Peter Adamson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195181425
- eISBN:
- 9780199785087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181425.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter is divided into three sections dealing with pharmacology, optics, and music, and emphasizes the issues of methodology, especially how al-Kindī thinks mathematics is used in science. In ...
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This chapter is divided into three sections dealing with pharmacology, optics, and music, and emphasizes the issues of methodology, especially how al-Kindī thinks mathematics is used in science. In pharmacology, al-Kindī gives an arithmetical theory for calculating the effects of compound drugs. In optics, he expands on ideas inherited from Ptolemy to provide a novel theory of light and color. In music, he puts forward an ambitious theory, influenced by Pythagoreanism, which holds that all things are interconnected by relations of harmony.Less
This chapter is divided into three sections dealing with pharmacology, optics, and music, and emphasizes the issues of methodology, especially how al-Kindī thinks mathematics is used in science. In pharmacology, al-Kindī gives an arithmetical theory for calculating the effects of compound drugs. In optics, he expands on ideas inherited from Ptolemy to provide a novel theory of light and color. In music, he puts forward an ambitious theory, influenced by Pythagoreanism, which holds that all things are interconnected by relations of harmony.
C. J. Garland and J. A. Angus (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192623874
- eISBN:
- 9780191724671
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192623874.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This book provides an understanding of how events at the cellular level impact on the cardiovascular system as a whole. Advances in knowledge are highlighted and all the themes are presented from the ...
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This book provides an understanding of how events at the cellular level impact on the cardiovascular system as a whole. Advances in knowledge are highlighted and all the themes are presented from the single cell (smooth muscle endothelial and nerve) level through to the blood vessel wall to the vascular system as a functional system. This book provides an introduction to wide-ranging pharmacological principles and major techniques in this subject area, and is a source of background literature for research in vascular pharmacology.Less
This book provides an understanding of how events at the cellular level impact on the cardiovascular system as a whole. Advances in knowledge are highlighted and all the themes are presented from the single cell (smooth muscle endothelial and nerve) level through to the blood vessel wall to the vascular system as a functional system. This book provides an introduction to wide-ranging pharmacological principles and major techniques in this subject area, and is a source of background literature for research in vascular pharmacology.
Kim Cornish and John Wilding
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195179941
- eISBN:
- 9780199864652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179941.003.010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
Chapter 10 addresses the significant issue of treatment of attentional impairment through both stimulant medication and psychosocial intervention. A considerable literature exists examining the ...
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Chapter 10 addresses the significant issue of treatment of attentional impairment through both stimulant medication and psychosocial intervention. A considerable literature exists examining the positive impact of stimulants, mainly methylphehidate (MPH), and psychosocial treatments in reducing the symptoms of ADHD. With respect to pharmacologic intervention the authors discuss the influence of co-morbid disorders and dosage, and note adverse side-effects of these agents. They also discuss findings of such psychosocial approaches as parent-based, cognitive-based, and computer-based training, and discuss the findings of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Nevertheless the treatment of other neurodevelopmental disorders of attention is one that should be addressed by innovative future research.Less
Chapter 10 addresses the significant issue of treatment of attentional impairment through both stimulant medication and psychosocial intervention. A considerable literature exists examining the positive impact of stimulants, mainly methylphehidate (MPH), and psychosocial treatments in reducing the symptoms of ADHD. With respect to pharmacologic intervention the authors discuss the influence of co-morbid disorders and dosage, and note adverse side-effects of these agents. They also discuss findings of such psychosocial approaches as parent-based, cognitive-based, and computer-based training, and discuss the findings of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. Nevertheless the treatment of other neurodevelopmental disorders of attention is one that should be addressed by innovative future research.
Michele L. Rankin, Lisa A. Hazelwood, R. Benjamin Free, Yoon Namkung, Elizabeth B. Rex, Rebecca A. Roof, and David R. Sibley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
Dopamine receptors are rhodopsin-like seven-transmembrane receptors (also called G protein-coupled receptors) that mediate the central and peripheral actions of dopamine. Dopamine receptors are most ...
