Fiona Hicks and Karen H Simpson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198527039
- eISBN:
- 9780191730283
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527039.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
In most patients, pain medication, along with physical therapy and supportive counselling, adequately controls the pain of terminal disease, but in some cases pain medication fails or produces ...
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In most patients, pain medication, along with physical therapy and supportive counselling, adequately controls the pain of terminal disease, but in some cases pain medication fails or produces unacceptable side effects, and other more invasive interventions may be used. This book provides guidelines on nerve blocking and neuromodulation techniques to help patients and professionals make choices in pain management. Patient selection and appropriate referral are discussed as well as ethical issues and consent. The book outlines the full range of techniques considered to provide excellent care for patients with pain that is difficult to manage and will be a source of information for a variety of professionals working with patients with advanced disease, including palliative care doctors and specialist nurses.Less
In most patients, pain medication, along with physical therapy and supportive counselling, adequately controls the pain of terminal disease, but in some cases pain medication fails or produces unacceptable side effects, and other more invasive interventions may be used. This book provides guidelines on nerve blocking and neuromodulation techniques to help patients and professionals make choices in pain management. Patient selection and appropriate referral are discussed as well as ethical issues and consent. The book outlines the full range of techniques considered to provide excellent care for patients with pain that is difficult to manage and will be a source of information for a variety of professionals working with patients with advanced disease, including palliative care doctors and specialist nurses.
Stephen J. Simpson and David Raubenheimer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145655
- eISBN:
- 9781400842803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145655.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter demonstrates that the conventional categorization of food components into “macronutrient,” “micronutrient,” “toxin,” “medicine,” and so on works well from a distance, but on greater ...
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This chapter demonstrates that the conventional categorization of food components into “macronutrient,” “micronutrient,” “toxin,” “medicine,” and so on works well from a distance, but on greater magnification, the boundaries between these categories blur. When viewed through a geometric lens, however, a new structure falls into focus, which emphasizes not the chemical identity of the food component but the target-like perspective of optimal intakes. The chapter structures its argument around three interlinked themes: (1) the distinction between “nutrient” and “toxin” is fuzzy and sometimes imaginary; (2) the phenomenon of “self-medication” in nonhuman animals can involve compounds that are conventionally classified either as nutrients or natural “medicines”; and (3) even when a compelling case can be made for distinguishing a “toxin” from a “nutrient,” the biological impacts of the toxin depend on the levels of nutrients in the food relative to the intake target for those nutrients.Less
This chapter demonstrates that the conventional categorization of food components into “macronutrient,” “micronutrient,” “toxin,” “medicine,” and so on works well from a distance, but on greater magnification, the boundaries between these categories blur. When viewed through a geometric lens, however, a new structure falls into focus, which emphasizes not the chemical identity of the food component but the target-like perspective of optimal intakes. The chapter structures its argument around three interlinked themes: (1) the distinction between “nutrient” and “toxin” is fuzzy and sometimes imaginary; (2) the phenomenon of “self-medication” in nonhuman animals can involve compounds that are conventionally classified either as nutrients or natural “medicines”; and (3) even when a compelling case can be made for distinguishing a “toxin” from a “nutrient,” the biological impacts of the toxin depend on the levels of nutrients in the food relative to the intake target for those nutrients.
Ruth Rogaski
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520240018
- eISBN:
- 9780520930605
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520240018.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Placing meanings of health and disease at the center of modern Chinese consciousness, this book reveals how hygiene became a crucial element in the formulation of Chinese modernity in the nineteenth ...
