Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149721
- eISBN:
- 9781400840434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This introductory chapter provides a background of the collectivization of agriculture in Romania. The collectivization of agriculture was the first mass action, in largely agrarian countries like ...
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This introductory chapter provides a background of the collectivization of agriculture in Romania. The collectivization of agriculture was the first mass action, in largely agrarian countries like the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, and Romania, through which the new communist regime initiated its radical program of social, political, cultural, and economic transformation. Collectivizing agriculture was not merely an aspect of the larger policy of industrial development but an attack on the very foundations of rural life. By leaving rural inhabitants without their own means of livelihood, it radically increased their dependence on the Party-state. It both prepared and compelled them to be the proletarians of new industrial facilities. Moreover, it destroyed or at least frayed both the vertical and the horizontal social relations in which villagers were embedded and through which they defined themselves and pursued their existence.Less
This introductory chapter provides a background of the collectivization of agriculture in Romania. The collectivization of agriculture was the first mass action, in largely agrarian countries like the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, and Romania, through which the new communist regime initiated its radical program of social, political, cultural, and economic transformation. Collectivizing agriculture was not merely an aspect of the larger policy of industrial development but an attack on the very foundations of rural life. By leaving rural inhabitants without their own means of livelihood, it radically increased their dependence on the Party-state. It both prepared and compelled them to be the proletarians of new industrial facilities. Moreover, it destroyed or at least frayed both the vertical and the horizontal social relations in which villagers were embedded and through which they defined themselves and pursued their existence.
John Strickland (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028382
- eISBN:
- 9789882207400
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028382.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This is a collection of administrative dispatches from the 1910s through the early 1960s which illuminate not only rural life in Hong Kong but also Hong Kong government policies during the post-World ...
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This is a collection of administrative dispatches from the 1910s through the early 1960s which illuminate not only rural life in Hong Kong but also Hong Kong government policies during the post-World War II period. The authors of the reports include Eric Hamilton, Walter Schofield, S. H. Peplow, Paul Tsui, Austin Coates, and James Hayes. The volume is an addition to the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Studies series, which has played a vital role in reviving and sustaining local history.Less
This is a collection of administrative dispatches from the 1910s through the early 1960s which illuminate not only rural life in Hong Kong but also Hong Kong government policies during the post-World War II period. The authors of the reports include Eric Hamilton, Walter Schofield, S. H. Peplow, Paul Tsui, Austin Coates, and James Hayes. The volume is an addition to the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Studies series, which has played a vital role in reviving and sustaining local history.
David Midgley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151791
- eISBN:
- 9780191672835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151791.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter describes the traditionally strong antagonism between stereotypical conceptions of urban and rural life, and the particular political significance with which it became invested under the ...
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This chapter describes the traditionally strong antagonism between stereotypical conceptions of urban and rural life, and the particular political significance with which it became invested under the circumstances of the Weimar Republic. The main goal is to examine how the cultural tensions of the time are reflected in the depiction of Berlin on the one hand and provincial society on the other.Less
This chapter describes the traditionally strong antagonism between stereotypical conceptions of urban and rural life, and the particular political significance with which it became invested under the circumstances of the Weimar Republic. The main goal is to examine how the cultural tensions of the time are reflected in the depiction of Berlin on the one hand and provincial society on the other.
M.N. Srinivas
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077459
- eISBN:
- 9780199081165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077459.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter describes the quality of social relations in Rampura. The principle of reciprocity was basic to rural social life. Muyyi was the term used for exchange of labour, and it was resorted to ...
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This chapter describes the quality of social relations in Rampura. The principle of reciprocity was basic to rural social life. Muyyi was the term used for exchange of labour, and it was resorted to when the need for agricultural labour was at its peak. The omnipresence of hierarchical ideas had led to the proliferation and refinement of the symbols of superordination and subordination. The word moka or face was heard frequently in conversation. It stood for a person's image before others and for his self-respect. Friendship and enmity were both widely recognized relationships between individuals, families, and lineages. Gossip was an important activity in the village, and certain features of rural life provided an ideal soil for it. Envy was also a familiar phenomenon. Meanwhile, a sense of humour was an integral part of Indian village life, even though anthropological studies show no evidence of it.Less
This chapter describes the quality of social relations in Rampura. The principle of reciprocity was basic to rural social life. Muyyi was the term used for exchange of labour, and it was resorted to when the need for agricultural labour was at its peak. The omnipresence of hierarchical ideas had led to the proliferation and refinement of the symbols of superordination and subordination. The word moka or face was heard frequently in conversation. It stood for a person's image before others and for his self-respect. Friendship and enmity were both widely recognized relationships between individuals, families, and lineages. Gossip was an important activity in the village, and certain features of rural life provided an ideal soil for it. Envy was also a familiar phenomenon. Meanwhile, a sense of humour was an integral part of Indian village life, even though anthropological studies show no evidence of it.