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Dopamine receptors are rhodopsin-like seven-transmembrane receptors (also called G protein-coupled receptors) that mediate the central and peripheral actions of dopamine. Dopamine receptors are most abundant in pituitary and brain, particularly in the basal forebrain, but are also found in the retina and in peripheral organs such as the kidney. Stimulation of dopamine receptors modulates natriuresis in the kidney, as well as cell division and hormone synthesis and secretion in the pituitary. Brain dopamine receptors regulate movement and locomotion, motivation, and working memory. Five subtypes of mammalian dopamine receptors have been identified that are divided into D1-like (D1, D5) or D2-like (D2, D3, D4) subgroups. The D1-like receptors couple primarily to the Gs family of G proteins (Gs and Golf), whereas the D2-like receptors couple primarily to the Gi/o family. This chapter discusses the molecular pharmacology of the five dopamine receptor subtypes.Less
Dopamine receptors are rhodopsin-like seven-transmembrane receptors (also called G protein-coupled receptors) that mediate the central and peripheral actions of dopamine. Dopamine receptors are most abundant in pituitary and brain, particularly in the basal forebrain, but are also found in the retina and in peripheral organs such as the kidney. Stimulation of dopamine receptors modulates natriuresis in the kidney, as well as cell division and hormone synthesis and secretion in the pituitary. Brain dopamine receptors regulate movement and locomotion, motivation, and working memory. Five subtypes of mammalian dopamine receptors have been identified that are divided into D1-like (D1, D5) or D2-like (D2, D3, D4) subgroups. The D1-like receptors couple primarily to the Gs family of G proteins (Gs and Golf), whereas the D2-like receptors couple primarily to the Gi/o family. This chapter discusses the molecular pharmacology of the five dopamine receptor subtypes.
Roger Dixon, Lars Backman, and Lars-Goran Nilsson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198525691
- eISBN:
- 9780191689369
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525691.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
With an ever increasing population of aging people in the western world, it is more crucial than ever that we try to understand how and why cognitive competence breaks down with advancing age; why do ...
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With an ever increasing population of aging people in the western world, it is more crucial than ever that we try to understand how and why cognitive competence breaks down with advancing age; why do some people follow normal patterns of cognitive change, while others follow a path of progressive decline, with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. What can be done to prevent cognitive decline or — to avoid neurodegenerative diseases? The answers, if they come, will not emerge from research within one discipline, but from work being done across a range of scientific and medical specialities. This book delves into the subjects of cognitive aging, neuroscience, pharmacology, health, genetics, sensory biology, and epidemiology. This book is about new frontiers rather than past research and accomplishments. Recently cognitive aging research has taken several new directions, linking with, and benefiting from, rapid technological and theoretical advances in these neighbouring disciplines. This book provides unique interdisciplinary coverage of the topic.Less
With an ever increasing population of aging people in the western world, it is more crucial than ever that we try to understand how and why cognitive competence breaks down with advancing age; why do some people follow normal patterns of cognitive change, while others follow a path of progressive decline, with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. What can be done to prevent cognitive decline or — to avoid neurodegenerative diseases? The answers, if they come, will not emerge from research within one discipline, but from work being done across a range of scientific and medical specialities. This book delves into the subjects of cognitive aging, neuroscience, pharmacology, health, genetics, sensory biology, and epidemiology. This book is about new frontiers rather than past research and accomplishments. Recently cognitive aging research has taken several new directions, linking with, and benefiting from, rapid technological and theoretical advances in these neighbouring disciplines. This book provides unique interdisciplinary coverage of the topic.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0039
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the interests that had prevented pharmaceutics from being consistently incorporated into the four humors doctrine in Greece and in the Roman era before Galen. Galen expanded ...