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Placing meanings of health and disease at the center of modern Chinese consciousness, this book reveals how hygiene became a crucial element in the formulation of Chinese modernity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author focuses on multiple manifestations across time of a single Chinese concept, weisheng—which has been rendered into English as “hygiene,” “sanitary,” “health,” or “public health”—as it emerged in the complex treaty-port environment of Tianjin. Before the late nineteenth century, weisheng was associated with diverse regimens of diet, meditation, and self-medication. The book reveals how meanings of weisheng, with the arrival of violent imperialism, shifted from Chinese cosmology to encompass such ideas as national sovereignty, laboratory knowledge, the cleanliness of bodies, and the fitness of races: categories in which the Chinese were often deemed lacking by foreign observers and Chinese elites alike.Less
Placing meanings of health and disease at the center of modern Chinese consciousness, this book reveals how hygiene became a crucial element in the formulation of Chinese modernity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author focuses on multiple manifestations across time of a single Chinese concept, weisheng—which has been rendered into English as “hygiene,” “sanitary,” “health,” or “public health”—as it emerged in the complex treaty-port environment of Tianjin. Before the late nineteenth century, weisheng was associated with diverse regimens of diet, meditation, and self-medication. The book reveals how meanings of weisheng, with the arrival of violent imperialism, shifted from Chinese cosmology to encompass such ideas as national sovereignty, laboratory knowledge, the cleanliness of bodies, and the fitness of races: categories in which the Chinese were often deemed lacking by foreign observers and Chinese elites alike.
Vernon Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515463
- eISBN:
- 9780191705656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515463.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Studies of intestinal parasites show that the Budongo chimpanzees live with numerous gut nematodes which they tolerate well. Self-medication is achieved by swallowing the leaves of Aneilema ...
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Studies of intestinal parasites show that the Budongo chimpanzees live with numerous gut nematodes which they tolerate well. Self-medication is achieved by swallowing the leaves of Aneilema aequinoctiale, which are encountered along trails in the forest. These leaves have hooked trichomes, which physically remove worms from the gut wall. In addition, chimpanzees eat termite soil for medicinal purposes. Deaths are described together with a necropsy report (in Appendix D). The danger of transmission of human diseases to chimpanzees is constant.Less
Studies of intestinal parasites show that the Budongo chimpanzees live with numerous gut nematodes which they tolerate well. Self-medication is achieved by swallowing the leaves of Aneilema aequinoctiale, which are encountered along trails in the forest. These leaves have hooked trichomes, which physically remove worms from the gut wall. In addition, chimpanzees eat termite soil for medicinal purposes. Deaths are described together with a necropsy report (in Appendix D). The danger of transmission of human diseases to chimpanzees is constant.
Eugene Baker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of ...
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In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of neurocognitive markers to facilitate therapeutic conversations between the client and clinician, thereby building the treatment alliance. This chapter outlines this context and illustrates an exemplar to achieve this using WebNeuro as a clinical decision support tool for EAP practitioners. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are an existing prelude to personalized medicine in clinical practice and delivery of overall healthcare programs that best match each individual.Less
In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of neurocognitive markers to facilitate therapeutic conversations between the client and clinician, thereby building the treatment alliance. This chapter outlines this context and illustrates an exemplar to achieve this using WebNeuro as a clinical decision support tool for EAP practitioners. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are an existing prelude to personalized medicine in clinical practice and delivery of overall healthcare programs that best match each individual.
Richard A. Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines the recent rise in the use of antidepressant medications as well as the growing emphasis on biomedical explanations for depression. The chapter presents the history of ...
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This chapter examines the recent rise in the use of antidepressant medications as well as the growing emphasis on biomedical explanations for depression. The chapter presents the history of antidepressant medications and changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as well as an analysis of the shift in the treatment of depression from psychotherapy to drugs. The author provides an overview of evidence for social factors in the origin of depression and argues that social models of depression have been marginalized by the dominance of biomedical discourse and practices. The chapter looks at the gaps in current scientific understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for depression. The chapter also discusses implications for depression treatment that considers the broader social environment and that acknowledges the effects of life stress and trauma.Less
This chapter examines the recent rise in the use of antidepressant medications as well as the growing emphasis on biomedical explanations for depression. The chapter presents the history of antidepressant medications and changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as well as an analysis of the shift in the treatment of depression from psychotherapy to drugs. The author provides an overview of evidence for social factors in the origin of depression and argues that social models of depression have been marginalized by the dominance of biomedical discourse and practices. The chapter looks at the gaps in current scientific understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for depression. The chapter also discusses implications for depression treatment that considers the broader social environment and that acknowledges the effects of life stress and trauma.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0020
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Modern Western medicine came into being in the nineteenth century. All normal and sick processes in the body at that time were researched using chemical and physical methods and they were explained ...