John M. Merriman
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195064384
- eISBN:
- 9780199854424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064384.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter emphasizes the “awkward embrace” between city and country not only in the faubourg but also in the persistence of an urban agricultural population. In addition, it considers how the ...
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This chapter emphasizes the “awkward embrace” between city and country not only in the faubourg but also in the persistence of an urban agricultural population. In addition, it considers how the troubled relationship between state and city affected the urban periphery, and presents an overview of the role of industry in the development of the faubourg. To understand the urban periphery in France during the first half of the nineteenth century, it explores three things: the relationship between state and city as reflected in town walls, particularly military fortifications; the persistence of rural life on the edge of city and town, and within it; and finally, the place of industry in the emergence of the nineteenth-century faubourg.Less
This chapter emphasizes the “awkward embrace” between city and country not only in the faubourg but also in the persistence of an urban agricultural population. In addition, it considers how the troubled relationship between state and city affected the urban periphery, and presents an overview of the role of industry in the development of the faubourg. To understand the urban periphery in France during the first half of the nineteenth century, it explores three things: the relationship between state and city as reflected in town walls, particularly military fortifications; the persistence of rural life on the edge of city and town, and within it; and finally, the place of industry in the emergence of the nineteenth-century faubourg.
Marjorie Topley
Jean DeBernardi (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028146
- eISBN:
- 9789882206663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028146.003.0011
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
In China in the nineteenth century some of the most important ideas which were religious, or had religious implications, linked the destiny of individuals to their ancestors; to numerous gods and ...
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In China in the nineteenth century some of the most important ideas which were religious, or had religious implications, linked the destiny of individuals to their ancestors; to numerous gods and sanctified worthies; and to certain cosmic “ethers” and “elements” and their process. Rural China was by no means homogeneous in the nineteenth century. It was dotted with villages of different size and composition: some, particularly in the south-east, consisted of single lineages or “clans.” Religion entered into the organization of such communities everywhere to some extent. The nineteenth century was a time when villages had to provide a great deal in the way of their own control and often appealed to religious ideas to do so. The chapter deals four kinds of religious association and semi-religious association in rural life and it begins with an analysis of ancestral cults.Less
In China in the nineteenth century some of the most important ideas which were religious, or had religious implications, linked the destiny of individuals to their ancestors; to numerous gods and sanctified worthies; and to certain cosmic “ethers” and “elements” and their process. Rural China was by no means homogeneous in the nineteenth century. It was dotted with villages of different size and composition: some, particularly in the south-east, consisted of single lineages or “clans.” Religion entered into the organization of such communities everywhere to some extent. The nineteenth century was a time when villages had to provide a great deal in the way of their own control and often appealed to religious ideas to do so. The chapter deals four kinds of religious association and semi-religious association in rural life and it begins with an analysis of ancestral cults.
Philip Thibodeau
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268326
- eISBN:
- 9780520950252
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268326.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter attempts to bring to the fore representations of leisure (otium) and villa culture in the Georgics. Despite realistic elements, these also constitute a fantasy that can be usefully ...
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This chapter attempts to bring to the fore representations of leisure (otium) and villa culture in the Georgics. Despite realistic elements, these also constitute a fantasy that can be usefully analyzed in terms of its emphases and omissions, shaped by moral and aesthetic concerns. It first considers Vergil's use of prestige language—value terms like honor, Gloria, and dignitas, heavy in their social overtones—that are attached to elements of rural life. It then looks at the poem's habit of tracing the traditions of the countryside back to their origins in a mythological or heroic past, so that they acquire a dignified genealogy. It next analyzes the poem's representations of festivals within a rustic setting, in order to tie those images to aristocratic habits of euergestism and communal patronage. Finally, it takes a close look at the most extended and explicit account of rustication in the poem, the Laudes Ruris, “Praises of the Countryside” sequence at the end of book 2, observing how Vergil uses that passage to weave the aforementioned themes together.Less
This chapter attempts to bring to the fore representations of leisure (otium) and villa culture in the Georgics. Despite realistic elements, these also constitute a fantasy that can be usefully analyzed in terms of its emphases and omissions, shaped by moral and aesthetic concerns. It first considers Vergil's use of prestige language—value terms like honor, Gloria, and dignitas, heavy in their social overtones—that are attached to elements of rural life. It then looks at the poem's habit of tracing the traditions of the countryside back to their origins in a mythological or heroic past, so that they acquire a dignified genealogy. It next analyzes the poem's representations of festivals within a rustic setting, in order to tie those images to aristocratic habits of euergestism and communal patronage. Finally, it takes a close look at the most extended and explicit account of rustication in the poem, the Laudes Ruris, “Praises of the Countryside” sequence at the end of book 2, observing how Vergil uses that passage to weave the aforementioned themes together.
