Kimberley Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387421
- eISBN:
- 9780199776771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387421.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter explores how Jim Crow reformers, energized by the New Deal and with access to its resources, attempted to further centralize government power in a political order that was characterized ...
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This chapter explores how Jim Crow reformers, energized by the New Deal and with access to its resources, attempted to further centralize government power in a political order that was characterized by a pervasive localism and general hostility toward government power. Although southern New Dealers played an important role in pushing for state-level administrative reform, university-based reformers and northern foundations also played a critical and largely overlooked role in this attempt to reshape and modernize southern state government. Their awkward position as critics of the state as well as state functionaries reflected the contradictory position in which many reformers found themselves. In the end, reformers' attempts to reorient government power toward the needs of the South's have-nots faltered on the reformers' lack of political power and their inability as servants of the state to directly address issues of power and race.Less
This chapter explores how Jim Crow reformers, energized by the New Deal and with access to its resources, attempted to further centralize government power in a political order that was characterized by a pervasive localism and general hostility toward government power. Although southern New Dealers played an important role in pushing for state-level administrative reform, university-based reformers and northern foundations also played a critical and largely overlooked role in this attempt to reshape and modernize southern state government. Their awkward position as critics of the state as well as state functionaries reflected the contradictory position in which many reformers found themselves. In the end, reformers' attempts to reorient government power toward the needs of the South's have-nots faltered on the reformers' lack of political power and their inability as servants of the state to directly address issues of power and race.
Carl R. Trueman
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263524
- eISBN:
- 9780191682599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263524.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Church History
This book is a study of the Christian idea of salvation as seen through the eyes of five 16th-century English reformers: John Frith, John Hooper, Robert Barnes, John Bradford, and the famous Bible ...
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This book is a study of the Christian idea of salvation as seen through the eyes of five 16th-century English reformers: John Frith, John Hooper, Robert Barnes, John Bradford, and the famous Bible translator, William Tyndale. The book sets their views in context, both historically and intellectually, before engaging in a detailed and clear examination of all the relevant aspects of their thought, from election and justification to the relationship between sacraments and salvation. The picture that emerges reveals not only the extensive impact of continental thought upon English Reformation theology, but also the manner in which the writings of men such as Luther, Melanchthon, Bullinger, and Bucer were used (often selectively and sometimes surprisingly) by the English reformers to support their own distinctive concerns. It also becomes clear that by 1556, English Protestantism, even at its highest level, had already experienced serious doctrinal tensions concerning the nature of salvation, tensions which were a dark omen of future controversies.Less
This book is a study of the Christian idea of salvation as seen through the eyes of five 16th-century English reformers: John Frith, John Hooper, Robert Barnes, John Bradford, and the famous Bible translator, William Tyndale. The book sets their views in context, both historically and intellectually, before engaging in a detailed and clear examination of all the relevant aspects of their thought, from election and justification to the relationship between sacraments and salvation. The picture that emerges reveals not only the extensive impact of continental thought upon English Reformation theology, but also the manner in which the writings of men such as Luther, Melanchthon, Bullinger, and Bucer were used (often selectively and sometimes surprisingly) by the English reformers to support their own distinctive concerns. It also becomes clear that by 1556, English Protestantism, even at its highest level, had already experienced serious doctrinal tensions concerning the nature of salvation, tensions which were a dark omen of future controversies.
Timothy Larsen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287871
- eISBN:
- 9780191713422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287871.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Joseph Barker was a Methodist New Connexion minister, but his evolving religious journey led him to split the denomination. He moved to America and became a leading popular freethinker and anti-Bible ...
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Joseph Barker was a Methodist New Connexion minister, but his evolving religious journey led him to split the denomination. He moved to America and became a leading popular freethinker and anti-Bible lecturer. On his return to England, he was the co-editor with Charles Bradlaugh of the atheistic paper, the National Reformer. Concerns about morality were one factor in his reconversion.Less
Joseph Barker was a Methodist New Connexion minister, but his evolving religious journey led him to split the denomination. He moved to America and became a leading popular freethinker and anti-Bible lecturer. On his return to England, he was the co-editor with Charles Bradlaugh of the atheistic paper, the National Reformer. Concerns about morality were one factor in his reconversion.
W. P. Stephens
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263630
- eISBN:
- 9780191682629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263630.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, History of Christianity
This study aims to unfold Zwingli's thought historically. Writings are examined from every period of his life, showing the development of his thought. This chapter notes some important areas where ...