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Modern Western medicine came into being in the nineteenth century. All normal and sick processes in the body at that time were researched using chemical and physical methods and they were explained in detail. It was not until the twentieth century that the characteristic features of medications and their effects on the organism were also explained with chemistry and physics, biochemistry, and biophysics. The doctrines of systematic correspondence, yin-yang, and the five agents were used to explain only the normal and sick processes in the body. Medications and their effects were ignored. Writings from the Mawangdui tomb portray a very sophisticated pharmacy that covers the number of substances used, the variety of processing techniques for different dosage forms, and the spectrum of indications recorded in the manuscripts. Pharmacy is the backbone of traditional Chinese therapeutics even up to the present day, but this did not find acceptance in new medicine.Less
Modern Western medicine came into being in the nineteenth century. All normal and sick processes in the body at that time were researched using chemical and physical methods and they were explained in detail. It was not until the twentieth century that the characteristic features of medications and their effects on the organism were also explained with chemistry and physics, biochemistry, and biophysics. The doctrines of systematic correspondence, yin-yang, and the five agents were used to explain only the normal and sick processes in the body. Medications and their effects were ignored. Writings from the Mawangdui tomb portray a very sophisticated pharmacy that covers the number of substances used, the variety of processing techniques for different dosage forms, and the spectrum of indications recorded in the manuscripts. Pharmacy is the backbone of traditional Chinese therapeutics even up to the present day, but this did not find acceptance in new medicine.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0051
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
China and Europe both looked back to antiquity, but with totally different preconditions. The rulers in China separated pharmacy from medicine. The physicians in China were employees, dependents of ...
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China and Europe both looked back to antiquity, but with totally different preconditions. The rulers in China separated pharmacy from medicine. The physicians in China were employees, dependents of the pharmacist. The nature of the new healing that originated in the High and Late Middle Ages is also noteworthy. Practical concerns predominated and prescription books were written and widely disseminated. The celebrated Antidotarium Nicolai originated as early as the second half of the twelfth century and it replaced the older and useless Antidotarius magnus. The arrangement of the prescriptions in the Antidotarium Nicolai did not follow indication groups or a theoretical classification of illnesses, but rather a simple morphologic scheme, from the head down. The profession of pharmacist did not originate in Europe until the twelfth century. Pharmacists were responsible for producing medications. In Europe, since Galen, no one had even dissected an animal, let alone a human, to study its structure and function. There is no evidence that the Church officially prohibited dissection.Less
China and Europe both looked back to antiquity, but with totally different preconditions. The rulers in China separated pharmacy from medicine. The physicians in China were employees, dependents of the pharmacist. The nature of the new healing that originated in the High and Late Middle Ages is also noteworthy. Practical concerns predominated and prescription books were written and widely disseminated. The celebrated Antidotarium Nicolai originated as early as the second half of the twelfth century and it replaced the older and useless Antidotarius magnus. The arrangement of the prescriptions in the Antidotarium Nicolai did not follow indication groups or a theoretical classification of illnesses, but rather a simple morphologic scheme, from the head down. The profession of pharmacist did not originate in Europe until the twelfth century. Pharmacists were responsible for producing medications. In Europe, since Galen, no one had even dissected an animal, let alone a human, to study its structure and function. There is no evidence that the Church officially prohibited dissection.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0059
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Chinese tradition was significantly influenced by doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. Some observers of nature and physicians also introduced demons to the tradition. Experts has different ...
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Chinese tradition was significantly influenced by doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. Some observers of nature and physicians also introduced demons to the tradition. Experts has different views on demons such as some argued that everything was imagined and others claimed that it was a reality of environment. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Li Shizhen, wrote his summary of the study of Chinese pharmaceutical drugs, the Bencao gang mu. It contains knowledge of botany, hygiene, and other areas that Europe only developed very much later. Some observers looked downward in the search for reality. Printed texts were the foundation of medical theory and practice. But only the theory and practice of a small minority was actually based on these texts. Ninety percent of the population of China knew nothing about these texts and followed entirely different thoughts in response to illness. Hardly anyone paid attention to this knowledge and no one wanted to learn anything from the common people.Less
Chinese tradition was significantly influenced by doctrines of yin-yang and the five agents. Some observers of nature and physicians also introduced demons to the tradition. Experts has different views on demons such as some argued that everything was imagined and others claimed that it was a reality of environment. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Li Shizhen, wrote his summary of the study of Chinese pharmaceutical drugs, the Bencao gang mu. It contains knowledge of botany, hygiene, and other areas that Europe only developed very much later. Some observers looked downward in the search for reality. Printed texts were the foundation of medical theory and practice. But only the theory and practice of a small minority was actually based on these texts. Ninety percent of the population of China knew nothing about these texts and followed entirely different thoughts in response to illness. Hardly anyone paid attention to this knowledge and no one wanted to learn anything from the common people.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0065
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter gives an overview on the introduction of a term, gas. Van Helmont, a Paracelsus' student, not only coined the term but clearly defined it. He conducted experiments to find out more about ...
