Fiona Hicks and Karen H Simpson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198527039
- eISBN:
- 9780191730283
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527039.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
In most patients, pain medication, along with physical therapy and supportive counselling, adequately controls the pain of terminal disease, but in some cases pain medication fails or produces ...
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In most patients, pain medication, along with physical therapy and supportive counselling, adequately controls the pain of terminal disease, but in some cases pain medication fails or produces unacceptable side effects, and other more invasive interventions may be used. This book provides guidelines on nerve blocking and neuromodulation techniques to help patients and professionals make choices in pain management. Patient selection and appropriate referral are discussed as well as ethical issues and consent. The book outlines the full range of techniques considered to provide excellent care for patients with pain that is difficult to manage and will be a source of information for a variety of professionals working with patients with advanced disease, including palliative care doctors and specialist nurses.Less
In most patients, pain medication, along with physical therapy and supportive counselling, adequately controls the pain of terminal disease, but in some cases pain medication fails or produces unacceptable side effects, and other more invasive interventions may be used. This book provides guidelines on nerve blocking and neuromodulation techniques to help patients and professionals make choices in pain management. Patient selection and appropriate referral are discussed as well as ethical issues and consent. The book outlines the full range of techniques considered to provide excellent care for patients with pain that is difficult to manage and will be a source of information for a variety of professionals working with patients with advanced disease, including palliative care doctors and specialist nurses.
Stephen J. Simpson and David Raubenheimer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145655
- eISBN:
- 9781400842803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145655.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter demonstrates that the conventional categorization of food components into “macronutrient,” “micronutrient,” “toxin,” “medicine,” and so on works well from a distance, but on greater ...
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This chapter demonstrates that the conventional categorization of food components into “macronutrient,” “micronutrient,” “toxin,” “medicine,” and so on works well from a distance, but on greater magnification, the boundaries between these categories blur. When viewed through a geometric lens, however, a new structure falls into focus, which emphasizes not the chemical identity of the food component but the target-like perspective of optimal intakes. The chapter structures its argument around three interlinked themes: (1) the distinction between “nutrient” and “toxin” is fuzzy and sometimes imaginary; (2) the phenomenon of “self-medication” in nonhuman animals can involve compounds that are conventionally classified either as nutrients or natural “medicines”; and (3) even when a compelling case can be made for distinguishing a “toxin” from a “nutrient,” the biological impacts of the toxin depend on the levels of nutrients in the food relative to the intake target for those nutrients.Less
This chapter demonstrates that the conventional categorization of food components into “macronutrient,” “micronutrient,” “toxin,” “medicine,” and so on works well from a distance, but on greater magnification, the boundaries between these categories blur. When viewed through a geometric lens, however, a new structure falls into focus, which emphasizes not the chemical identity of the food component but the target-like perspective of optimal intakes. The chapter structures its argument around three interlinked themes: (1) the distinction between “nutrient” and “toxin” is fuzzy and sometimes imaginary; (2) the phenomenon of “self-medication” in nonhuman animals can involve compounds that are conventionally classified either as nutrients or natural “medicines”; and (3) even when a compelling case can be made for distinguishing a “toxin” from a “nutrient,” the biological impacts of the toxin depend on the levels of nutrients in the food relative to the intake target for those nutrients.
Ruth Rogaski
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520240018
- eISBN:
- 9780520930605
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520240018.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Placing meanings of health and disease at the center of modern Chinese consciousness, this book reveals how hygiene became a crucial element in the formulation of Chinese modernity in the nineteenth ...
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Placing meanings of health and disease at the center of modern Chinese consciousness, this book reveals how hygiene became a crucial element in the formulation of Chinese modernity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author focuses on multiple manifestations across time of a single Chinese concept, weisheng—which has been rendered into English as “hygiene,” “sanitary,” “health,” or “public health”—as it emerged in the complex treaty-port environment of Tianjin. Before the late nineteenth century, weisheng was associated with diverse regimens of diet, meditation, and self-medication. The book reveals how meanings of weisheng, with the arrival of violent imperialism, shifted from Chinese cosmology to encompass such ideas as national sovereignty, laboratory knowledge, the cleanliness of bodies, and the fitness of races: categories in which the Chinese were often deemed lacking by foreign observers and Chinese elites alike.Less
Placing meanings of health and disease at the center of modern Chinese consciousness, this book reveals how hygiene became a crucial element in the formulation of Chinese modernity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author focuses on multiple manifestations across time of a single Chinese concept, weisheng—which has been rendered into English as “hygiene,” “sanitary,” “health,” or “public health”—as it emerged in the complex treaty-port environment of Tianjin. Before the late nineteenth century, weisheng was associated with diverse regimens of diet, meditation, and self-medication. The book reveals how meanings of weisheng, with the arrival of violent imperialism, shifted from Chinese cosmology to encompass such ideas as national sovereignty, laboratory knowledge, the cleanliness of bodies, and the fitness of races: categories in which the Chinese were often deemed lacking by foreign observers and Chinese elites alike.
