Håkan Rydin and John K. Jeglum
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198528722
- eISBN:
- 9780191728211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528722.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Understanding the hydrology is fundamental for understanding peatland habitats, and this chapter considers both the quantitative and qualitative (chemical) aspects of water in peatlands. It describes ...
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Understanding the hydrology is fundamental for understanding peatland habitats, and this chapter considers both the quantitative and qualitative (chemical) aspects of water in peatlands. It describes how depth to the water table (DWT) governs vegetational physiognomy, plant occurrence, and growth. Hydraulic conductivity is an important concept affecting the water flow in the peat; and how the conductivity is related to degree of decomposition (humification) of the peat, is discussed. Variation in hydraulic conductivity is a basis for the separation in bogs between an upper, aerated ‘active layer’ (acrotelm) and the lower, constantly anoxic ‘inactive layer’ (catotelm). The water balance of a peatland is an accounting of the inputs, outputs and storage of water. The variation in water chemistry (with a focus on pH, calcium content, and electric conductivity) in peatlands is discussed, and methods for measurement introduced.Less
Understanding the hydrology is fundamental for understanding peatland habitats, and this chapter considers both the quantitative and qualitative (chemical) aspects of water in peatlands. It describes how depth to the water table (DWT) governs vegetational physiognomy, plant occurrence, and growth. Hydraulic conductivity is an important concept affecting the water flow in the peat; and how the conductivity is related to degree of decomposition (humification) of the peat, is discussed. Variation in hydraulic conductivity is a basis for the separation in bogs between an upper, aerated ‘active layer’ (acrotelm) and the lower, constantly anoxic ‘inactive layer’ (catotelm). The water balance of a peatland is an accounting of the inputs, outputs and storage of water. The variation in water chemistry (with a focus on pH, calcium content, and electric conductivity) in peatlands is discussed, and methods for measurement introduced.
Bernadette Wegenstein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262232678
- eISBN:
- 9780262301114
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262232678.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
If the gaze can be understood to mark the disjuncture between how we see ourselves and how we want to be seen by others, the cosmetic gaze—in this book’s formulation—is one through which the act of ...
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If the gaze can be understood to mark the disjuncture between how we see ourselves and how we want to be seen by others, the cosmetic gaze—in this book’s formulation—is one through which the act of looking at our bodies and the bodies of others is already informed by the techniques, expectations, and strategies (often surgical) of bodily modification. It is, the author says, also a moralizing gaze, a way of looking at bodies as awaiting both physical and spiritual improvement. The book charts this synthesis of outer and inner transformation. It shows how the cosmetic gaze underlies the “rebirth” celebrated in today’s makeover culture and how it builds upon a body concept which has collapsed into its mediality. In today’s beauty discourse—on reality TV and websites that collect “bad plastic surgery”—we yearn to experience a bettered self which has been reborn from its own flesh and is now itself, like a digitally remastered character in a classic Hollywood movie, immortal. The author traces the cosmetic gaze from eighteenth-century ideas about physiognomy through television makeover shows and facial-recognition software to cinema—which, like our other screens, never ceases to show us our bodies as they could be, drawing life from the very cosmetic gaze it transmits.Less
If the gaze can be understood to mark the disjuncture between how we see ourselves and how we want to be seen by others, the cosmetic gaze—in this book’s formulation—is one through which the act of looking at our bodies and the bodies of others is already informed by the techniques, expectations, and strategies (often surgical) of bodily modification. It is, the author says, also a moralizing gaze, a way of looking at bodies as awaiting both physical and spiritual improvement. The book charts this synthesis of outer and inner transformation. It shows how the cosmetic gaze underlies the “rebirth” celebrated in today’s makeover culture and how it builds upon a body concept which has collapsed into its mediality. In today’s beauty discourse—on reality TV and websites that collect “bad plastic surgery”—we yearn to experience a bettered self which has been reborn from its own flesh and is now itself, like a digitally remastered character in a classic Hollywood movie, immortal. The author traces the cosmetic gaze from eighteenth-century ideas about physiognomy through television makeover shows and facial-recognition software to cinema—which, like our other screens, never ceases to show us our bodies as they could be, drawing life from the very cosmetic gaze it transmits.
Roberta Montemorra Marvin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195365870
- eISBN:
- 9780199932054
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365870.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Opera, History, Western
Chapter 2 explores the visual culture of nineteenth-century British spectatorship by examining images of prima donnas that were published in one of the principal English newspapers, the Illustrated ...