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This chapter gives an overview on the introduction of a term, gas. Van Helmont, a Paracelsus' student, not only coined the term but clearly defined it. He conducted experiments to find out more about this spirit that he called gas. He identified carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine gas. He believed that he saw five kinds of gas that include wind gas, fat gas, dry gas, soot gas, and forest gas. He was convinced of the necessity of chemical medications and is considered the founder of “chemical therapy.” He believed in the idea that treating weapons with an ointment heals the wounds they have inflicted. He and many other builders of his time surely believed that they possessed an ordered worldview. Every element such as the godly, the spiritual, magical, chemical, carefully observed illnesses, and the increasing knowledge of morphology had its place. This was certainly an orderly worldview but was unsuitable as a blueprint for the development of a new medicine.Less
This chapter gives an overview on the introduction of a term, gas. Van Helmont, a Paracelsus' student, not only coined the term but clearly defined it. He conducted experiments to find out more about this spirit that he called gas. He identified carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine gas. He believed that he saw five kinds of gas that include wind gas, fat gas, dry gas, soot gas, and forest gas. He was convinced of the necessity of chemical medications and is considered the founder of “chemical therapy.” He believed in the idea that treating weapons with an ointment heals the wounds they have inflicted. He and many other builders of his time surely believed that they possessed an ordered worldview. Every element such as the godly, the spiritual, magical, chemical, carefully observed illnesses, and the increasing knowledge of morphology had its place. This was certainly an orderly worldview but was unsuitable as a blueprint for the development of a new medicine.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0072
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was from a poor family and had to translate English (and later French and Italian) medical and pharmaceutical texts to finance his studies. He uncovered a clue in British ...
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Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was from a poor family and had to translate English (and later French and Italian) medical and pharmaceutical texts to finance his studies. He uncovered a clue in British author William Cullen's remark that cinchona bark was effective against malaria during one of his translations. He was not convinced with the William Cullen's reasoning and decided to experiment on himself. He recorded his observations and finally came to the conclusion that medication heals the same illness in the sick that it produces in the healthy. He saw that every plant had been given its own medication principle from its creator, which could not be removed from the plant in any way. This medication principle that lives in the plant like a spirit works on the life power that resides in the body like a spirit, in the stomach.Less
Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was from a poor family and had to translate English (and later French and Italian) medical and pharmaceutical texts to finance his studies. He uncovered a clue in British author William Cullen's remark that cinchona bark was effective against malaria during one of his translations. He was not convinced with the William Cullen's reasoning and decided to experiment on himself. He recorded his observations and finally came to the conclusion that medication heals the same illness in the sick that it produces in the healthy. He saw that every plant had been given its own medication principle from its creator, which could not be removed from the plant in any way. This medication principle that lives in the plant like a spirit works on the life power that resides in the body like a spirit, in the stomach.
Stefan Ecks
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814724767
- eISBN:
- 9780814760307
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814724767.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
A Hindu monk in Calcutta refuses to take his psychotropic medications. His psychiatrist explains that just as his body needs food, the drugs are nutrition for his starved mind. Does it matter how—or ...