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This chapter focuses on the interests that had prevented pharmaceutics from being consistently incorporated into the four humors doctrine in Greece and in the Roman era before Galen. Galen expanded medicine with theoretically founded pharmaceutics. He drew on the ideas of the four humors doctrine and developed it into a comprehensive pathology of the humors, the so-called humoral pathology. He drew on the knowledge of the effects of medications and created pharmacology, the scientifically based study of the effects of medicinal substances on the human organism. Galen's task was to unite the four parts of the four elements doctrine with the seventeen different then-known effects of pharmaceutical substances. The result united the plausibility of theory with the reality of the properties of the substances. It is a reality that a pharmaceutical drug can produce a warming or cooling feeling in the body, which can be experienced by several people independently of each other. The ability of a substance to influence digestion, break open an ulcer, or increase urine flow is also a reality.Less
This chapter focuses on the interests that had prevented pharmaceutics from being consistently incorporated into the four humors doctrine in Greece and in the Roman era before Galen. Galen expanded medicine with theoretically founded pharmaceutics. He drew on the ideas of the four humors doctrine and developed it into a comprehensive pathology of the humors, the so-called humoral pathology. He drew on the knowledge of the effects of medications and created pharmacology, the scientifically based study of the effects of medicinal substances on the human organism. Galen's task was to unite the four parts of the four elements doctrine with the seventeen different then-known effects of pharmaceutical substances. The result united the plausibility of theory with the reality of the properties of the substances. It is a reality that a pharmaceutical drug can produce a warming or cooling feeling in the body, which can be experienced by several people independently of each other. The ability of a substance to influence digestion, break open an ulcer, or increase urine flow is also a reality.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0046
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
The Chinese government opened state apothecaries and published prescription books in the eleventh century. These were set up so that the educated patient could find his symptoms indexed in a table ...
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The Chinese government opened state apothecaries and published prescription books in the eleventh century. These were set up so that the educated patient could find his symptoms indexed in a table with the indications for the prescriptions. He could then go to an apothecary and buy the medicine. Confucians concerned about morality believed that the profession of the physician was burdensome. Zhang Ji, who in 200 ad had taken steps to create a scientific pharmacology and was then largely ignored for a thousand years, now arrived at unhoped-for honors. Zhang Ji was the ancient authority whose ideas could be continued from where he had left off. Many authors created all kinds of models of how to integrate pharmacy into the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. The new insights into the processes in the organism offered new possibilities to explain better the effects of pharmaceutics in this same organism.Less
The Chinese government opened state apothecaries and published prescription books in the eleventh century. These were set up so that the educated patient could find his symptoms indexed in a table with the indications for the prescriptions. He could then go to an apothecary and buy the medicine. Confucians concerned about morality believed that the profession of the physician was burdensome. Zhang Ji, who in 200 ad had taken steps to create a scientific pharmacology and was then largely ignored for a thousand years, now arrived at unhoped-for honors. Zhang Ji was the ancient authority whose ideas could be continued from where he had left off. Many authors created all kinds of models of how to integrate pharmacy into the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. The new insights into the processes in the organism offered new possibilities to explain better the effects of pharmaceutics in this same organism.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0047
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
The Chinese authors who created the new pharmacology starting in the eleventh and twelfth centuries were not narrow-minded physicians who focused solely on the human body's suffering and remained ...