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Chapter 2 explores the visual culture of nineteenth-century British spectatorship by examining images of prima donnas that were published in one of the principal English newspapers, the Illustrated London News. Dress, ornament, posture, and physiognomy were each subtle codes through which aspects of personality were communicated, and newspaper editors and illustrators were adept at manipulating these codes to specific ends. In some cases these can be seen working against what the readers’ prior impressions of a prima donna might have been, based on reports of her irregular private life and moral transgressions. This revealing case study offers insights into ideologies of gender that literally shaped the image and the public’s perception of Italian opera stars in the years before newspapers moved over from engravings to photography.Less
Chapter 2 explores the visual culture of nineteenth-century British spectatorship by examining images of prima donnas that were published in one of the principal English newspapers, the Illustrated London News. Dress, ornament, posture, and physiognomy were each subtle codes through which aspects of personality were communicated, and newspaper editors and illustrators were adept at manipulating these codes to specific ends. In some cases these can be seen working against what the readers’ prior impressions of a prima donna might have been, based on reports of her irregular private life and moral transgressions. This revealing case study offers insights into ideologies of gender that literally shaped the image and the public’s perception of Italian opera stars in the years before newspapers moved over from engravings to photography.
Luke Gibbons
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226236179
- eISBN:
- 9780226236209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226236209.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
In Joyce's Ireland, the past is not over until it has found its expressions in the present, and it is these spectral premonitions that allowed Irish culture to come to terms with the traumatic fall ...
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In Joyce's Ireland, the past is not over until it has found its expressions in the present, and it is these spectral premonitions that allowed Irish culture to come to terms with the traumatic fall of Parnell. The shock of Parnell's death was such that many believed he had staged his death, leading to the rumor that he had re-surfaced as Christiaan De Wet in South Africa to lead the Boer War against the British empire. In Ulysses, the capacity to see a resemblance of a lost person in the face of another is explored to suggest the possibility of finding a new substitute for an inconsolable loss. The refusal in melancholia to accept the finality of death is reworked in terms of the relational ethics of Judith Butler, in which one element in a bond of attachment may be lost, but the affective ties live on, affording new possibilities of hope in the future.Less
In Joyce's Ireland, the past is not over until it has found its expressions in the present, and it is these spectral premonitions that allowed Irish culture to come to terms with the traumatic fall of Parnell. The shock of Parnell's death was such that many believed he had staged his death, leading to the rumor that he had re-surfaced as Christiaan De Wet in South Africa to lead the Boer War against the British empire. In Ulysses, the capacity to see a resemblance of a lost person in the face of another is explored to suggest the possibility of finding a new substitute for an inconsolable loss. The refusal in melancholia to accept the finality of death is reworked in terms of the relational ethics of Judith Butler, in which one element in a bond of attachment may be lost, but the affective ties live on, affording new possibilities of hope in the future.
Katsuhiko Suganuma and Siu-lun Wong
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083701
- eISBN:
- 9789882209053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083701.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Chapter 3 investigates a morphing process of the gendered binary metaphor of Japan and the West. The case study for this chapter is conducted on the first Japanese commercial gay magazine, Barazoku ...
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Chapter 3 investigates a morphing process of the gendered binary metaphor of Japan and the West. The case study for this chapter is conducted on the first Japanese commercial gay magazine, Barazoku (Rose Tribe). The chapter discusses the notion of ‘whiteness’ in the context of queer as well as transnational contexts. It asks the question as to what happens when whiteness is discussed within a discursive space in which whiteness is no longer the norm. The chapter shows how the Japanese queer textual space of Barazoku in the 1970s precluded whiteness from attaining the flexibility and fluidity normally available in the West.Less
Chapter 3 investigates a morphing process of the gendered binary metaphor of Japan and the West. The case study for this chapter is conducted on the first Japanese commercial gay magazine, Barazoku (Rose Tribe). The chapter discusses the notion of ‘whiteness’ in the context of queer as well as transnational contexts. It asks the question as to what happens when whiteness is discussed within a discursive space in which whiteness is no longer the norm. The chapter shows how the Japanese queer textual space of Barazoku in the 1970s precluded whiteness from attaining the flexibility and fluidity normally available in the West.
O.D. Creutzfeldt
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523246
- eISBN:
- 9780191724510
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523246.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter provides a historical perspective to systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex. The significance of the cerebral cortex for the higher integrative and intellectual functions ...