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A Hindu monk in Calcutta refuses to take his psychotropic medications. His psychiatrist explains that just as his body needs food, the drugs are nutrition for his starved mind. Does it matter how—or whether—patients understand their prescribed drugs. Millions of people in India are routinely prescribed mood medications. Pharmaceutical companies give doctors strong incentives to write as many prescriptions as possible, with as little awkward questioning from patients as possible. Without a sustained public debate on psychopharmaceuticals in India, patients remain puzzled by the notion that drugs can cure disturbances of the mind. While biomedical psychopharmaceuticals are perceived with great suspicion, many non-biomedical treatments are embraced. This book illuminates how biomedical, Ayurvedic, and homeopathic treatments are used in India, and argues that pharmaceutical pluralism changes popular ideas of what drugs do. Based on several years of research on pharmaceutical markets, the book shows how doctors employ a wide range of strategies to make patients take the remedies prescribed. Yet while metaphors such as “mind food” may succeed in getting patients to accept the prescriptions, they also obscure a critical awareness of drug effects.Less
A Hindu monk in Calcutta refuses to take his psychotropic medications. His psychiatrist explains that just as his body needs food, the drugs are nutrition for his starved mind. Does it matter how—or whether—patients understand their prescribed drugs. Millions of people in India are routinely prescribed mood medications. Pharmaceutical companies give doctors strong incentives to write as many prescriptions as possible, with as little awkward questioning from patients as possible. Without a sustained public debate on psychopharmaceuticals in India, patients remain puzzled by the notion that drugs can cure disturbances of the mind. While biomedical psychopharmaceuticals are perceived with great suspicion, many non-biomedical treatments are embraced. This book illuminates how biomedical, Ayurvedic, and homeopathic treatments are used in India, and argues that pharmaceutical pluralism changes popular ideas of what drugs do. Based on several years of research on pharmaceutical markets, the book shows how doctors employ a wide range of strategies to make patients take the remedies prescribed. Yet while metaphors such as “mind food” may succeed in getting patients to accept the prescriptions, they also obscure a critical awareness of drug effects.
David J. Bearison and Raymond K. Mulhern
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195079319
- eISBN:
- 9780199999804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195079319.003.0005
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
A significant and growing problem in pediatric oncology is the alarming rates of medication noncompliance. Among adolescent oncology patients, it has been found that as many as 60 percent are not ...
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A significant and growing problem in pediatric oncology is the alarming rates of medication noncompliance. Among adolescent oncology patients, it has been found that as many as 60 percent are not compliant, and this has been shown to have critical implications for their survival. This chapter discusses the varieties of noncompliance in pediatric oncology and reviews findings on noncompliance and factors that place children at risk for non-compliance relative to demographic, biomedical, and psychosocial variables. It considers the need for new ways of intervening in order to promote compliance among pediatric cancer patients. In the chapter, noncompliance is considered primarily as the failure to reliably self-administer prescribed amounts of oral medication. Adherence to medication regimens is the most reliable form in which noncompliance has been studied in pediatric oncology, and it reflects its most direct and pernicious effects.Less
A significant and growing problem in pediatric oncology is the alarming rates of medication noncompliance. Among adolescent oncology patients, it has been found that as many as 60 percent are not compliant, and this has been shown to have critical implications for their survival. This chapter discusses the varieties of noncompliance in pediatric oncology and reviews findings on noncompliance and factors that place children at risk for non-compliance relative to demographic, biomedical, and psychosocial variables. It considers the need for new ways of intervening in order to promote compliance among pediatric cancer patients. In the chapter, noncompliance is considered primarily as the failure to reliably self-administer prescribed amounts of oral medication. Adherence to medication regimens is the most reliable form in which noncompliance has been studied in pediatric oncology, and it reflects its most direct and pernicious effects.
Geoffrey Campbell Cocks
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695676
- eISBN:
- 9780191738616
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695676.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
A commercial and consumer society began emerging in Germany before the First World War, and the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry was the most advanced in the world. By 1933, therefore, ...