Vernon Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515463
- eISBN:
- 9780191705656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515463.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Studies of intestinal parasites show that the Budongo chimpanzees live with numerous gut nematodes which they tolerate well. Self-medication is achieved by swallowing the leaves of Aneilema ...
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Studies of intestinal parasites show that the Budongo chimpanzees live with numerous gut nematodes which they tolerate well. Self-medication is achieved by swallowing the leaves of Aneilema aequinoctiale, which are encountered along trails in the forest. These leaves have hooked trichomes, which physically remove worms from the gut wall. In addition, chimpanzees eat termite soil for medicinal purposes. Deaths are described together with a necropsy report (in Appendix D). The danger of transmission of human diseases to chimpanzees is constant.Less
Studies of intestinal parasites show that the Budongo chimpanzees live with numerous gut nematodes which they tolerate well. Self-medication is achieved by swallowing the leaves of Aneilema aequinoctiale, which are encountered along trails in the forest. These leaves have hooked trichomes, which physically remove worms from the gut wall. In addition, chimpanzees eat termite soil for medicinal purposes. Deaths are described together with a necropsy report (in Appendix D). The danger of transmission of human diseases to chimpanzees is constant.
Richard A. Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines the recent rise in the use of antidepressant medications as well as the growing emphasis on biomedical explanations for depression. The chapter presents the history of ...
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This chapter examines the recent rise in the use of antidepressant medications as well as the growing emphasis on biomedical explanations for depression. The chapter presents the history of antidepressant medications and changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as well as an analysis of the shift in the treatment of depression from psychotherapy to drugs. The author provides an overview of evidence for social factors in the origin of depression and argues that social models of depression have been marginalized by the dominance of biomedical discourse and practices. The chapter looks at the gaps in current scientific understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for depression. The chapter also discusses implications for depression treatment that considers the broader social environment and that acknowledges the effects of life stress and trauma.Less
This chapter examines the recent rise in the use of antidepressant medications as well as the growing emphasis on biomedical explanations for depression. The chapter presents the history of antidepressant medications and changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as well as an analysis of the shift in the treatment of depression from psychotherapy to drugs. The author provides an overview of evidence for social factors in the origin of depression and argues that social models of depression have been marginalized by the dominance of biomedical discourse and practices. The chapter looks at the gaps in current scientific understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for depression. The chapter also discusses implications for depression treatment that considers the broader social environment and that acknowledges the effects of life stress and trauma.
Eugene Baker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of ...
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In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of neurocognitive markers to facilitate therapeutic conversations between the client and clinician, thereby building the treatment alliance. This chapter outlines this context and illustrates an exemplar to achieve this using WebNeuro as a clinical decision support tool for EAP practitioners. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are an existing prelude to personalized medicine in clinical practice and delivery of overall healthcare programs that best match each individual.Less
In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of neurocognitive markers to facilitate therapeutic conversations between the client and clinician, thereby building the treatment alliance. This chapter outlines this context and illustrates an exemplar to achieve this using WebNeuro as a clinical decision support tool for EAP practitioners. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are an existing prelude to personalized medicine in clinical practice and delivery of overall healthcare programs that best match each individual.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0020
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Modern Western medicine came into being in the nineteenth century. All normal and sick processes in the body at that time were researched using chemical and physical methods and they were explained ...
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Modern Western medicine came into being in the nineteenth century. All normal and sick processes in the body at that time were researched using chemical and physical methods and they were explained in detail. It was not until the twentieth century that the characteristic features of medications and their effects on the organism were also explained with chemistry and physics, biochemistry, and biophysics. The doctrines of systematic correspondence, yin-yang, and the five agents were used to explain only the normal and sick processes in the body. Medications and their effects were ignored. Writings from the Mawangdui tomb portray a very sophisticated pharmacy that covers the number of substances used, the variety of processing techniques for different dosage forms, and the spectrum of indications recorded in the manuscripts. Pharmacy is the backbone of traditional Chinese therapeutics even up to the present day, but this did not find acceptance in new medicine.Less
Modern Western medicine came into being in the nineteenth century. All normal and sick processes in the body at that time were researched using chemical and physical methods and they were explained in detail. It was not until the twentieth century that the characteristic features of medications and their effects on the organism were also explained with chemistry and physics, biochemistry, and biophysics. The doctrines of systematic correspondence, yin-yang, and the five agents were used to explain only the normal and sick processes in the body. Medications and their effects were ignored. Writings from the Mawangdui tomb portray a very sophisticated pharmacy that covers the number of substances used, the variety of processing techniques for different dosage forms, and the spectrum of indications recorded in the manuscripts. Pharmacy is the backbone of traditional Chinese therapeutics even up to the present day, but this did not find acceptance in new medicine.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0051
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
China and Europe both looked back to antiquity, but with totally different preconditions. The rulers in China separated pharmacy from medicine. The physicians in China were employees, dependents of ...
