Håkan Rydin and John K. Jeglum
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198528722
- eISBN:
- 9780191728211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528722.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Understanding the hydrology is fundamental for understanding peatland habitats, and this chapter considers both the quantitative and qualitative (chemical) aspects of water in peatlands. It describes ...
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Understanding the hydrology is fundamental for understanding peatland habitats, and this chapter considers both the quantitative and qualitative (chemical) aspects of water in peatlands. It describes how depth to the water table (DWT) governs vegetational physiognomy, plant occurrence, and growth. Hydraulic conductivity is an important concept affecting the water flow in the peat; and how the conductivity is related to degree of decomposition (humification) of the peat, is discussed. Variation in hydraulic conductivity is a basis for the separation in bogs between an upper, aerated ‘active layer’ (acrotelm) and the lower, constantly anoxic ‘inactive layer’ (catotelm). The water balance of a peatland is an accounting of the inputs, outputs and storage of water. The variation in water chemistry (with a focus on pH, calcium content, and electric conductivity) in peatlands is discussed, and methods for measurement introduced.Less
Understanding the hydrology is fundamental for understanding peatland habitats, and this chapter considers both the quantitative and qualitative (chemical) aspects of water in peatlands. It describes how depth to the water table (DWT) governs vegetational physiognomy, plant occurrence, and growth. Hydraulic conductivity is an important concept affecting the water flow in the peat; and how the conductivity is related to degree of decomposition (humification) of the peat, is discussed. Variation in hydraulic conductivity is a basis for the separation in bogs between an upper, aerated ‘active layer’ (acrotelm) and the lower, constantly anoxic ‘inactive layer’ (catotelm). The water balance of a peatland is an accounting of the inputs, outputs and storage of water. The variation in water chemistry (with a focus on pH, calcium content, and electric conductivity) in peatlands is discussed, and methods for measurement introduced.
Roberta Montemorra Marvin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195365870
- eISBN:
- 9780199932054
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365870.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Opera, History, Western
Chapter 2 explores the visual culture of nineteenth-century British spectatorship by examining images of prima donnas that were published in one of the principal English newspapers, the Illustrated ...
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Chapter 2 explores the visual culture of nineteenth-century British spectatorship by examining images of prima donnas that were published in one of the principal English newspapers, the Illustrated London News. Dress, ornament, posture, and physiognomy were each subtle codes through which aspects of personality were communicated, and newspaper editors and illustrators were adept at manipulating these codes to specific ends. In some cases these can be seen working against what the readers’ prior impressions of a prima donna might have been, based on reports of her irregular private life and moral transgressions. This revealing case study offers insights into ideologies of gender that literally shaped the image and the public’s perception of Italian opera stars in the years before newspapers moved over from engravings to photography.Less
Chapter 2 explores the visual culture of nineteenth-century British spectatorship by examining images of prima donnas that were published in one of the principal English newspapers, the Illustrated London News. Dress, ornament, posture, and physiognomy were each subtle codes through which aspects of personality were communicated, and newspaper editors and illustrators were adept at manipulating these codes to specific ends. In some cases these can be seen working against what the readers’ prior impressions of a prima donna might have been, based on reports of her irregular private life and moral transgressions. This revealing case study offers insights into ideologies of gender that literally shaped the image and the public’s perception of Italian opera stars in the years before newspapers moved over from engravings to photography.
Bernadette Wegenstein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262232678
- eISBN:
- 9780262301114
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262232678.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
If the gaze can be understood to mark the disjuncture between how we see ourselves and how we want to be seen by others, the cosmetic gaze—in this book’s formulation—is one through which the act of ...
