and phenomenological contrasts between a teleological or “periodic” plot and a “cumulative” plot. Where the former emphasizes the end as a redemptive locus of meaning, the latter emphasizes the independent value of the middle or process, which may activate interest (as defined by Sylvan Tompkins) rather than desire or suspense. Readings of Robinson Crusoe and Mary Barton provide examples of cumulative structures and their special capacity to represent work (and, hence, the working class). In closing, the chapter briefly explores the relationship between class, capitalism, and teleological patterns in the context of the history of the novel.Less
This chapter argues that a tendency to equate “plot,” per se, with the teleological plot aimed at closure has obscured the specific capacities of alternative structures. An analogy to periodic and cumulative sentence structures helps clarify the architectural and phenomenological contrasts between a teleological or “periodic” plot and a “cumulative” plot. Where the former emphasizes the end as a redemptive locus of meaning, the latter emphasizes the independent value of the middle or process, which may activate interest (as defined by Sylvan Tompkins) rather than desire or suspense. Readings of Robinson Crusoe and Mary Barton provide examples of cumulative structures and their special capacity to represent work (and, hence, the working class). In closing, the chapter briefly explores the relationship between class, capitalism, and teleological patterns in the context of the history of the novel.
Andrew Ashworth and Julian V. Roberts (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199684571
- eISBN:
- 9780191765032
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684571.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This volume is the first devoted to exploring the definitive sentencing guidelines in England and Wales. Although there is a vast literature on sentencing guidelines across the United States, the ...
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This volume is the first devoted to exploring the definitive sentencing guidelines in England and Wales. Although there is a vast literature on sentencing guidelines across the United States, the English guidelines have attracted almost no attention from scholars. The book will be of interest to many countries since the English guidelines represent the only alternative to the US schemes. A number of other jurisdictions have expressed a desire to introduce more structure to sentencing and the English scheme offers a real alternative. Contributing authors explore a range of issues relating to the guidelines. The contributors include practicing lawyers, legal and socio-legal academics, as well as scholars from several other countries including New Zealand and the United States. The volume begins with a clear and concise history of the guidelines as well as a description of how they function. The chapters explore a range of issues including the effect of guidelines on judicial practice, the role of public opinion in developing sentencing guidelines, the role of the crime victim in sentencing guidelines and the use of guidelines by practicing barristers. In addition, the international dimension offers a comparative perspective: the English guidelines are explored by leading academics from the United States and New Zealand. The volume is therefore multidisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional in approach. It will interest academics from law, sociology and criminology, legal practitioners and indeed anyone else with an interest in sentencing.Less
This volume is the first devoted to exploring the definitive sentencing guidelines in England and Wales. Although there is a vast literature on sentencing guidelines across the United States, the English guidelines have attracted almost no attention from scholars. The book will be of interest to many countries since the English guidelines represent the only alternative to the US schemes. A number of other jurisdictions have expressed a desire to introduce more structure to sentencing and the English scheme offers a real alternative. Contributing authors explore a range of issues relating to the guidelines. The contributors include practicing lawyers, legal and socio-legal academics, as well as scholars from several other countries including New Zealand and the United States. The volume begins with a clear and concise history of the guidelines as well as a description of how they function. The chapters explore a range of issues including the effect of guidelines on judicial practice, the role of public opinion in developing sentencing guidelines, the role of the crime victim in sentencing guidelines and the use of guidelines by practicing barristers. In addition, the international dimension offers a comparative perspective: the English guidelines are explored by leading academics from the United States and New Zealand. The volume is therefore multidisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional in approach. It will interest academics from law, sociology and criminology, legal practitioners and indeed anyone else with an interest in sentencing.
Eleni Miltsakaki
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015127
- eISBN:
- 9780262295888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015127.003.0014
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter examines antecedent accessibility and salience within the framework of Centering Theory, based on the traditional accessibility/salience hierarchy for referential forms. In particular, ...
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This chapter examines antecedent accessibility and salience within the framework of Centering Theory, based on the traditional accessibility/salience hierarchy for referential forms. In particular, it explores the effects of complex sentence structure on topichood, subjecthood, and pronominal interpretation from an empirical point of view by asking whether all subjects are born equal, whether subordinate clauses establish their own topics, and whether pronominal interpretation is sensitive to complex sentence structure. It also considers whether entities referenced within subordinate clauses interact with those in main clauses. It discusses the results of a number of experiments on adverbial subordinate clauses suggesting that entity topic status is updated sentence-by-sentence rather than clause-by-clause and that entities in subordinate clauses are relatively less available as candidate topics. The chapter also compares the use of pronouns versus full noun-phrase referring expressions to refer to entities within preceding relative clauses.Less
This chapter examines antecedent accessibility and salience within the framework of Centering Theory, based on the traditional accessibility/salience hierarchy for referential forms. In particular, it explores the effects of complex sentence structure on topichood, subjecthood, and pronominal interpretation from an empirical point of view by asking whether all subjects are born equal, whether subordinate clauses establish their own topics, and whether pronominal interpretation is sensitive to complex sentence structure. It also considers whether entities referenced within subordinate clauses interact with those in main clauses. It discusses the results of a number of experiments on adverbial subordinate clauses suggesting that entity topic status is updated sentence-by-sentence rather than clause-by-clause and that entities in subordinate clauses are relatively less available as candidate topics. The chapter also compares the use of pronouns versus full noun-phrase referring expressions to refer to entities within preceding relative clauses.
John Bolender
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014441
- eISBN:
- 9780262289238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014441.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
This chapter evaluates the self-organization in cognition and the control of behavior. The study of the intricate control of limb movement, and even aspects of language such as speech rhythm and ...
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This chapter evaluates the self-organization in cognition and the control of behavior. The study of the intricate control of limb movement, and even aspects of language such as speech rhythm and syntax, have revealed features that would seem to have physics as their natural home. This chapter illustrates that locomotion exhibits striking symmetries. It shows that gait and speech rhythm involve the coordination of intricate behaviors by the central nervous system. It reveals that sentence structure is a striking instance of magnification symmetry in biology. This chapter also must be restrained in reflecting on higher cognitive processes by a healthy fear of overgeneralizing.Less
This chapter evaluates the self-organization in cognition and the control of behavior. The study of the intricate control of limb movement, and even aspects of language such as speech rhythm and syntax, have revealed features that would seem to have physics as their natural home. This chapter illustrates that locomotion exhibits striking symmetries. It shows that gait and speech rhythm involve the coordination of intricate behaviors by the central nervous system. It reveals that sentence structure is a striking instance of magnification symmetry in biology. This chapter also must be restrained in reflecting on higher cognitive processes by a healthy fear of overgeneralizing.