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This study aims to unfold Zwingli's thought historically. Writings are examined from every period of his life, showing the development of his thought. This chapter notes some important areas where interpretations of various scholars differ. First, there is the question of the influences on Zwingli's development, including the relative importance of Erasmus, Luther, Augustine, and the humanist and scholastic thought he encountered. Second, there is the question of when he emerged as a reformer, a theological and a historical issue. Third, the relation of church and state raises other questions dealing with Zwingli's political role and his understanding of the prophet. Of his reformation practices, the most influential was the prophecy. Its impact can be seen in the development of prophesying in the English Reformation.Less
This study aims to unfold Zwingli's thought historically. Writings are examined from every period of his life, showing the development of his thought. This chapter notes some important areas where interpretations of various scholars differ. First, there is the question of the influences on Zwingli's development, including the relative importance of Erasmus, Luther, Augustine, and the humanist and scholastic thought he encountered. Second, there is the question of when he emerged as a reformer, a theological and a historical issue. Third, the relation of church and state raises other questions dealing with Zwingli's political role and his understanding of the prophet. Of his reformation practices, the most influential was the prophecy. Its impact can be seen in the development of prophesying in the English Reformation.
CARL R. TRUEMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263524
- eISBN:
- 9780191682599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263524.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Church History
This study is divided into three parts. Part One deals with the historical and intellectual context of five English Reformers: William Tyndale, John Frith, Robert Barnes, John Hooper, and John ...
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This study is divided into three parts. Part One deals with the historical and intellectual context of five English Reformers: William Tyndale, John Frith, Robert Barnes, John Hooper, and John Bradford. Part Two examines in detail the doctrine of salvation as taught by three Reformers during the reign of Henry VIII: William Tyndale, John Frith, and Robert Barnes. Part Three considers the doctrine of salvation for the Reformation under Edward VI and Catholic reaction under Mary, taking John Hooper and John Bradford as it subjects. After presenting a brief background of the English reformers, the chapter notes the reason for calling this book ‘Luther's Legacy’.Less
This study is divided into three parts. Part One deals with the historical and intellectual context of five English Reformers: William Tyndale, John Frith, Robert Barnes, John Hooper, and John Bradford. Part Two examines in detail the doctrine of salvation as taught by three Reformers during the reign of Henry VIII: William Tyndale, John Frith, and Robert Barnes. Part Three considers the doctrine of salvation for the Reformation under Edward VI and Catholic reaction under Mary, taking John Hooper and John Bradford as it subjects. After presenting a brief background of the English reformers, the chapter notes the reason for calling this book ‘Luther's Legacy’.
Daniel B. Cornfield
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691160733
- eISBN:
- 9781400873890
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691160733.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
At a time when the bulwarks of the music industry are collapsing, what does it mean to be a successful musician and artist? How might contemporary musicians sustain their artistic communities? Based ...
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At a time when the bulwarks of the music industry are collapsing, what does it mean to be a successful musician and artist? How might contemporary musicians sustain their artistic communities? Based on interviews with over seventy-five popular-music professionals in Nashville, this book looks at artist activists—those visionaries who create inclusive artist communities in today's individualistic and entrepreneurial art world. Using Nashville as a model, the book develops a theory of artist activism—the ways that artist peers strengthen and build diverse artist communities. The book discusses how genre-diversifying artist activists have arisen throughout the late twentieth-century musician migration to Nashville, a city that boasts the highest concentration of music jobs in the United States. Music City is now home to diverse recording artists—including Jack White, El Movimiento, the Black Keys, and Paramore. The book identifies three types of artist activists: the artist-producer who produces and distributes his or her own and others' work while mentoring early-career artists, the social entrepreneur who maintains social spaces for artist networking, and arts trade union reformers who are revamping collective bargaining and union functions. Throughout, the book examines enterprising musicians both known and less recognized. It links individual and collective actions taken by artist activists to their orientations toward success, audience, and risk and to their original inspirations for embarking on music careers. The book offers a new model of artistic success based on innovating creative institutions to benefit the society at large.Less
At a time when the bulwarks of the music industry are collapsing, what does it mean to be a successful musician and artist? How might contemporary musicians sustain their artistic communities? Based on interviews with over seventy-five popular-music professionals in Nashville, this book looks at artist activists—those visionaries who create inclusive artist communities in today's individualistic and entrepreneurial art world. Using Nashville as a model, the book develops a theory of artist activism—the ways that artist peers strengthen and build diverse artist communities. The book discusses how genre-diversifying artist activists have arisen throughout the late twentieth-century musician migration to Nashville, a city that boasts the highest concentration of music jobs in the United States. Music City is now home to diverse recording artists—including Jack White, El Movimiento, the Black Keys, and Paramore. The book identifies three types of artist activists: the artist-producer who produces and distributes his or her own and others' work while mentoring early-career artists, the social entrepreneur who maintains social spaces for artist networking, and arts trade union reformers who are revamping collective bargaining and union functions. Throughout, the book examines enterprising musicians both known and less recognized. It links individual and collective actions taken by artist activists to their orientations toward success, audience, and risk and to their original inspirations for embarking on music careers. The book offers a new model of artistic success based on innovating creative institutions to benefit the society at large.
