Peter Adamson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195181425
- eISBN:
- 9780199785087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181425.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter is divided into three sections dealing with pharmacology, optics, and music, and emphasizes the issues of methodology, especially how al-Kindī thinks mathematics is used in science. In ...
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This chapter is divided into three sections dealing with pharmacology, optics, and music, and emphasizes the issues of methodology, especially how al-Kindī thinks mathematics is used in science. In pharmacology, al-Kindī gives an arithmetical theory for calculating the effects of compound drugs. In optics, he expands on ideas inherited from Ptolemy to provide a novel theory of light and color. In music, he puts forward an ambitious theory, influenced by Pythagoreanism, which holds that all things are interconnected by relations of harmony.Less
This chapter is divided into three sections dealing with pharmacology, optics, and music, and emphasizes the issues of methodology, especially how al-Kindī thinks mathematics is used in science. In pharmacology, al-Kindī gives an arithmetical theory for calculating the effects of compound drugs. In optics, he expands on ideas inherited from Ptolemy to provide a novel theory of light and color. In music, he puts forward an ambitious theory, influenced by Pythagoreanism, which holds that all things are interconnected by relations of harmony.
C. J. Garland and J. A. Angus (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192623874
- eISBN:
- 9780191724671
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192623874.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This book provides an understanding of how events at the cellular level impact on the cardiovascular system as a whole. Advances in knowledge are highlighted and all the themes are presented from the ...
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This book provides an understanding of how events at the cellular level impact on the cardiovascular system as a whole. Advances in knowledge are highlighted and all the themes are presented from the single cell (smooth muscle endothelial and nerve) level through to the blood vessel wall to the vascular system as a functional system. This book provides an introduction to wide-ranging pharmacological principles and major techniques in this subject area, and is a source of background literature for research in vascular pharmacology.Less
This book provides an understanding of how events at the cellular level impact on the cardiovascular system as a whole. Advances in knowledge are highlighted and all the themes are presented from the single cell (smooth muscle endothelial and nerve) level through to the blood vessel wall to the vascular system as a functional system. This book provides an introduction to wide-ranging pharmacological principles and major techniques in this subject area, and is a source of background literature for research in vascular pharmacology.
Kim Cornish and John Wilding
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195179941
- eISBN:
- 9780199864652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179941.003.010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
Chapter 10 addresses the significant issue of treatment of attentional impairment through both stimulant medication and psychosocial intervention. A considerable literature exists examining the ...
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Chapter 10 addresses the significant issue of treatment of attentional impairment through both stimulant medication and psychosocial intervention. A considerable literature exists examining the positive impact of stimulants, mainly methylphehidate (MPH), and psychosocial treatments in reducing the symptoms of ADHD. With respect to pharmacologic intervention the authors discuss the influence of co-morbid disorders and dosage, and note adverse side-effects of these agents. They also discuss findings of such psychosocial approaches as parent-based, cognitive-based, and computer-based training, and discuss the findings of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Nevertheless the treatment of other neurodevelopmental disorders of attention is one that should be addressed by innovative future research.Less
Chapter 10 addresses the significant issue of treatment of attentional impairment through both stimulant medication and psychosocial intervention. A considerable literature exists examining the positive impact of stimulants, mainly methylphehidate (MPH), and psychosocial treatments in reducing the symptoms of ADHD. With respect to pharmacologic intervention the authors discuss the influence of co-morbid disorders and dosage, and note adverse side-effects of these agents. They also discuss findings of such psychosocial approaches as parent-based, cognitive-based, and computer-based training, and discuss the findings of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Nevertheless the treatment of other neurodevelopmental disorders of attention is one that should be addressed by innovative future research.
Michele L. Rankin, Lisa A. Hazelwood, R. Benjamin Free, Yoon Namkung, Elizabeth B. Rex, Rebecca A. Roof, and David R. Sibley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
Dopamine receptors are rhodopsin-like seven-transmembrane receptors (also called G protein-coupled receptors) that mediate the central and peripheral actions of dopamine. Dopamine receptors are most ...
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Dopamine receptors are rhodopsin-like seven-transmembrane receptors (also called G protein-coupled receptors) that mediate the central and peripheral actions of dopamine. Dopamine receptors are most abundant in pituitary and brain, particularly in the basal forebrain, but are also found in the retina and in peripheral organs such as the kidney. Stimulation of dopamine receptors modulates natriuresis in the kidney, as well as cell division and hormone synthesis and secretion in the pituitary. Brain dopamine receptors regulate movement and locomotion, motivation, and working memory. Five subtypes of mammalian dopamine receptors have been identified that are divided into D1-like (D1, D5) or D2-like (D2, D3, D4) subgroups. The D1-like receptors couple primarily to the Gs family of G proteins (Gs and Golf), whereas the D2-like receptors couple primarily to the Gi/o family. This chapter discusses the molecular pharmacology of the five dopamine receptor subtypes.Less
Dopamine receptors are rhodopsin-like seven-transmembrane receptors (also called G protein-coupled receptors) that mediate the central and peripheral actions of dopamine. Dopamine receptors are most abundant in pituitary and brain, particularly in the basal forebrain, but are also found in the retina and in peripheral organs such as the kidney. Stimulation of dopamine receptors modulates natriuresis in the kidney, as well as cell division and hormone synthesis and secretion in the pituitary. Brain dopamine receptors regulate movement and locomotion, motivation, and working memory. Five subtypes of mammalian dopamine receptors have been identified that are divided into D1-like (D1, D5) or D2-like (D2, D3, D4) subgroups. The D1-like receptors couple primarily to the Gs family of G proteins (Gs and Golf), whereas the D2-like receptors couple primarily to the Gi/o family. This chapter discusses the molecular pharmacology of the five dopamine receptor subtypes.