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The Chinese authors who created the new pharmacology starting in the eleventh and twelfth centuries were not narrow-minded physicians who focused solely on the human body's suffering and remained isolated from history, politics, and the ideas of their philosophers. As the political philosophy of the Neo-Confucians restored the comprehensive validity of Confucianism and incorporated themes hitherto reserved for Daoism, they produced, for the first time, the comprehensive validity of the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents by applying to the explanation of the effects of the pharmaceutics in the body. Political philosophy and professional physicians' politics permitted the origins of pharmacology. It is not unusual in China for doctors to offer a diagnosis for free and to earn their living from the sale of pharmaceutics. For this, patients first need to see a physician instead of going directly to an apothecary. It was the task of pharmacology and gave physicians the knowledge of where and how pharmaceutics worked in the body.Less
The Chinese authors who created the new pharmacology starting in the eleventh and twelfth centuries were not narrow-minded physicians who focused solely on the human body's suffering and remained isolated from history, politics, and the ideas of their philosophers. As the political philosophy of the Neo-Confucians restored the comprehensive validity of Confucianism and incorporated themes hitherto reserved for Daoism, they produced, for the first time, the comprehensive validity of the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents by applying to the explanation of the effects of the pharmaceutics in the body. Political philosophy and professional physicians' politics permitted the origins of pharmacology. It is not unusual in China for doctors to offer a diagnosis for free and to earn their living from the sale of pharmaceutics. For this, patients first need to see a physician instead of going directly to an apothecary. It was the task of pharmacology and gave physicians the knowledge of where and how pharmaceutics worked in the body.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0048
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the importance of looking past the external symptoms of a sick person in order to diagnose the underlying disease. Each disease is different and a disease does not necessarily ...
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This chapter focuses on the importance of looking past the external symptoms of a sick person in order to diagnose the underlying disease. Each disease is different and a disease does not necessarily always express itself with the same symptom. Only the physician can “see” the details of the individual illness inside the body. Physicians “see” something that the pharmacist and patients do not see. The preparation of the physicians' task involved creating pharmacology. They finally incorporated the properties of pharmaceutics into the same theoretical framework that had already included the body functions for over a thousand years. Then, they claimed for the physician an exclusive ability to determine the individual condition of the patient by looking into the body through diagnosis. Finally, they claimed the ability to compile great and effective prescriptions for the condition of each individual patient through the linking of their diagnostic and pharmacologic knowledge.Less
This chapter focuses on the importance of looking past the external symptoms of a sick person in order to diagnose the underlying disease. Each disease is different and a disease does not necessarily always express itself with the same symptom. Only the physician can “see” the details of the individual illness inside the body. Physicians “see” something that the pharmacist and patients do not see. The preparation of the physicians' task involved creating pharmacology. They finally incorporated the properties of pharmaceutics into the same theoretical framework that had already included the body functions for over a thousand years. Then, they claimed for the physician an exclusive ability to determine the individual condition of the patient by looking into the body through diagnosis. Finally, they claimed the ability to compile great and effective prescriptions for the condition of each individual patient through the linking of their diagnostic and pharmacologic knowledge.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0049
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Every apothecary in China has employed physicians, if the pharmacist is not active as a physician. The patients go directly to the apothecary so it is natural that physicians also locate themselves ...
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Every apothecary in China has employed physicians, if the pharmacist is not active as a physician. The patients go directly to the apothecary so it is natural that physicians also locate themselves there. The apothecary has physicians diagnose the patients and write out prescriptions. Working in the apothecary as an employee of the pharmacist, examining patients and writing prescriptions, was still better than having no patients at all. There were also plenty of successful physicians who established themselves so that that they could work independently. Pharmacology means that people thought about how pharmaceutics could be incorporated into the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents, to explain their effects in the organism. It is not the same as saying that a single pharmacology was created.Less
Every apothecary in China has employed physicians, if the pharmacist is not active as a physician. The patients go directly to the apothecary so it is natural that physicians also locate themselves there. The apothecary has physicians diagnose the patients and write out prescriptions. Working in the apothecary as an employee of the pharmacist, examining patients and writing prescriptions, was still better than having no patients at all. There were also plenty of successful physicians who established themselves so that that they could work independently. Pharmacology means that people thought about how pharmaceutics could be incorporated into the doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents, to explain their effects in the organism. It is not the same as saying that a single pharmacology was created.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0072
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was from a poor family and had to translate English (and later French and Italian) medical and pharmaceutical texts to finance his studies. He uncovered a clue in British ...