Kimberley Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387421
- eISBN:
- 9780199776771
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387421.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Historians of the Civil Rights era typically treat the key events of the 1950s Brown v. Board of Education — sit-ins, bus boycotts, and marches — as contributing toward a revolutionary social ...
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Historians of the Civil Rights era typically treat the key events of the 1950s Brown v. Board of Education — sit-ins, bus boycotts, and marches — as contributing toward a revolutionary social upheaval that upended a rigid caste system. While the 1950s was a watershed era in Southern and civil rights history, the tendency has been to paint the preceding Jim Crow era as a brutal system that featured none of the progressive reform impulses so apparent at the federal level and in the North. As the author shows in this reappraisal of the Jim Crow era, this argument is too simplistic, and is true to neither the 1950s nor the long era of Jim Crow that finally solidified in 1910. Focusing on the political development of the South between 1910 and 1954, this book considers the genuine efforts by white and black progressives to reform the system without destroying it. These reformers assumed that the system was there to stay, and therefore felt that they had to work within it in order to modernize the South. Consequently, white progressives tried to install a better — meaning more equitable — separate-but-equal system, and elite black reformers focused on ameliorative (rather than confrontational) solutions that would improve the lives of African Americans. The book concentrates on local and state reform efforts throughout the South in areas like schooling, housing, and labor. Many of the reforms made a difference, but they had the ironic impact of generating more demand for social change among blacks. The author is able to show how demands slowly rose over time, and how the system laid the seeds of its own destruction. The reformers' commitment to a system that was less unequal — albeit not truly equal — and more like the North, led to significant policy changes over time. As this book demonstrates, our lack of knowledge about the cumulative policy transformations resulting from the Jim Crow reform impulse, impoverishes our understanding of the Civil Rights revolution. Reforming Jim Crow aims to rectify that.Less
Historians of the Civil Rights era typically treat the key events of the 1950s Brown v. Board of Education — sit-ins, bus boycotts, and marches — as contributing toward a revolutionary social upheaval that upended a rigid caste system. While the 1950s was a watershed era in Southern and civil rights history, the tendency has been to paint the preceding Jim Crow era as a brutal system that featured none of the progressive reform impulses so apparent at the federal level and in the North. As the author shows in this reappraisal of the Jim Crow era, this argument is too simplistic, and is true to neither the 1950s nor the long era of Jim Crow that finally solidified in 1910. Focusing on the political development of the South between 1910 and 1954, this book considers the genuine efforts by white and black progressives to reform the system without destroying it. These reformers assumed that the system was there to stay, and therefore felt that they had to work within it in order to modernize the South. Consequently, white progressives tried to install a better — meaning more equitable — separate-but-equal system, and elite black reformers focused on ameliorative (rather than confrontational) solutions that would improve the lives of African Americans. The book concentrates on local and state reform efforts throughout the South in areas like schooling, housing, and labor. Many of the reforms made a difference, but they had the ironic impact of generating more demand for social change among blacks. The author is able to show how demands slowly rose over time, and how the system laid the seeds of its own destruction. The reformers' commitment to a system that was less unequal — albeit not truly equal — and more like the North, led to significant policy changes over time. As this book demonstrates, our lack of knowledge about the cumulative policy transformations resulting from the Jim Crow reform impulse, impoverishes our understanding of the Civil Rights revolution. Reforming Jim Crow aims to rectify that.