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If the gaze can be understood to mark the disjuncture between how we see ourselves and how we want to be seen by others, the cosmetic gaze—in this book’s formulation—is one through which the act of looking at our bodies and the bodies of others is already informed by the techniques, expectations, and strategies (often surgical) of bodily modification. It is, the author says, also a moralizing gaze, a way of looking at bodies as awaiting both physical and spiritual improvement. The book charts this synthesis of outer and inner transformation. It shows how the cosmetic gaze underlies the “rebirth” celebrated in today’s makeover culture and how it builds upon a body concept which has collapsed into its mediality. In today’s beauty discourse—on reality TV and websites that collect “bad plastic surgery”—we yearn to experience a bettered self which has been reborn from its own flesh and is now itself, like a digitally remastered character in a classic Hollywood movie, immortal. The author traces the cosmetic gaze from eighteenth-century ideas about physiognomy through television makeover shows and facial-recognition software to cinema—which, like our other screens, never ceases to show us our bodies as they could be, drawing life from the very cosmetic gaze it transmits.Less
If the gaze can be understood to mark the disjuncture between how we see ourselves and how we want to be seen by others, the cosmetic gaze—in this book’s formulation—is one through which the act of looking at our bodies and the bodies of others is already informed by the techniques, expectations, and strategies (often surgical) of bodily modification. It is, the author says, also a moralizing gaze, a way of looking at bodies as awaiting both physical and spiritual improvement. The book charts this synthesis of outer and inner transformation. It shows how the cosmetic gaze underlies the “rebirth” celebrated in today’s makeover culture and how it builds upon a body concept which has collapsed into its mediality. In today’s beauty discourse—on reality TV and websites that collect “bad plastic surgery”—we yearn to experience a bettered self which has been reborn from its own flesh and is now itself, like a digitally remastered character in a classic Hollywood movie, immortal. The author traces the cosmetic gaze from eighteenth-century ideas about physiognomy through television makeover shows and facial-recognition software to cinema—which, like our other screens, never ceases to show us our bodies as they could be, drawing life from the very cosmetic gaze it transmits.
O.D. Creutzfeldt
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523246
- eISBN:
- 9780191724510
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523246.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter provides a historical perspective to systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex. The significance of the cerebral cortex for the higher integrative and intellectual functions ...
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This chapter provides a historical perspective to systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex. The significance of the cerebral cortex for the higher integrative and intellectual functions of the brain was not clearly recognized until the second half of the nineteenth century. In fact, systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex did not begin until about 1870. However, in 1792 the anatomist Franz Josef Gall, under the influence of romantic psychology with its interest in characterology and physiognomy, had already hypothesized that certain ‘psychological qualities’ were located in specific areas of the cerebral cortex. This idea contradicted the established doctrine, originating with Rene Descartes and based on philosophy rather than on anatomy, which located the soul as a unified function in the pineal gland. Although none of these speculations had a sound anatomical basis, Gall's phrenology was a step in the right direction. At the centre of Gall's hypothesis was the conviction that intellectual and moral powers were located in certain regions of the surface of the brain.Less
This chapter provides a historical perspective to systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex. The significance of the cerebral cortex for the higher integrative and intellectual functions of the brain was not clearly recognized until the second half of the nineteenth century. In fact, systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex did not begin until about 1870. However, in 1792 the anatomist Franz Josef Gall, under the influence of romantic psychology with its interest in characterology and physiognomy, had already hypothesized that certain ‘psychological qualities’ were located in specific areas of the cerebral cortex. This idea contradicted the established doctrine, originating with Rene Descartes and based on philosophy rather than on anatomy, which located the soul as a unified function in the pineal gland. Although none of these speculations had a sound anatomical basis, Gall's phrenology was a step in the right direction. At the centre of Gall's hypothesis was the conviction that intellectual and moral powers were located in certain regions of the surface of the brain.
Luke Gibbons
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226236179
- eISBN:
- 9780226236209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226236209.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
In Joyce's Ireland, the past is not over until it has found its expressions in the present, and it is these spectral premonitions that allowed Irish culture to come to terms with the traumatic fall ...
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In Joyce's Ireland, the past is not over until it has found its expressions in the present, and it is these spectral premonitions that allowed Irish culture to come to terms with the traumatic fall of Parnell. The shock of Parnell's death was such that many believed he had staged his death, leading to the rumor that he had re-surfaced as Christiaan De Wet in South Africa to lead the Boer War against the British empire. In Ulysses, the capacity to see a resemblance of a lost person in the face of another is explored to suggest the possibility of finding a new substitute for an inconsolable loss. The refusal in melancholia to accept the finality of death is reworked in terms of the relational ethics of Judith Butler, in which one element in a bond of attachment may be lost, but the affective ties live on, affording new possibilities of hope in the future.Less
In Joyce's Ireland, the past is not over until it has found its expressions in the present, and it is these spectral premonitions that allowed Irish culture to come to terms with the traumatic fall of Parnell. The shock of Parnell's death was such that many believed he had staged his death, leading to the rumor that he had re-surfaced as Christiaan De Wet in South Africa to lead the Boer War against the British empire. In Ulysses, the capacity to see a resemblance of a lost person in the face of another is explored to suggest the possibility of finding a new substitute for an inconsolable loss. The refusal in melancholia to accept the finality of death is reworked in terms of the relational ethics of Judith Butler, in which one element in a bond of attachment may be lost, but the affective ties live on, affording new possibilities of hope in the future.