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Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was from a poor family and had to translate English (and later French and Italian) medical and pharmaceutical texts to finance his studies. He uncovered a clue in British author William Cullen's remark that cinchona bark was effective against malaria during one of his translations. He was not convinced with the William Cullen's reasoning and decided to experiment on himself. He recorded his observations and finally came to the conclusion that medication heals the same illness in the sick that it produces in the healthy. He saw that every plant had been given its own medication principle from its creator, which could not be removed from the plant in any way. This medication principle that lives in the plant like a spirit works on the life power that resides in the body like a spirit, in the stomach.Less
Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was from a poor family and had to translate English (and later French and Italian) medical and pharmaceutical texts to finance his studies. He uncovered a clue in British author William Cullen's remark that cinchona bark was effective against malaria during one of his translations. He was not convinced with the William Cullen's reasoning and decided to experiment on himself. He recorded his observations and finally came to the conclusion that medication heals the same illness in the sick that it produces in the healthy. He saw that every plant had been given its own medication principle from its creator, which could not be removed from the plant in any way. This medication principle that lives in the plant like a spirit works on the life power that resides in the body like a spirit, in the stomach.
Edmund T. Rolls
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199232703
- eISBN:
- 9780191724046
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232703.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter discusses a hierarchical attractor model of action selection. It details pharmacology of attention, decision-making, and action selection. It describes the application to a ...
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This chapter discusses a hierarchical attractor model of action selection. It details pharmacology of attention, decision-making, and action selection. It describes the application to a neurodynamical systems hypothesis of schizophrenia.Less
This chapter discusses a hierarchical attractor model of action selection. It details pharmacology of attention, decision-making, and action selection. It describes the application to a neurodynamical systems hypothesis of schizophrenia.
David Finkelhor
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342857
- eISBN:
- 9780199863631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342857.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
Various forms of child maltreatment and child victimization have declined as much as thirty to sixty percent from 1993 until 2006, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, sexual assault, homicide, ...
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Various forms of child maltreatment and child victimization have declined as much as thirty to sixty percent from 1993 until 2006, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, sexual assault, homicide, aggravated assault, robbery, and larceny. Other child welfare indicators have also improved during the same period, including teen pregnancy, teen suicide, and children living in poverty. This chapter reviews a wide variety of possible explanations for these changes: demography, fertility and abortion legalization, economic prosperity, increased incarceration of offenders, increased agents of social intervention, changing social norms and practices, the dissipation of the social changes from the 1960s, and psychiatric pharmacology. Multiple factors probably contributed. In particular, economic prosperity, increasing agents of social intervention, and psychiatric pharmacology have advantages over some of the other explanations in accounting for the breadth and timing of the improvements.Less
Various forms of child maltreatment and child victimization have declined as much as thirty to sixty percent from 1993 until 2006, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, sexual assault, homicide, aggravated assault, robbery, and larceny. Other child welfare indicators have also improved during the same period, including teen pregnancy, teen suicide, and children living in poverty. This chapter reviews a wide variety of possible explanations for these changes: demography, fertility and abortion legalization, economic prosperity, increased incarceration of offenders, increased agents of social intervention, changing social norms and practices, the dissipation of the social changes from the 1960s, and psychiatric pharmacology. Multiple factors probably contributed. In particular, economic prosperity, increasing agents of social intervention, and psychiatric pharmacology have advantages over some of the other explanations in accounting for the breadth and timing of the improvements.
Wendy Haight, Teresa Ostler, James Black, and Linda Kingery
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326055
- eISBN:
- 9780199864461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326055.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Communities and Organizations
This chapter provides an introductory discussion of the history and epidemiology of methamphetamine. Despite intense publicity in the popular press in the 1990s and early 2000s, methamphetamine is ...