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This chapter provides a historical perspective to systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex. The significance of the cerebral cortex for the higher integrative and intellectual functions of the brain was not clearly recognized until the second half of the nineteenth century. In fact, systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex did not begin until about 1870. However, in 1792 the anatomist Franz Josef Gall, under the influence of romantic psychology with its interest in characterology and physiognomy, had already hypothesized that certain ‘psychological qualities’ were located in specific areas of the cerebral cortex. This idea contradicted the established doctrine, originating with Rene Descartes and based on philosophy rather than on anatomy, which located the soul as a unified function in the pineal gland. Although none of these speculations had a sound anatomical basis, Gall's phrenology was a step in the right direction. At the centre of Gall's hypothesis was the conviction that intellectual and moral powers were located in certain regions of the surface of the brain.Less
This chapter provides a historical perspective to systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex. The significance of the cerebral cortex for the higher integrative and intellectual functions of the brain was not clearly recognized until the second half of the nineteenth century. In fact, systematic scientific research on the cerebral cortex did not begin until about 1870. However, in 1792 the anatomist Franz Josef Gall, under the influence of romantic psychology with its interest in characterology and physiognomy, had already hypothesized that certain ‘psychological qualities’ were located in specific areas of the cerebral cortex. This idea contradicted the established doctrine, originating with Rene Descartes and based on philosophy rather than on anatomy, which located the soul as a unified function in the pineal gland. Although none of these speculations had a sound anatomical basis, Gall's phrenology was a step in the right direction. At the centre of Gall's hypothesis was the conviction that intellectual and moral powers were located in certain regions of the surface of the brain.
Jay Geller
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823233618
- eISBN:
- 9780823241781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823233618.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter introduces terminology and methods that will be used throughout this study. It offers working definitions of Judentum, antisemitism, Jewish-identified individuals, fetish, modernity, and ...
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This chapter introduces terminology and methods that will be used throughout this study. It offers working definitions of Judentum, antisemitism, Jewish-identified individuals, fetish, modernity, and the morphemic/orthographic/semantic/phonemic field. It also describes a physiognomic epidemiological method, a technique for mapping the emergence and distribution of as well as the interrelationships among particular Jewish-associated morphemes and images in German-language verbal and visual texts. The chapter depicts a European modernity characterized by the emergence of medical/biological and national/evolutionary/colonial narratives and accompanying authorizing discourses by which truth was identified and rendered visible on the body—specifically, the body of “the Jew” and the techniques practiced upon it (e.g., circumcision). It situates the socio-politico Jewish Question in Germanophone lands within the unresolved crisis over whether or not Jewish-identified individuals should or could be integrated into the dominant society.Less
This chapter introduces terminology and methods that will be used throughout this study. It offers working definitions of Judentum, antisemitism, Jewish-identified individuals, fetish, modernity, and the morphemic/orthographic/semantic/phonemic field. It also describes a physiognomic epidemiological method, a technique for mapping the emergence and distribution of as well as the interrelationships among particular Jewish-associated morphemes and images in German-language verbal and visual texts. The chapter depicts a European modernity characterized by the emergence of medical/biological and national/evolutionary/colonial narratives and accompanying authorizing discourses by which truth was identified and rendered visible on the body—specifically, the body of “the Jew” and the techniques practiced upon it (e.g., circumcision). It situates the socio-politico Jewish Question in Germanophone lands within the unresolved crisis over whether or not Jewish-identified individuals should or could be integrated into the dominant society.
Georgia Frank
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520222052
- eISBN:
- 9780520924352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520222052.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter focuses on pilgrims' responses to the facial appearance of ascetics. Monastics developed their own physiognomic enterprise, often exhorting novices on the type of self-fashioning that ...
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This chapter focuses on pilgrims' responses to the facial appearance of ascetics. Monastics developed their own physiognomic enterprise, often exhorting novices on the type of self-fashioning that would result in an “ascetic” appearance. In their vocabulary for ascetic physiognomy, pilgrims put a distinctive face on sanctity, combining techniques of ancient physiognomy with a biblical sensibility. In addition, as a discipline based in visual scrutiny, physiognomy can lead to a deeper understanding of how pilgrims construed the processes and effects of seeing. Because pilgrims rarely commented on the act of seeing, their descriptions of what they saw become important for understanding the viewing subject implied in such descriptions. Physiognomy provides a tool by which to uncover these visual processes and the spiritual possibilities for those who engaged in body-reading.Less
This chapter focuses on pilgrims' responses to the facial appearance of ascetics. Monastics developed their own physiognomic enterprise, often exhorting novices on the type of self-fashioning that would result in an “ascetic” appearance. In their vocabulary for ascetic physiognomy, pilgrims put a distinctive face on sanctity, combining techniques of ancient physiognomy with a biblical sensibility. In addition, as a discipline based in visual scrutiny, physiognomy can lead to a deeper understanding of how pilgrims construed the processes and effects of seeing. Because pilgrims rarely commented on the act of seeing, their descriptions of what they saw become important for understanding the viewing subject implied in such descriptions. Physiognomy provides a tool by which to uncover these visual processes and the spiritual possibilities for those who engaged in body-reading.
Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520241800
- eISBN:
- 9780520931091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520241800.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In 1782, Henri Grégoire was named curé (parish priest) of Emberménil, as successor to his old mentor—something truly momentous for someone in his circumstances. Though he could have remained an ...
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In 1782, Henri Grégoire was named curé (parish priest) of Emberménil, as successor to his old mentor—something truly momentous for someone in his circumstances. Though he could have remained an important man in Emberménil until his death, Grégoire was to set his sights higher. Though Grégoire's activities in the 1780s are far less famous than his later actions, tracing them is important for several reasons. First, examining his practical attempts to improve his parish helps understand the roots of his ideas of regeneration and universalism. This chapter shows in particular his early interest in spreading enlightenment to groups he felt had been denied knowledge; in traveling as a means for learning about different cultures; and in using Johann Caspar Lavater's ideas on physiognomy to understand moral behavior and discusses the origins of his controversial stances on the Church during the Revolution.Less
In 1782, Henri Grégoire was named curé (parish priest) of Emberménil, as successor to his old mentor—something truly momentous for someone in his circumstances. Though he could have remained an important man in Emberménil until his death, Grégoire was to set his sights higher. Though Grégoire's activities in the 1780s are far less famous than his later actions, tracing them is important for several reasons. First, examining his practical attempts to improve his parish helps understand the roots of his ideas of regeneration and universalism. This chapter shows in particular his early interest in spreading enlightenment to groups he felt had been denied knowledge; in traveling as a means for learning about different cultures; and in using Johann Caspar Lavater's ideas on physiognomy to understand moral behavior and discusses the origins of his controversial stances on the Church during the Revolution.
Joan E. Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199554485
- eISBN:
- 9780191745911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554485.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism, Biblical Studies
The Dead Sea’s healing resources, being so well-known in antiquity, also attracted Essenes, who were attested as being adept in pharmacological lore (so Josephus, War 2: 136). As John Allegro once ...
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The Dead Sea’s healing resources, being so well-known in antiquity, also attracted Essenes, who were attested as being adept in pharmacological lore (so Josephus, War 2: 136). As John Allegro once noted, their location also lates to Ezekiel 47: 1-12, where a stream of healing water flows from the Temple down the Kidron to the Dead Sea, bringing alive the water from en Gedi to En Egallaim (Ain Hajla). Many healing resources are evidenced in antiquity: balsam, date palms, rue, mandrake, madder, honey, minerals (asphalt, sulphur, alum, salt), along with healing hot spring waters. These can be related to the continuing traditions of medicinal plant use among the Bedouin over the centuries. Likewise, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, there are many instances of a deep concern with healing, seen as a blessing of God. This is found in scientific works in the corpus (the wisdom of Solomon), containing lore concerning astrology, physiognomy, angelology, exorcisms, purifications and pharmacology. The archaeology of Qumran itself indicates a strong possibility that part of the site was used for medicinal manufacture, as also in En Boqeq.Less
The Dead Sea’s healing resources, being so well-known in antiquity, also attracted Essenes, who were attested as being adept in pharmacological lore (so Josephus, War 2: 136). As John Allegro once noted, their location also lates to Ezekiel 47: 1-12, where a stream of healing water flows from the Temple down the Kidron to the Dead Sea, bringing alive the water from en Gedi to En Egallaim (Ain Hajla). Many healing resources are evidenced in antiquity: balsam, date palms, rue, mandrake, madder, honey, minerals (asphalt, sulphur, alum, salt), along with healing hot spring waters. These can be related to the continuing traditions of medicinal plant use among the Bedouin over the centuries. Likewise, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, there are many instances of a deep concern with healing, seen as a blessing of God. This is found in scientific works in the corpus (the wisdom of Solomon), containing lore concerning astrology, physiognomy, angelology, exorcisms, purifications and pharmacology. The archaeology of Qumran itself indicates a strong possibility that part of the site was used for medicinal manufacture, as also in En Boqeq.