Jay Geller
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823233618
- eISBN:
- 9780823241781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823233618.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter introduces terminology and methods that will be used throughout this study. It offers working definitions of Judentum, antisemitism, Jewish-identified individuals, fetish, modernity, and ...
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This chapter introduces terminology and methods that will be used throughout this study. It offers working definitions of Judentum, antisemitism, Jewish-identified individuals, fetish, modernity, and the morphemic/orthographic/semantic/phonemic field. It also describes a physiognomic epidemiological method, a technique for mapping the emergence and distribution of as well as the interrelationships among particular Jewish-associated morphemes and images in German-language verbal and visual texts. The chapter depicts a European modernity characterized by the emergence of medical/biological and national/evolutionary/colonial narratives and accompanying authorizing discourses by which truth was identified and rendered visible on the body—specifically, the body of “the Jew” and the techniques practiced upon it (e.g., circumcision). It situates the socio-politico Jewish Question in Germanophone lands within the unresolved crisis over whether or not Jewish-identified individuals should or could be integrated into the dominant society.Less
This chapter introduces terminology and methods that will be used throughout this study. It offers working definitions of Judentum, antisemitism, Jewish-identified individuals, fetish, modernity, and the morphemic/orthographic/semantic/phonemic field. It also describes a physiognomic epidemiological method, a technique for mapping the emergence and distribution of as well as the interrelationships among particular Jewish-associated morphemes and images in German-language verbal and visual texts. The chapter depicts a European modernity characterized by the emergence of medical/biological and national/evolutionary/colonial narratives and accompanying authorizing discourses by which truth was identified and rendered visible on the body—specifically, the body of “the Jew” and the techniques practiced upon it (e.g., circumcision). It situates the socio-politico Jewish Question in Germanophone lands within the unresolved crisis over whether or not Jewish-identified individuals should or could be integrated into the dominant society.
Joan E. Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199554485
- eISBN:
- 9780191745911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554485.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism, Biblical Studies
The Dead Sea’s healing resources, being so well-known in antiquity, also attracted Essenes, who were attested as being adept in pharmacological lore (so Josephus, War 2: 136). As John Allegro once ...
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The Dead Sea’s healing resources, being so well-known in antiquity, also attracted Essenes, who were attested as being adept in pharmacological lore (so Josephus, War 2: 136). As John Allegro once noted, their location also lates to Ezekiel 47: 1-12, where a stream of healing water flows from the Temple down the Kidron to the Dead Sea, bringing alive the water from en Gedi to En Egallaim (Ain Hajla). Many healing resources are evidenced in antiquity: balsam, date palms, rue, mandrake, madder, honey, minerals (asphalt, sulphur, alum, salt), along with healing hot spring waters. These can be related to the continuing traditions of medicinal plant use among the Bedouin over the centuries. Likewise, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, there are many instances of a deep concern with healing, seen as a blessing of God. This is found in scientific works in the corpus (the wisdom of Solomon), containing lore concerning astrology, physiognomy, angelology, exorcisms, purifications and pharmacology. The archaeology of Qumran itself indicates a strong possibility that part of the site was used for medicinal manufacture, as also in En Boqeq.Less
The Dead Sea’s healing resources, being so well-known in antiquity, also attracted Essenes, who were attested as being adept in pharmacological lore (so Josephus, War 2: 136). As John Allegro once noted, their location also lates to Ezekiel 47: 1-12, where a stream of healing water flows from the Temple down the Kidron to the Dead Sea, bringing alive the water from en Gedi to En Egallaim (Ain Hajla). Many healing resources are evidenced in antiquity: balsam, date palms, rue, mandrake, madder, honey, minerals (asphalt, sulphur, alum, salt), along with healing hot spring waters. These can be related to the continuing traditions of medicinal plant use among the Bedouin over the centuries. Likewise, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, there are many instances of a deep concern with healing, seen as a blessing of God. This is found in scientific works in the corpus (the wisdom of Solomon), containing lore concerning astrology, physiognomy, angelology, exorcisms, purifications and pharmacology. The archaeology of Qumran itself indicates a strong possibility that part of the site was used for medicinal manufacture, as also in En Boqeq.
Katsuhiko Suganuma and Siu-lun Wong
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083701
- eISBN:
- 9789882209053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083701.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Chapter 3 investigates a morphing process of the gendered binary metaphor of Japan and the West. The case study for this chapter is conducted on the first Japanese commercial gay magazine, Barazoku ...