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This chapter provides an introductory discussion of the history and epidemiology of methamphetamine. Despite intense publicity in the popular press in the 1990s and early 2000s, methamphetamine is not a new drug, nor are problems with its misuse. Crises of methamphetamine misuse have occurred in diverse cultural and historical contexts from post World War II urban Japan to turn-of-the-century, rural Midwest. The social impact of these crises has been related to the quality of the drug, its means of distribution, population of users, methods of administration, and legal sanctions, all of which have varied widely across time and place.Less
This chapter provides an introductory discussion of the history and epidemiology of methamphetamine. Despite intense publicity in the popular press in the 1990s and early 2000s, methamphetamine is not a new drug, nor are problems with its misuse. Crises of methamphetamine misuse have occurred in diverse cultural and historical contexts from post World War II urban Japan to turn-of-the-century, rural Midwest. The social impact of these crises has been related to the quality of the drug, its means of distribution, population of users, methods of administration, and legal sanctions, all of which have varied widely across time and place.
Jack E. Henningfield and Neal L. Benowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the mechanisms underlying dependence on tobacco and nicotine. Topics covered include the pharmacology of nicotine, dose-related effects, nicotine toxicology, a comparison of ...
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This chapter discusses the mechanisms underlying dependence on tobacco and nicotine. Topics covered include the pharmacology of nicotine, dose-related effects, nicotine toxicology, a comparison of cigarettes to other addictive drugs, and the implications for the treatment of tobacco dependence.Less
This chapter discusses the mechanisms underlying dependence on tobacco and nicotine. Topics covered include the pharmacology of nicotine, dose-related effects, nicotine toxicology, a comparison of cigarettes to other addictive drugs, and the implications for the treatment of tobacco dependence.
Zohar Amar and Efraim Lev
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780748697816
- eISBN:
- 9781474430418
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748697816.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
For more than one thousand years Arab medicine held sway in the ancient world, from the shores of Spain in the West to China, India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) in the East. This book explores the impact ...
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For more than one thousand years Arab medicine held sway in the ancient world, from the shores of Spain in the West to China, India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) in the East. This book explores the impact of Greek (as well as Indian and Persian) medical heritage on the evolution of Arab medicine and pharmacology, investigating it from the perspective of materia medica — a reliable indication of the contribution of this medical legacy. Focusing on the main substances introduced and traded by the Arabs in the medieval Mediterranean — including Ambergris, camphor, musk, myrobalan, nutmeg, sandalwood, and turmeric — the chapters show how they enriched the existing inventory of drugs influenced by Galenic-Arab pharmacology. Further, they look at how these substances merged with the development and distribution of new technologies and industries that evolved in the Middle Ages such as textiles, paper, dyeing, and tanning, and with the new trends, demands, and fashions regarding spices, perfumes, ornaments (gemstones), and foodstuffs some of which can be found in our modern-day food basket.Less
For more than one thousand years Arab medicine held sway in the ancient world, from the shores of Spain in the West to China, India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) in the East. This book explores the impact of Greek (as well as Indian and Persian) medical heritage on the evolution of Arab medicine and pharmacology, investigating it from the perspective of materia medica — a reliable indication of the contribution of this medical legacy. Focusing on the main substances introduced and traded by the Arabs in the medieval Mediterranean — including Ambergris, camphor, musk, myrobalan, nutmeg, sandalwood, and turmeric — the chapters show how they enriched the existing inventory of drugs influenced by Galenic-Arab pharmacology. Further, they look at how these substances merged with the development and distribution of new technologies and industries that evolved in the Middle Ages such as textiles, paper, dyeing, and tanning, and with the new trends, demands, and fashions regarding spices, perfumes, ornaments (gemstones), and foodstuffs some of which can be found in our modern-day food basket.
ROBERT BALÁZS, RICHARD J. BRIDGES, and CARL W. COTMAN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195150025
- eISBN:
- 9780199865079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150025.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Glutamate mediates most of the excitatory transmission in the brain, and AMPA receptors are the primary synaptic receptors for the fast excitatory transmission. The receptors were named after the ...