Jay R. Malcolm, James L. Patton, and Maria Nazareth F. da Silva
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520098534
- eISBN:
- 9780520916098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520098534.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter examines the non-volant small mammal communities in floodplain and upland forest along the Juruá River, a white-water tributary in the western part of the Amazon Basin. It compares small ...
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This chapter examines the non-volant small mammal communities in floodplain and upland forest along the Juruá River, a white-water tributary in the western part of the Amazon Basin. It compares small mammal community composition and abundance and richness between upland and floodplain forests, and analyzes the correlations between small mammal community structure and various measurements of forest physiognomy. The chapter suggests that the Jutaí Arch of the river may have served as a barrier separating small mammal populations in the former upstream and downstream subsidence basins.Less
This chapter examines the non-volant small mammal communities in floodplain and upland forest along the Juruá River, a white-water tributary in the western part of the Amazon Basin. It compares small mammal community composition and abundance and richness between upland and floodplain forests, and analyzes the correlations between small mammal community structure and various measurements of forest physiognomy. The chapter suggests that the Jutaí Arch of the river may have served as a barrier separating small mammal populations in the former upstream and downstream subsidence basins.
Zeynep Çelik Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226485201
- eISBN:
- 9780226485348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226485348.003.0004
- Subject:
- Art, Art Theory and Criticism
While many at the turn of the century imagined a new aesthetic theory that prioritized feelings, it was August Endell who theorized the epistemological possibilities of feeling with unrivalled ...
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While many at the turn of the century imagined a new aesthetic theory that prioritized feelings, it was August Endell who theorized the epistemological possibilities of feeling with unrivalled acuity. Drawing on contemporaneous psychological debates about emotional expression and empathy, Endell developed an architectural theory that he put to pedagogical use at his Formschule in Berlin. This theory was predicated on the claim that forms could be correlated to their emotive effects with mathematical precision. Nineteenth-century academic architectural theory had been based on a physiognomic theory of expression, according to which architectural forms conformed to an expected character that expressed social norms. Endell instead theorized a pathognomic architecture that impressed its formal effects on the psyche, just as the physiologist Duchenne de Boulogne stimulated the facial muscles of his subjects with electrical currents. At a moment when theorists declared space (Raum) to be the essence of all architecture, Endell’s architectural theory shifted the focus from the physical body of buildings to the empty space that they enclosed. Furthermore, Endell provocatively argued that given the immediacy between form and affect, architectural space was the best means through which kinaesthetic knowing could attain a rigor comparable to that of propositional knowledge.Less
While many at the turn of the century imagined a new aesthetic theory that prioritized feelings, it was August Endell who theorized the epistemological possibilities of feeling with unrivalled acuity. Drawing on contemporaneous psychological debates about emotional expression and empathy, Endell developed an architectural theory that he put to pedagogical use at his Formschule in Berlin. This theory was predicated on the claim that forms could be correlated to their emotive effects with mathematical precision. Nineteenth-century academic architectural theory had been based on a physiognomic theory of expression, according to which architectural forms conformed to an expected character that expressed social norms. Endell instead theorized a pathognomic architecture that impressed its formal effects on the psyche, just as the physiologist Duchenne de Boulogne stimulated the facial muscles of his subjects with electrical currents. At a moment when theorists declared space (Raum) to be the essence of all architecture, Endell’s architectural theory shifted the focus from the physical body of buildings to the empty space that they enclosed. Furthermore, Endell provocatively argued that given the immediacy between form and affect, architectural space was the best means through which kinaesthetic knowing could attain a rigor comparable to that of propositional knowledge.
Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Michael J. Tsinisizelis, Stelios Stavridis, and Kostas Ifantis
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719049910
- eISBN:
- 9781781700242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719049910.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines the latest theoretical trends and the two treaty revisions that occurred during the mid-1980s and early 1990s, introducing the Single European Act and the Treaty on European ...
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This chapter examines the latest theoretical trends and the two treaty revisions that occurred during the mid-1980s and early 1990s, introducing the Single European Act and the Treaty on European Union (TEU), which resulted from the treaty revisions, and neofunctionalism, which re-emerged as the leading theory of European integration. The next part studies the state of theorising European integration in the 1990s in relation to the constitutional and political physiognomy of the Maastricht Treaty. The final part of the chapter focuses on the new theoretical approaches, which include the fusion thesis and new institutionalism.Less
This chapter examines the latest theoretical trends and the two treaty revisions that occurred during the mid-1980s and early 1990s, introducing the Single European Act and the Treaty on European Union (TEU), which resulted from the treaty revisions, and neofunctionalism, which re-emerged as the leading theory of European integration. The next part studies the state of theorising European integration in the 1990s in relation to the constitutional and political physiognomy of the Maastricht Treaty. The final part of the chapter focuses on the new theoretical approaches, which include the fusion thesis and new institutionalism.