Kimberley Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387421
- eISBN:
- 9780199776771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387421.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This introductory chapter begins with a description of Jim Crow reformers. Jim Crow reformers, along with others, played a significant role in shaping the political, economic, and social context in ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a description of Jim Crow reformers. Jim Crow reformers, along with others, played a significant role in shaping the political, economic, and social context in which both the civil rights movement and its counterpart, massive resistance, emerged. The policy successes and failures of Jim Crow reform examined in this book played a critical role in shaping the stage onto which history's actors would step. Southern reform and the shaping of American democracy, the Jim Crow order, and citizenship and the struggle for order and power are then discussed. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a description of Jim Crow reformers. Jim Crow reformers, along with others, played a significant role in shaping the political, economic, and social context in which both the civil rights movement and its counterpart, massive resistance, emerged. The policy successes and failures of Jim Crow reform examined in this book played a critical role in shaping the stage onto which history's actors would step. Southern reform and the shaping of American democracy, the Jim Crow order, and citizenship and the struggle for order and power are then discussed. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Kimberley Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387421
- eISBN:
- 9780199776771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387421.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Southern liberalism has typically been identified with a small subset of white males. This identification has tended to ignore the southern black men and the southern women (black and white) who also ...
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Southern liberalism has typically been identified with a small subset of white males. This identification has tended to ignore the southern black men and the southern women (black and white) who also played an important role during this period. One reason for this exclusion is rooted in the early tactics adopted by these white male reformers, many of whom believed that the white South would accept their findings only if those findings were from white male southerners. Although they were not happy with this logic, many black male reformers accepted this exclusion as the price to be paid for moving Jim Crow reform forward. Individual women played important roles in reform; however, their activities as a coherent, recognizable group were largely invisible or more likely simply ignored by white male southern reformers. Unfortunately later researchers have not recognized that the strategic exclusion or casual minimization of the participation of blacks and women from the record left by white male reformers does not mean that blacks and women were absent from the reform movement. This chapter explores how and why these racial and gender divisions in the Jim Crow reform movement emerged and points out how these divisions in turn shaped Jim Crow reform.Less
Southern liberalism has typically been identified with a small subset of white males. This identification has tended to ignore the southern black men and the southern women (black and white) who also played an important role during this period. One reason for this exclusion is rooted in the early tactics adopted by these white male reformers, many of whom believed that the white South would accept their findings only if those findings were from white male southerners. Although they were not happy with this logic, many black male reformers accepted this exclusion as the price to be paid for moving Jim Crow reform forward. Individual women played important roles in reform; however, their activities as a coherent, recognizable group were largely invisible or more likely simply ignored by white male southern reformers. Unfortunately later researchers have not recognized that the strategic exclusion or casual minimization of the participation of blacks and women from the record left by white male reformers does not mean that blacks and women were absent from the reform movement. This chapter explores how and why these racial and gender divisions in the Jim Crow reform movement emerged and points out how these divisions in turn shaped Jim Crow reform.
Kimberley Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387421
- eISBN:
- 9780199776771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387421.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter explores the shaping of higher education for blacks by focusing on the role of Jim Crow reformers, foundations, individual whites, black educational leaders and administrators, and ...
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This chapter explores the shaping of higher education for blacks by focusing on the role of Jim Crow reformers, foundations, individual whites, black educational leaders and administrators, and especially state government. At the heart of the struggle was the question of whether and how southern states could be encouraged or forced into supporting a system of genuinely separate and equal higher education for blacks in the South. Just as reformers sought to rationalize primary education in the South, they sought to create a similar pattern of rationalization and centralization of higher education. The goal of the General Education Board (GEB), for example, was the creation of an “orderly and comprehensive system” that was “territorially comprehensive, harmoniously related [and] individually complete.” This new system would “discourage unnecessary duplication and waste and encourage economy and efficiency.” In keeping with the emerging race relations model, black colleges and universities were an inevitable part of this new rationalization.Less
This chapter explores the shaping of higher education for blacks by focusing on the role of Jim Crow reformers, foundations, individual whites, black educational leaders and administrators, and especially state government. At the heart of the struggle was the question of whether and how southern states could be encouraged or forced into supporting a system of genuinely separate and equal higher education for blacks in the South. Just as reformers sought to rationalize primary education in the South, they sought to create a similar pattern of rationalization and centralization of higher education. The goal of the General Education Board (GEB), for example, was the creation of an “orderly and comprehensive system” that was “territorially comprehensive, harmoniously related [and] individually complete.” This new system would “discourage unnecessary duplication and waste and encourage economy and efficiency.” In keeping with the emerging race relations model, black colleges and universities were an inevitable part of this new rationalization.