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Glutamate mediates most of the excitatory transmission in the brain, and AMPA receptors are the primary synaptic receptors for the fast excitatory transmission. The receptors were named after the synthetic agonist, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazo1e-4-propionate (AMPA), which elicits a relatively selective activation of members of this subfamily of glutamate receptors (GluRs). AMPA-induced activation of the receptor initiates a current comprised of a fast-desensitizing component and a steady-state component. Most excitatory synapses contain both AMPA and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and synaptically released glutamate elicits a two-component excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). The component with rapid onset and decay is mediated by AMPA receptors, whereas the component with a slow rise time and delayed decay involves NMDA receptors. Rapid desensitization of AMPA receptors controls the time course of EPSC at many synapses. This chapter discusses the molecular structure, properties, and regulation of AMPA receptors, along with their distribution, pharmacology, and therapeutic applications.Less
Glutamate mediates most of the excitatory transmission in the brain, and AMPA receptors are the primary synaptic receptors for the fast excitatory transmission. The receptors were named after the synthetic agonist, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazo1e-4-propionate (AMPA), which elicits a relatively selective activation of members of this subfamily of glutamate receptors (GluRs). AMPA-induced activation of the receptor initiates a current comprised of a fast-desensitizing component and a steady-state component. Most excitatory synapses contain both AMPA and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and synaptically released glutamate elicits a two-component excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). The component with rapid onset and decay is mediated by AMPA receptors, whereas the component with a slow rise time and delayed decay involves NMDA receptors. Rapid desensitization of AMPA receptors controls the time course of EPSC at many synapses. This chapter discusses the molecular structure, properties, and regulation of AMPA receptors, along with their distribution, pharmacology, and therapeutic applications.
ROBERT BALÁZS, RICHARD J. BRIDGES, and CARL W. COTMAN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195150025
- eISBN:
- 9780199865079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150025.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Both kainate receptors and AMPA receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission and are associated primarily with voltage-independent channels that gate a depolarizing current mainly carried ...
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Both kainate receptors and AMPA receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission and are associated primarily with voltage-independent channels that gate a depolarizing current mainly carried by an influx of sodium ions. Two compounds—the natural plant product kainic acid, which was isolated from Digenea simplex and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases caused by parasites, and a synthetic analogue of quisqualic acid, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)—have played pivotal roles in the characterization of the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor (GluR) subclass. The question of whether functional kainate receptors exist in the human central nervous system remained unresolved for a long time. This situation changed signiticantly with the cloning of GluR subunits. Cloning of additional GluR subunits firmly established the existence of genuine kainate receptors. This chapter discusses the molecular structure and subunit composition of kainate receptors, along with their single-channel conductance and desensitization, alternative splicing, messenger RNA editing, distribution, pharmacology, role in synaptic plasticity, and therapeutic applications.Less
Both kainate receptors and AMPA receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission and are associated primarily with voltage-independent channels that gate a depolarizing current mainly carried by an influx of sodium ions. Two compounds—the natural plant product kainic acid, which was isolated from Digenea simplex and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases caused by parasites, and a synthetic analogue of quisqualic acid, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)—have played pivotal roles in the characterization of the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor (GluR) subclass. The question of whether functional kainate receptors exist in the human central nervous system remained unresolved for a long time. This situation changed signiticantly with the cloning of GluR subunits. Cloning of additional GluR subunits firmly established the existence of genuine kainate receptors. This chapter discusses the molecular structure and subunit composition of kainate receptors, along with their single-channel conductance and desensitization, alternative splicing, messenger RNA editing, distribution, pharmacology, role in synaptic plasticity, and therapeutic applications.
ROBERT BALÁZS, RICHARD J. BRIDGES, and CARL W. COTMAN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195150025
- eISBN:
- 9780199865079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150025.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including NMDA receptors, mediate most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. When NMDA receptors are activated by membrane ...