Mechthild Fend
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719087967
- eISBN:
- 9781526120724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087967.003.0007
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
This chapter focuses on a set of nudes and portraits by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. It engages with the artist's ambivalent relationship with artistic anatomy and demonstrates the artist's ...
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This chapter focuses on a set of nudes and portraits by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. It engages with the artist's ambivalent relationship with artistic anatomy and demonstrates the artist's increasing attention to the body's surface achieved through a reduction of modelling of the physical forms. Ingres changed the terms of the fabrication of flesh tones – carnations – and skin became deliberately non-physiological. Critics registered Ingres's peculiar handling of skin and flesh as one of the artist's idiosyncrasies and their writings manifest a gradual shift in the understanding of the body in paint. In Ingres‘ paintings themselves, the established association of flesh and paint was replaced by the alignment of the skin with the images‘ ground, be it canvas or paper in the case of drawings, and of the depicted skin with the polished painterly surface.
The final section argues that the suppression of anatomical detail is pushed to the extreme in Ingres‘ portraits of women, resulting in a renunciation of physiognomic paradigms in which a person's exterior is meant to refer to internal qualities and character. Like in his Valpinçon Bather, the concealment of skin goes along with the closure of the interior space.Less
This chapter focuses on a set of nudes and portraits by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. It engages with the artist's ambivalent relationship with artistic anatomy and demonstrates the artist's increasing attention to the body's surface achieved through a reduction of modelling of the physical forms. Ingres changed the terms of the fabrication of flesh tones – carnations – and skin became deliberately non-physiological. Critics registered Ingres's peculiar handling of skin and flesh as one of the artist's idiosyncrasies and their writings manifest a gradual shift in the understanding of the body in paint. In Ingres‘ paintings themselves, the established association of flesh and paint was replaced by the alignment of the skin with the images‘ ground, be it canvas or paper in the case of drawings, and of the depicted skin with the polished painterly surface.
The final section argues that the suppression of anatomical detail is pushed to the extreme in Ingres‘ portraits of women, resulting in a renunciation of physiognomic paradigms in which a person's exterior is meant to refer to internal qualities and character. Like in his Valpinçon Bather, the concealment of skin goes along with the closure of the interior space.
Charles B. Hersch
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226328676
- eISBN:
- 9780226328690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226328690.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This chapter focuses on the dissemination of jazz from New Orleans outward. It shows how Jelly Roll Morton (Creole), Nick La Rocca (white), and Louis Armstrong (black) spread the carnivalesque values ...
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This chapter focuses on the dissemination of jazz from New Orleans outward. It shows how Jelly Roll Morton (Creole), Nick La Rocca (white), and Louis Armstrong (black) spread the carnivalesque values of the Crescent City, continuing the musical miscegenation that began there. In particular, each man's story illustrates the complex relationship between physiognomy, racial identity, musical style, and commercial success. With a focus on Armstrong, who thought of his music as a device for racial rapprochement, the chapter argues that the contrasting fates of the three men was influenced by their racial identities and their relationship to those identities. Though La Rocca and the Original Dixieland Jazz Band achieved mass success and Morton created innovative and influential compositions and recordings, only Armstrong reached a wide audience for the long haul. Using African devices to transform popular songs, Armstrong and his impure, subversive sounds challenged racial boundaries for decades.Less
This chapter focuses on the dissemination of jazz from New Orleans outward. It shows how Jelly Roll Morton (Creole), Nick La Rocca (white), and Louis Armstrong (black) spread the carnivalesque values of the Crescent City, continuing the musical miscegenation that began there. In particular, each man's story illustrates the complex relationship between physiognomy, racial identity, musical style, and commercial success. With a focus on Armstrong, who thought of his music as a device for racial rapprochement, the chapter argues that the contrasting fates of the three men was influenced by their racial identities and their relationship to those identities. Though La Rocca and the Original Dixieland Jazz Band achieved mass success and Morton created innovative and influential compositions and recordings, only Armstrong reached a wide audience for the long haul. Using African devices to transform popular songs, Armstrong and his impure, subversive sounds challenged racial boundaries for decades.