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Chapter 3 investigates a morphing process of the gendered binary metaphor of Japan and the West. The case study for this chapter is conducted on the first Japanese commercial gay magazine, Barazoku (Rose Tribe). The chapter discusses the notion of ‘whiteness’ in the context of queer as well as transnational contexts. It asks the question as to what happens when whiteness is discussed within a discursive space in which whiteness is no longer the norm. The chapter shows how the Japanese queer textual space of Barazoku in the 1970s precluded whiteness from attaining the flexibility and fluidity normally available in the West.Less
Chapter 3 investigates a morphing process of the gendered binary metaphor of Japan and the West. The case study for this chapter is conducted on the first Japanese commercial gay magazine, Barazoku (Rose Tribe). The chapter discusses the notion of ‘whiteness’ in the context of queer as well as transnational contexts. It asks the question as to what happens when whiteness is discussed within a discursive space in which whiteness is no longer the norm. The chapter shows how the Japanese queer textual space of Barazoku in the 1970s precluded whiteness from attaining the flexibility and fluidity normally available in the West.
Georgia Frank
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520222052
- eISBN:
- 9780520924352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520222052.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter focuses on pilgrims' responses to the facial appearance of ascetics. Monastics developed their own physiognomic enterprise, often exhorting novices on the type of self-fashioning that ...
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This chapter focuses on pilgrims' responses to the facial appearance of ascetics. Monastics developed their own physiognomic enterprise, often exhorting novices on the type of self-fashioning that would result in an “ascetic” appearance. In their vocabulary for ascetic physiognomy, pilgrims put a distinctive face on sanctity, combining techniques of ancient physiognomy with a biblical sensibility. In addition, as a discipline based in visual scrutiny, physiognomy can lead to a deeper understanding of how pilgrims construed the processes and effects of seeing. Because pilgrims rarely commented on the act of seeing, their descriptions of what they saw become important for understanding the viewing subject implied in such descriptions. Physiognomy provides a tool by which to uncover these visual processes and the spiritual possibilities for those who engaged in body-reading.Less
This chapter focuses on pilgrims' responses to the facial appearance of ascetics. Monastics developed their own physiognomic enterprise, often exhorting novices on the type of self-fashioning that would result in an “ascetic” appearance. In their vocabulary for ascetic physiognomy, pilgrims put a distinctive face on sanctity, combining techniques of ancient physiognomy with a biblical sensibility. In addition, as a discipline based in visual scrutiny, physiognomy can lead to a deeper understanding of how pilgrims construed the processes and effects of seeing. Because pilgrims rarely commented on the act of seeing, their descriptions of what they saw become important for understanding the viewing subject implied in such descriptions. Physiognomy provides a tool by which to uncover these visual processes and the spiritual possibilities for those who engaged in body-reading.
Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520241800
- eISBN:
- 9780520931091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520241800.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In 1782, Henri Grégoire was named curé (parish priest) of Emberménil, as successor to his old mentor—something truly momentous for someone in his circumstances. Though he could have remained an ...
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In 1782, Henri Grégoire was named curé (parish priest) of Emberménil, as successor to his old mentor—something truly momentous for someone in his circumstances. Though he could have remained an important man in Emberménil until his death, Grégoire was to set his sights higher. Though Grégoire's activities in the 1780s are far less famous than his later actions, tracing them is important for several reasons. First, examining his practical attempts to improve his parish helps understand the roots of his ideas of regeneration and universalism. This chapter shows in particular his early interest in spreading enlightenment to groups he felt had been denied knowledge; in traveling as a means for learning about different cultures; and in using Johann Caspar Lavater's ideas on physiognomy to understand moral behavior and discusses the origins of his controversial stances on the Church during the Revolution.Less
In 1782, Henri Grégoire was named curé (parish priest) of Emberménil, as successor to his old mentor—something truly momentous for someone in his circumstances. Though he could have remained an important man in Emberménil until his death, Grégoire was to set his sights higher. Though Grégoire's activities in the 1780s are far less famous than his later actions, tracing them is important for several reasons. First, examining his practical attempts to improve his parish helps understand the roots of his ideas of regeneration and universalism. This chapter shows in particular his early interest in spreading enlightenment to groups he felt had been denied knowledge; in traveling as a means for learning about different cultures; and in using Johann Caspar Lavater's ideas on physiognomy to understand moral behavior and discusses the origins of his controversial stances on the Church during the Revolution.