David Eastwood
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204817
- eISBN:
- 9780191676406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204817.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The rhythms of rural life and the institutions of the village community offered points of reference and a means of establishing an individual's economic role and social location. This chapter ...
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The rhythms of rural life and the institutions of the village community offered points of reference and a means of establishing an individual's economic role and social location. This chapter describes the Laws of Settlement and parish vestry. Over 90% of local taxation was absorbed by the parish, and the proportion could rise above 95% when poor-relief expenditure reached unprecedented levels in response to inflated food prices and extensive structural underemployment. The parish vestry and its officers were preoccupied with narrowly parochial concerns and this led to frequent clashes between parish officials and magistrates whose administrative perspective was regional rather than narrowly parochial.Less
The rhythms of rural life and the institutions of the village community offered points of reference and a means of establishing an individual's economic role and social location. This chapter describes the Laws of Settlement and parish vestry. Over 90% of local taxation was absorbed by the parish, and the proportion could rise above 95% when poor-relief expenditure reached unprecedented levels in response to inflated food prices and extensive structural underemployment. The parish vestry and its officers were preoccupied with narrowly parochial concerns and this led to frequent clashes between parish officials and magistrates whose administrative perspective was regional rather than narrowly parochial.
Kevin M. Lowe
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190249458
- eISBN:
- 9780190249472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190249458.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter focuses on some of the effects that ecumenical agrarian institutions had on local communities. Agrarian reformers took a strong interest in the experience of rural congregations. Drawing ...
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This chapter focuses on some of the effects that ecumenical agrarian institutions had on local communities. Agrarian reformers took a strong interest in the experience of rural congregations. Drawing on a Progressive heritage, they promoted “spiritual efficiency,” including new cooperative strategies for organizing and running churches. The chapter describes programs for consolidating churches, including the larger parish plan, and presents a case study of Tompkins County, New York. At the same time, individual denominations and ecumenical organizations continued to work with ostensibly secular organizations like 4-H to promote rural-focused community celebrations. This rural spirituality found expression especially in two newly designed festivals: Rural Life Sunday and Harvest Home Sunday, which were designed to cement rural people’s devotion to the countryside.Less
This chapter focuses on some of the effects that ecumenical agrarian institutions had on local communities. Agrarian reformers took a strong interest in the experience of rural congregations. Drawing on a Progressive heritage, they promoted “spiritual efficiency,” including new cooperative strategies for organizing and running churches. The chapter describes programs for consolidating churches, including the larger parish plan, and presents a case study of Tompkins County, New York. At the same time, individual denominations and ecumenical organizations continued to work with ostensibly secular organizations like 4-H to promote rural-focused community celebrations. This rural spirituality found expression especially in two newly designed festivals: Rural Life Sunday and Harvest Home Sunday, which were designed to cement rural people’s devotion to the countryside.
Sonya Salamon
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807845530
- eISBN:
- 9781469616094
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9781469611181_Salamon
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This book consolidates, refines, advances and grounds recent scholarship that challenges familiar platitudes about family farming and rural life in the United States. Its approach yields a depth of ...
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This book consolidates, refines, advances and grounds recent scholarship that challenges familiar platitudes about family farming and rural life in the United States. Its approach yields a depth of information about farming culture not usually found in the literature on rural America. The book takes the reader on a cultural tour of a cherished American institution and landscape: midwestern farm families and their farms. With attention to detail and knowledge borne of first-hand study over many years, the author reveals the pervasive imprint of ethnicity. The book represents one of those rare studies that enrich our social vision and understanding in extraordinary ways. It contributes to the study of agriculture and culture, and its cross-disciplinary approach will engage scholars in many areas. For historians, it is an illustration that different behaviors between American and immigrant farmers, planted over a century ago in the Middle West, have endured to the present.Less
This book consolidates, refines, advances and grounds recent scholarship that challenges familiar platitudes about family farming and rural life in the United States. Its approach yields a depth of information about farming culture not usually found in the literature on rural America. The book takes the reader on a cultural tour of a cherished American institution and landscape: midwestern farm families and their farms. With attention to detail and knowledge borne of first-hand study over many years, the author reveals the pervasive imprint of ethnicity. The book represents one of those rare studies that enrich our social vision and understanding in extraordinary ways. It contributes to the study of agriculture and culture, and its cross-disciplinary approach will engage scholars in many areas. For historians, it is an illustration that different behaviors between American and immigrant farmers, planted over a century ago in the Middle West, have endured to the present.