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A commercial and consumer society began emerging in Germany before the First World War, and the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry was the most advanced in the world. By 1933, therefore, Germans had increasing expectations when it came to satisfaction of material demands and desires. While the Nazis placed arms production before consumer goods, marketing toward popular demand and need for pharmaceuticals continued through the Third Reich. Patients preferred doctors who would write prescriptions, but dispensing chemists and retail stores were also sources of drugs for self-medication. German Jews often resorted to an overdose of barbiturates or opiates to die a less painful death on their own terms. The military and industry used methamphetamines and other stimulants to enhance—not unproblematically—the performance of soldiers and workers. The SS, private industry, and the military also conducted often lethal drug tests on concentration camp prisoners.Less
A commercial and consumer society began emerging in Germany before the First World War, and the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry was the most advanced in the world. By 1933, therefore, Germans had increasing expectations when it came to satisfaction of material demands and desires. While the Nazis placed arms production before consumer goods, marketing toward popular demand and need for pharmaceuticals continued through the Third Reich. Patients preferred doctors who would write prescriptions, but dispensing chemists and retail stores were also sources of drugs for self-medication. German Jews often resorted to an overdose of barbiturates or opiates to die a less painful death on their own terms. The military and industry used methamphetamines and other stimulants to enhance—not unproblematically—the performance of soldiers and workers. The SS, private industry, and the military also conducted often lethal drug tests on concentration camp prisoners.
Jacqueline Corcoran
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195375718
- eISBN:
- 9780199865529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375718.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Health and Mental Health
This chapter reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The most widely studied intervention for the anxiety disorders is CBT featuring exposure. ...
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This chapter reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The most widely studied intervention for the anxiety disorders is CBT featuring exposure. Antidepressant medication is also considered a viable intervention (indeed it is more effective for reducing anxiety than it is for helping with depression) although CBT is considered a first-line treatment. Combining psychosocial and pharmacological treatment may not be necessary to produce improvement. These interventions are evaluated against how well they address risk factors for the development of anxiety and adjustment for afflicted youth. Other recommendations for practice and research are explored.Less
This chapter reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The most widely studied intervention for the anxiety disorders is CBT featuring exposure. Antidepressant medication is also considered a viable intervention (indeed it is more effective for reducing anxiety than it is for helping with depression) although CBT is considered a first-line treatment. Combining psychosocial and pharmacological treatment may not be necessary to produce improvement. These interventions are evaluated against how well they address risk factors for the development of anxiety and adjustment for afflicted youth. Other recommendations for practice and research are explored.
Jacqueline Corcoran
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195375718
- eISBN:
- 9780199865529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375718.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Health and Mental Health
This chapter reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents. The bulk of the research involves cognitive-behavioral therapy ...
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This chapter reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents. The bulk of the research involves cognitive-behavioral therapy featuring exposure and cognitive restructuring. Sexual abuse as a trauma has received the most attention in the treatment outcome literature. These interventions are evaluated for how well they address risk factors for the development of anxiety and adjustment for afflicted youth. Further study is needed on interventions for ethnic minority populations and those that are typically employed in clinical practice settings, such as play therapy, art therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and medication.Less
This chapter reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents. The bulk of the research involves cognitive-behavioral therapy featuring exposure and cognitive restructuring. Sexual abuse as a trauma has received the most attention in the treatment outcome literature. These interventions are evaluated for how well they address risk factors for the development of anxiety and adjustment for afflicted youth. Further study is needed on interventions for ethnic minority populations and those that are typically employed in clinical practice settings, such as play therapy, art therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and medication.
R. Walter Heinrichs
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122190
- eISBN:
- 9780199865482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122190.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on what may be the most widely acknowledged scientific fact about schizophrenia: most patients' symptoms improve in response to dopamine-blocking antipsychotic medication. It ...
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This chapter focuses on what may be the most widely acknowledged scientific fact about schizophrenia: most patients' symptoms improve in response to dopamine-blocking antipsychotic medication. It describes the elements of neurochemistry implicated in schizophrenia with particular attention to dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate.Less
This chapter focuses on what may be the most widely acknowledged scientific fact about schizophrenia: most patients' symptoms improve in response to dopamine-blocking antipsychotic medication. It describes the elements of neurochemistry implicated in schizophrenia with particular attention to dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate.
Anthony A. Grace
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195306255
- eISBN:
- 9780199863914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter proposes that the genetic predisposition may lead to deficits in the manner by which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is capable of modulating responses to stressors, causing the individual ...
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This chapter proposes that the genetic predisposition may lead to deficits in the manner by which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is capable of modulating responses to stressors, causing the individual to be particularly vulnerable to the pathological changes that eventually culminate in psychosis in adulthood. It presents a potential means to circumvent the transition to psychosis in predisposed individuals by pharmacotherapy of an already-present abnormal response to stress.Less
This chapter proposes that the genetic predisposition may lead to deficits in the manner by which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is capable of modulating responses to stressors, causing the individual to be particularly vulnerable to the pathological changes that eventually culminate in psychosis in adulthood. It presents a potential means to circumvent the transition to psychosis in predisposed individuals by pharmacotherapy of an already-present abnormal response to stress.