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China and Europe both looked back to antiquity, but with totally different preconditions. The rulers in China separated pharmacy from medicine. The physicians in China were employees, dependents of the pharmacist. The nature of the new healing that originated in the High and Late Middle Ages is also noteworthy. Practical concerns predominated and prescription books were written and widely disseminated. The celebrated Antidotarium Nicolai originated as early as the second half of the twelfth century and it replaced the older and useless Antidotarius magnus. The arrangement of the prescriptions in the Antidotarium Nicolai did not follow indication groups or a theoretical classification of illnesses, but rather a simple morphologic scheme, from the head down. The profession of pharmacist did not originate in Europe until the twelfth century. Pharmacists were responsible for producing medications. In Europe, since Galen, no one had even dissected an animal, let alone a human, to study its structure and function. There is no evidence that the Church officially prohibited dissection.Less
China and Europe both looked back to antiquity, but with totally different preconditions. The rulers in China separated pharmacy from medicine. The physicians in China were employees, dependents of the pharmacist. The nature of the new healing that originated in the High and Late Middle Ages is also noteworthy. Practical concerns predominated and prescription books were written and widely disseminated. The celebrated Antidotarium Nicolai originated as early as the second half of the twelfth century and it replaced the older and useless Antidotarius magnus. The arrangement of the prescriptions in the Antidotarium Nicolai did not follow indication groups or a theoretical classification of illnesses, but rather a simple morphologic scheme, from the head down. The profession of pharmacist did not originate in Europe until the twelfth century. Pharmacists were responsible for producing medications. In Europe, since Galen, no one had even dissected an animal, let alone a human, to study its structure and function. There is no evidence that the Church officially prohibited dissection.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0059
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Chinese tradition was significantly influenced by doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. Some observers of nature and physicians also introduced demons to the tradition. Experts has different ...
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Chinese tradition was significantly influenced by doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. Some observers of nature and physicians also introduced demons to the tradition. Experts has different views on demons such as some argued that everything was imagined and others claimed that it was a reality of environment. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Li Shizhen, wrote his summary of the study of Chinese pharmaceutical drugs, the Bencao gang mu. It contains knowledge of botany, hygiene, and other areas that Europe only developed very much later. Some observers looked downward in the search for reality. Printed texts were the foundation of medical theory and practice. But only the theory and practice of a small minority was actually based on these texts. Ninety percent of the population of China knew nothing about these texts and followed entirely different thoughts in response to illness. Hardly anyone paid attention to this knowledge and no one wanted to learn anything from the common people.Less
Chinese tradition was significantly influenced by doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. Some observers of nature and physicians also introduced demons to the tradition. Experts has different views on demons such as some argued that everything was imagined and others claimed that it was a reality of environment. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Li Shizhen, wrote his summary of the study of Chinese pharmaceutical drugs, the Bencao gang mu. It contains knowledge of botany, hygiene, and other areas that Europe only developed very much later. Some observers looked downward in the search for reality. Printed texts were the foundation of medical theory and practice. But only the theory and practice of a small minority was actually based on these texts. Ninety percent of the population of China knew nothing about these texts and followed entirely different thoughts in response to illness. Hardly anyone paid attention to this knowledge and no one wanted to learn anything from the common people.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0065
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter gives an overview on the introduction of a term, gas. Van Helmont, a Paracelsus' student, not only coined the term but clearly defined it. He conducted experiments to find out more about ...
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This chapter gives an overview on the introduction of a term, gas. Van Helmont, a Paracelsus' student, not only coined the term but clearly defined it. He conducted experiments to find out more about this spirit that he called gas. He identified carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine gas. He believed that he saw five kinds of gas that include wind gas, fat gas, dry gas, soot gas, and forest gas. He was convinced of the necessity of chemical medications and is considered the founder of “chemical therapy.” He believed in the idea that treating weapons with an ointment heals the wounds they have inflicted. He and many other builders of his time surely believed that they possessed an ordered worldview. Every element such as the godly, the spiritual, magical, chemical, carefully observed illnesses, and the increasing knowledge of morphology had its place. This was certainly an orderly worldview but was unsuitable as a blueprint for the development of a new medicine.Less
This chapter gives an overview on the introduction of a term, gas. Van Helmont, a Paracelsus' student, not only coined the term but clearly defined it. He conducted experiments to find out more about this spirit that he called gas. He identified carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine gas. He believed that he saw five kinds of gas that include wind gas, fat gas, dry gas, soot gas, and forest gas. He was convinced of the necessity of chemical medications and is considered the founder of “chemical therapy.” He believed in the idea that treating weapons with an ointment heals the wounds they have inflicted. He and many other builders of his time surely believed that they possessed an ordered worldview. Every element such as the godly, the spiritual, magical, chemical, carefully observed illnesses, and the increasing knowledge of morphology had its place. This was certainly an orderly worldview but was unsuitable as a blueprint for the development of a new medicine.