Roger Dixon, Lars Backman, and Lars-Goran Nilsson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198525691
- eISBN:
- 9780191689369
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525691.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
With an ever increasing population of aging people in the western world, it is more crucial than ever that we try to understand how and why cognitive competence breaks down with advancing age; why do ...
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With an ever increasing population of aging people in the western world, it is more crucial than ever that we try to understand how and why cognitive competence breaks down with advancing age; why do some people follow normal patterns of cognitive change, while others follow a path of progressive decline, with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. What can be done to prevent cognitive decline or — to avoid neurodegenerative diseases? The answers, if they come, will not emerge from research within one discipline, but from work being done across a range of scientific and medical specialities. This book delves into the subjects of cognitive aging, neuroscience, pharmacology, health, genetics, sensory biology, and epidemiology. This book is about new frontiers rather than past research and accomplishments. Recently cognitive aging research has taken several new directions, linking with, and benefiting from, rapid technological and theoretical advances in these neighbouring disciplines. This book provides unique interdisciplinary coverage of the topic.Less
With an ever increasing population of aging people in the western world, it is more crucial than ever that we try to understand how and why cognitive competence breaks down with advancing age; why do some people follow normal patterns of cognitive change, while others follow a path of progressive decline, with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. What can be done to prevent cognitive decline or — to avoid neurodegenerative diseases? The answers, if they come, will not emerge from research within one discipline, but from work being done across a range of scientific and medical specialities. This book delves into the subjects of cognitive aging, neuroscience, pharmacology, health, genetics, sensory biology, and epidemiology. This book is about new frontiers rather than past research and accomplishments. Recently cognitive aging research has taken several new directions, linking with, and benefiting from, rapid technological and theoretical advances in these neighbouring disciplines. This book provides unique interdisciplinary coverage of the topic.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0039
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the interests that had prevented pharmaceutics from being consistently incorporated into the four humors doctrine in Greece and in the Roman era before Galen. Galen expanded ...
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This chapter focuses on the interests that had prevented pharmaceutics from being consistently incorporated into the four humors doctrine in Greece and in the Roman era before Galen. Galen expanded medicine with theoretically founded pharmaceutics. He drew on the ideas of the four humors doctrine and developed it into a comprehensive pathology of the humors, the so-called humoral pathology. He drew on the knowledge of the effects of medications and created pharmacology, the scientifically based study of the effects of medicinal substances on the human organism. Galen's task was to unite the four parts of the four elements doctrine with the seventeen different then-known effects of pharmaceutical substances. The result united the plausibility of theory with the reality of the properties of the substances. It is a reality that a pharmaceutical drug can produce a warming or cooling feeling in the body, which can be experienced by several people independently of each other. The ability of a substance to influence digestion, break open an ulcer, or increase urine flow is also a reality.Less
This chapter focuses on the interests that had prevented pharmaceutics from being consistently incorporated into the four humors doctrine in Greece and in the Roman era before Galen. Galen expanded medicine with theoretically founded pharmaceutics. He drew on the ideas of the four humors doctrine and developed it into a comprehensive pathology of the humors, the so-called humoral pathology. He drew on the knowledge of the effects of medications and created pharmacology, the scientifically based study of the effects of medicinal substances on the human organism. Galen's task was to unite the four parts of the four elements doctrine with the seventeen different then-known effects of pharmaceutical substances. The result united the plausibility of theory with the reality of the properties of the substances. It is a reality that a pharmaceutical drug can produce a warming or cooling feeling in the body, which can be experienced by several people independently of each other. The ability of a substance to influence digestion, break open an ulcer, or increase urine flow is also a reality.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0046
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
The Chinese government opened state apothecaries and published prescription books in the eleventh century. These were set up so that the educated patient could find his symptoms indexed in a table ...