Barry M. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300112504
- eISBN:
- 9780300156362
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300112504.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This evaluation of the research on this topic presents the current state of knowledge about suicidal behaviors in children and adolescents, addressing the trends of the past ten years and evaluating ...
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This evaluation of the research on this topic presents the current state of knowledge about suicidal behaviors in children and adolescents, addressing the trends of the past ten years and evaluating available treatment approaches. The book provides an in-depth examination of the problem of suicidal behavior within the context of child and adolescent behavior. Among the developmental issues covered are the evolving capacity for emotional self-regulation, change and stresses in family, peer, and romantic relationships, and developing conceptions of time and death. It also provides an up-to-date review of the controversy surrounding the possible influence of antidepressant medications on suicidal behavior. Within the context of an integrative model of the suicide crisis, the book discusses issues pertaining to assessment, treatment, and prevention.Less
This evaluation of the research on this topic presents the current state of knowledge about suicidal behaviors in children and adolescents, addressing the trends of the past ten years and evaluating available treatment approaches. The book provides an in-depth examination of the problem of suicidal behavior within the context of child and adolescent behavior. Among the developmental issues covered are the evolving capacity for emotional self-regulation, change and stresses in family, peer, and romantic relationships, and developing conceptions of time and death. It also provides an up-to-date review of the controversy surrounding the possible influence of antidepressant medications on suicidal behavior. Within the context of an integrative model of the suicide crisis, the book discusses issues pertaining to assessment, treatment, and prevention.
David J. Bearison and Raymond K. Mulhern (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195079319
- eISBN:
- 9780199999804
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195079319.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
As the practice of pediatric oncology continues to advance and prognoses continue to improve, the course of treatment for children with poor prognoses becomes more biologically aggressive, more ...
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As the practice of pediatric oncology continues to advance and prognoses continue to improve, the course of treatment for children with poor prognoses becomes more biologically aggressive, more stressful, and more uncertain. Even for children who cannot be cured, new treatments have prolonged the survival of those with active disease and, consequently, medical interventions have complicated the dying process. For those who are cured, there are the lingering uncertainties of having undergone medical regimens whose adverse late effects are not yet fully understood. Consequently the field of pediatric oncology now encompasses more than strictly medical concerns. The conditions of treatment, survival, and dying have become the concerns of all health-care practitioners, including psychiatrists. This volume addresses a range of psychological issues—coping with pediatric cancer, pain and symptom management, medication compliance, sibling and family relations, care of the dying child, among others—pertaining to the practice of pediatric oncology. Each topic encompasses a substantial body of research that has theoretical and applied significance. Each chapter contextually defines the research area, discusses its theoretical and methodological concerns, critically reviews and integrates research findings in the area, discusses unresolved research issues, and suggests future research. The topics included are currently supported by sufficient empirical research to allow useful generalization of findings in the clinical setting.Less
As the practice of pediatric oncology continues to advance and prognoses continue to improve, the course of treatment for children with poor prognoses becomes more biologically aggressive, more stressful, and more uncertain. Even for children who cannot be cured, new treatments have prolonged the survival of those with active disease and, consequently, medical interventions have complicated the dying process. For those who are cured, there are the lingering uncertainties of having undergone medical regimens whose adverse late effects are not yet fully understood. Consequently the field of pediatric oncology now encompasses more than strictly medical concerns. The conditions of treatment, survival, and dying have become the concerns of all health-care practitioners, including psychiatrists. This volume addresses a range of psychological issues—coping with pediatric cancer, pain and symptom management, medication compliance, sibling and family relations, care of the dying child, among others—pertaining to the practice of pediatric oncology. Each topic encompasses a substantial body of research that has theoretical and applied significance. Each chapter contextually defines the research area, discusses its theoretical and methodological concerns, critically reviews and integrates research findings in the area, discusses unresolved research issues, and suggests future research. The topics included are currently supported by sufficient empirical research to allow useful generalization of findings in the clinical setting.