Shahzad Bashir
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231144919
- eISBN:
- 9780231517607
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231144919.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter has three main sections, each of which highlights a different signification of the apparent-hidden dichotomy in considering Sufi views on corporeality. The first section addresses Sufi ...
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This chapter has three main sections, each of which highlights a different signification of the apparent-hidden dichotomy in considering Sufi views on corporeality. The first section addresses Sufi understanding of the formation of the human body within the womb as an embryo. The second section concentrates on the connection between the body and ruh or spirit, the entity seen as the body's animating force. The third section considers, first, the heart (Persian dil, Arabic qalb, used interchangeably), the highest organ within the body that enables human beings to sense and experience realities pertaining to the interior world. This is followed by Sufi understanding of the science of physiognomy that indicated that human beings are predetermined to behave in certain ways based on characteristics involving the shapes, sizes, and colors of their bodies' observable parts. But the Sufi view of physiognomy also affirms the idea that individuals can overcome the characteristics inherent in their bodies through expending effort under the guidance of those whose bodies are already endowed with higher and more praiseworthy capacities.Less
This chapter has three main sections, each of which highlights a different signification of the apparent-hidden dichotomy in considering Sufi views on corporeality. The first section addresses Sufi understanding of the formation of the human body within the womb as an embryo. The second section concentrates on the connection between the body and ruh or spirit, the entity seen as the body's animating force. The third section considers, first, the heart (Persian dil, Arabic qalb, used interchangeably), the highest organ within the body that enables human beings to sense and experience realities pertaining to the interior world. This is followed by Sufi understanding of the science of physiognomy that indicated that human beings are predetermined to behave in certain ways based on characteristics involving the shapes, sizes, and colors of their bodies' observable parts. But the Sufi view of physiognomy also affirms the idea that individuals can overcome the characteristics inherent in their bodies through expending effort under the guidance of those whose bodies are already endowed with higher and more praiseworthy capacities.
Bernadette Wegenstein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262232678
- eISBN:
- 9780262301114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262232678.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter deals with the effect of the cosmetic gaze in the world of cinema. The first section deals with how cosmetic surgery has thematically influenced a series of films between the 1940s and ...
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This chapter deals with the effect of the cosmetic gaze in the world of cinema. The first section deals with how cosmetic surgery has thematically influenced a series of films between the 1940s and the twenty-first century. The next section deals with two films, made with the different approaches of two women, which disrupt the notion of female beauty in cinematic expression. The final section of the chapter deals with how this revelatory ability of films has gone beyond cinema to performance art and reality TV. Reality makeover TV is the ultimate model to display how the nineteenth-century physiognomy is repackaged in a twenty-first-century cosmetic gaze.Less
This chapter deals with the effect of the cosmetic gaze in the world of cinema. The first section deals with how cosmetic surgery has thematically influenced a series of films between the 1940s and the twenty-first century. The next section deals with two films, made with the different approaches of two women, which disrupt the notion of female beauty in cinematic expression. The final section of the chapter deals with how this revelatory ability of films has gone beyond cinema to performance art and reality TV. Reality makeover TV is the ultimate model to display how the nineteenth-century physiognomy is repackaged in a twenty-first-century cosmetic gaze.
Laurie Shannon
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226924168
- eISBN:
- 9780226924182
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226924182.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
A “hang-dog look” refers to the conscious look of guilt, or the fear and anticipation of punishment or shame, and is a deflated look often describing human defendants in courtrooms and the ordinary ...
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A “hang-dog look” refers to the conscious look of guilt, or the fear and anticipation of punishment or shame, and is a deflated look often describing human defendants in courtrooms and the ordinary canine physiognomy in relatively equal measure. The question, then, is how did the look on an animal’s face come to represent such complex social experiences as guilt and shame? Although merely an expression to represent the shamefacedness of a particularly despised or degraded fellow, the term hang-dog also refers to the historical fact of dog hanging. This chapter, then, looks at the extraordinary phenomenon of the criminal and civil trials of animal defendants. It examines these legal trials and their implications, plotting their decline against the rise of the technoscientific or experimental trials of animals. In the first, the animals are perceived as subjects of law, whereas in the second, the perception of them is disanimated; they have now become objects of science.Less
A “hang-dog look” refers to the conscious look of guilt, or the fear and anticipation of punishment or shame, and is a deflated look often describing human defendants in courtrooms and the ordinary canine physiognomy in relatively equal measure. The question, then, is how did the look on an animal’s face come to represent such complex social experiences as guilt and shame? Although merely an expression to represent the shamefacedness of a particularly despised or degraded fellow, the term hang-dog also refers to the historical fact of dog hanging. This chapter, then, looks at the extraordinary phenomenon of the criminal and civil trials of animal defendants. It examines these legal trials and their implications, plotting their decline against the rise of the technoscientific or experimental trials of animals. In the first, the animals are perceived as subjects of law, whereas in the second, the perception of them is disanimated; they have now become objects of science.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226749334
- eISBN:
- 9780226749358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226749358.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
Focusing on the establishment of paternity in Egypt and other Muslim countries, this article demonstrates the ramifications of any initiative to reform the traditional concepts of family law. It ...