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The Chinese government opened state apothecaries and published prescription books in the eleventh century. These were set up so that the educated patient could find his symptoms indexed in a table with the indications for the prescriptions. He could then go to an apothecary and buy the medicine. Confucians concerned about morality believed that the profession of the physician was burdensome. Zhang Ji, who in 200 ad had taken steps to create a scientific pharmacology and was then largely ignored for a thousand years, now arrived at unhoped-for honors. Zhang Ji was the ancient authority whose ideas could be continued from where he had left off. Many authors created all kinds of models of how to integrate pharmacy into the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. The new insights into the processes in the organism offered new possibilities to explain better the effects of pharmaceutics in this same organism.Less
The Chinese government opened state apothecaries and published prescription books in the eleventh century. These were set up so that the educated patient could find his symptoms indexed in a table with the indications for the prescriptions. He could then go to an apothecary and buy the medicine. Confucians concerned about morality believed that the profession of the physician was burdensome. Zhang Ji, who in 200 ad had taken steps to create a scientific pharmacology and was then largely ignored for a thousand years, now arrived at unhoped-for honors. Zhang Ji was the ancient authority whose ideas could be continued from where he had left off. Many authors created all kinds of models of how to integrate pharmacy into the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. The new insights into the processes in the organism offered new possibilities to explain better the effects of pharmaceutics in this same organism.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0047
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
The Chinese authors who created the new pharmacology starting in the eleventh and twelfth centuries were not narrow-minded physicians who focused solely on the human body's suffering and remained ...
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The Chinese authors who created the new pharmacology starting in the eleventh and twelfth centuries were not narrow-minded physicians who focused solely on the human body's suffering and remained isolated from history, politics, and the ideas of their philosophers. As the political philosophy of the Neo-Confucians restored the comprehensive validity of Confucianism and incorporated themes hitherto reserved for Daoism, they produced, for the first time, the comprehensive validity of the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents by applying to the explanation of the effects of the pharmaceutics in the body. Political philosophy and professional physicians' politics permitted the origins of pharmacology. It is not unusual in China for doctors to offer a diagnosis for free and to earn their living from the sale of pharmaceutics. For this, patients first need to see a physician instead of going directly to an apothecary. It was the task of pharmacology and gave physicians the knowledge of where and how pharmaceutics worked in the body.Less
The Chinese authors who created the new pharmacology starting in the eleventh and twelfth centuries were not narrow-minded physicians who focused solely on the human body's suffering and remained isolated from history, politics, and the ideas of their philosophers. As the political philosophy of the Neo-Confucians restored the comprehensive validity of Confucianism and incorporated themes hitherto reserved for Daoism, they produced, for the first time, the comprehensive validity of the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents by applying to the explanation of the effects of the pharmaceutics in the body. Political philosophy and professional physicians' politics permitted the origins of pharmacology. It is not unusual in China for doctors to offer a diagnosis for free and to earn their living from the sale of pharmaceutics. For this, patients first need to see a physician instead of going directly to an apothecary. It was the task of pharmacology and gave physicians the knowledge of where and how pharmaceutics worked in the body.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0048
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the importance of looking past the external symptoms of a sick person in order to diagnose the underlying disease. Each disease is different and a disease does not necessarily ...
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This chapter focuses on the importance of looking past the external symptoms of a sick person in order to diagnose the underlying disease. Each disease is different and a disease does not necessarily always express itself with the same symptom. Only the physician can “see” the details of the individual illness inside the body. Physicians “see” something that the pharmacist and patients do not see. The preparation of the physicians' task involved creating pharmacology. They finally incorporated the properties of pharmaceutics into the same theoretical framework that had already included the body functions for over a thousand years. Then, they claimed for the physician an exclusive ability to determine the individual condition of the patient by looking into the body through diagnosis. Finally, they claimed the ability to compile great and effective prescriptions for the condition of each individual patient through the linking of their diagnostic and pharmacologic knowledge.Less
This chapter focuses on the importance of looking past the external symptoms of a sick person in order to diagnose the underlying disease. Each disease is different and a disease does not necessarily always express itself with the same symptom. Only the physician can “see” the details of the individual illness inside the body. Physicians “see” something that the pharmacist and patients do not see. The preparation of the physicians' task involved creating pharmacology. They finally incorporated the properties of pharmaceutics into the same theoretical framework that had already included the body functions for over a thousand years. Then, they claimed for the physician an exclusive ability to determine the individual condition of the patient by looking into the body through diagnosis. Finally, they claimed the ability to compile great and effective prescriptions for the condition of each individual patient through the linking of their diagnostic and pharmacologic knowledge.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0049
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Every apothecary in China has employed physicians, if the pharmacist is not active as a physician. The patients go directly to the apothecary so it is natural that physicians also locate themselves ...
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Every apothecary in China has employed physicians, if the pharmacist is not active as a physician. The patients go directly to the apothecary so it is natural that physicians also locate themselves there. The apothecary has physicians diagnose the patients and write out prescriptions. Working in the apothecary as an employee of the pharmacist, examining patients and writing prescriptions, was still better than having no patients at all. There were also plenty of successful physicians who established themselves so that that they could work independently. Pharmacology means that people thought about how pharmaceutics could be incorporated into the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents, to explain their effects in the organism. It is not the same as saying that a single pharmacology was created.Less
Every apothecary in China has employed physicians, if the pharmacist is not active as a physician. The patients go directly to the apothecary so it is natural that physicians also locate themselves there. The apothecary has physicians diagnose the patients and write out prescriptions. Working in the apothecary as an employee of the pharmacist, examining patients and writing prescriptions, was still better than having no patients at all. There were also plenty of successful physicians who established themselves so that that they could work independently. Pharmacology means that people thought about how pharmaceutics could be incorporated into the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents, to explain their effects in the organism. It is not the same as saying that a single pharmacology was created.