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Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including NMDA receptors, mediate most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. When NMDA receptors are activated by membrane depolarization, a relatively slow-rising, long-lasting current develops, which allows the summation of responses to stimuli for a relatively long periods (tens of milliseconds). In addition to their role in synaptic transmission, NMDA receptors affect functions that are critical for the survival and differentiation of cells and for synaptic plasticity, in part through Ca2+-dependent signal transduction. In addition, receptor activation elicits long-term changes in cellular functions, mediated through interactions (either directly or via scaffolding proteins) with signaling systems, including protein kinase cascades that lead to modulation of gene transcription. This chapter discusses the unique role of NMDA receptors in excitatory transmission, their molecular structure, posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation), molecular interactions relevant for signal transduction, desensitization, anatomical distribution, pharmacology, modulation of expression in transgenic mice, and therapeutic applications.Less
Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including NMDA receptors, mediate most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. When NMDA receptors are activated by membrane depolarization, a relatively slow-rising, long-lasting current develops, which allows the summation of responses to stimuli for a relatively long periods (tens of milliseconds). In addition to their role in synaptic transmission, NMDA receptors affect functions that are critical for the survival and differentiation of cells and for synaptic plasticity, in part through Ca2+-dependent signal transduction. In addition, receptor activation elicits long-term changes in cellular functions, mediated through interactions (either directly or via scaffolding proteins) with signaling systems, including protein kinase cascades that lead to modulation of gene transcription. This chapter discusses the unique role of NMDA receptors in excitatory transmission, their molecular structure, posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation), molecular interactions relevant for signal transduction, desensitization, anatomical distribution, pharmacology, modulation of expression in transgenic mice, and therapeutic applications.
ROBERT BALÁZS, RICHARD J. BRIDGES, and CARL W. COTMAN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195150025
- eISBN:
- 9780199865079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150025.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a distinct family of excitatory amino acid receptors. Unlike the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), which constitute cation-specific ion channels ...
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Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a distinct family of excitatory amino acid receptors. Unlike the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), which constitute cation-specific ion channels and mediate fast excitatory synaptic responses, the more recently characterized mGluRs are coupled to a variety of signal transduction pathways via guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins), They produce alterations in intracellular second messengers, affect ion channels, generate relatively slow synaptic responses, and modulate synaptic transmission. In addition, recent observations indicate that G protein-coupled receptors, including mGluRs, are key components in multiprotein signaling assemblies that facilitate interactions with iGluRs and protein kinase cascades, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The prevalence of glutamate as a neurotransmitter, in combination with the widespread distribution of mGluRs, points to this system as a major modulator of second messengers in the mammalian central nervous system. This chapter discusses the molecular structure of mGluRs, along with their distribution, desensitization, effects on neurotransmission and ion channels, regulation of plasma membrane ion channels and intracellular calcium stores by Group I mGluRs, and pharmacology.Less
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a distinct family of excitatory amino acid receptors. Unlike the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), which constitute cation-specific ion channels and mediate fast excitatory synaptic responses, the more recently characterized mGluRs are coupled to a variety of signal transduction pathways via guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins), They produce alterations in intracellular second messengers, affect ion channels, generate relatively slow synaptic responses, and modulate synaptic transmission. In addition, recent observations indicate that G protein-coupled receptors, including mGluRs, are key components in multiprotein signaling assemblies that facilitate interactions with iGluRs and protein kinase cascades, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The prevalence of glutamate as a neurotransmitter, in combination with the widespread distribution of mGluRs, points to this system as a major modulator of second messengers in the mammalian central nervous system. This chapter discusses the molecular structure of mGluRs, along with their distribution, desensitization, effects on neurotransmission and ion channels, regulation of plasma membrane ion channels and intracellular calcium stores by Group I mGluRs, and pharmacology.