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Focusing on the establishment of paternity in Egypt and other Muslim countries, this article demonstrates the ramifications of any initiative to reform the traditional concepts of family law. It comments on the current controversy in Egypt regarding the introduction of DNA testing in paternity suits, arguing that this controversy is part of a larger process. Specifically, the article links this controversy to the debate on sociocultural values—patterns of familial organization and gender relations anchored in authoritative religious-legal texts—and the struggle between traditional and modern elites for political power. After considering the role of physiognomy in Islamic legal systems, the article analyzes a recent Egyptian court case (Hinnawi v. Fishawi) and compares it with the situation in Israel, Europe, and the United States. It concludes that Muslim judges are reluctant to rely on scientific medical evidence in the context of paternity due to moral, religious, socioeconomic, and political considerations and not because they doubt the reliability of scientific means.Less
Focusing on the establishment of paternity in Egypt and other Muslim countries, this article demonstrates the ramifications of any initiative to reform the traditional concepts of family law. It comments on the current controversy in Egypt regarding the introduction of DNA testing in paternity suits, arguing that this controversy is part of a larger process. Specifically, the article links this controversy to the debate on sociocultural values—patterns of familial organization and gender relations anchored in authoritative religious-legal texts—and the struggle between traditional and modern elites for political power. After considering the role of physiognomy in Islamic legal systems, the article analyzes a recent Egyptian court case (Hinnawi v. Fishawi) and compares it with the situation in Israel, Europe, and the United States. It concludes that Muslim judges are reluctant to rely on scientific medical evidence in the context of paternity due to moral, religious, socioeconomic, and political considerations and not because they doubt the reliability of scientific means.
Adrian Daub
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199981779
- eISBN:
- 9780199370085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199981779.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western, History, American
This chapter deals with a much more covert aspect of four-hand playing and its role in nineteenth-century culture: the hand as an organ. Most visual and literary representations of four-hand playing ...
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This chapter deals with a much more covert aspect of four-hand playing and its role in nineteenth-century culture: the hand as an organ. Most visual and literary representations of four-hand playing leave out the hands themselves; however, the late nineteenth century witnessed a veritable cult of the hand—the belief that size, shape, and articulation of a hand could tell the well- schooled observer about the heredity, disposition, and character of a person. The physiognomic albums of Cesare Lombroso and Francis Galton (or the photo volumes of hands that were common in particular in fin-de-siècle Germany) proceeded mostly through montage and juxtaposition: two different sets of hands (or more often, “types” of hands) were opposed on the same page to enable or suggest comparisons. Since the piano technique of the time kept the hands on the keyboard much stiller than is the case today—highly mobile arms and shoulders were the province of iconoclasts, geniuses, and virtuosos—four-hand practice tended to fix two sets of hands in relatively limited enclosures side by side, allowing something comparable to Lombroso’s or Galton’s visual juxtapositions.Less
This chapter deals with a much more covert aspect of four-hand playing and its role in nineteenth-century culture: the hand as an organ. Most visual and literary representations of four-hand playing leave out the hands themselves; however, the late nineteenth century witnessed a veritable cult of the hand—the belief that size, shape, and articulation of a hand could tell the well- schooled observer about the heredity, disposition, and character of a person. The physiognomic albums of Cesare Lombroso and Francis Galton (or the photo volumes of hands that were common in particular in fin-de-siècle Germany) proceeded mostly through montage and juxtaposition: two different sets of hands (or more often, “types” of hands) were opposed on the same page to enable or suggest comparisons. Since the piano technique of the time kept the hands on the keyboard much stiller than is the case today—highly mobile arms and shoulders were the province of iconoclasts, geniuses, and virtuosos—four-hand practice tended to fix two sets of hands in relatively limited enclosures side by side, allowing something comparable to Lombroso’s or Galton’s visual juxtapositions.