MARGARET R. SPITZ, XIFENG WU, ANNA WILKINSON, and QINGYI WEI
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149616
- eISBN:
- 9780199865062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0033
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an update on the epidemiology of lung cancer with an emphasis on the rapidly expanding literature exploring host susceptibility to tobacco carcinogenesis. It also reviews ...
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This chapter provides an update on the epidemiology of lung cancer with an emphasis on the rapidly expanding literature exploring host susceptibility to tobacco carcinogenesis. It also reviews chemoprevention and lung screening trials.Less
This chapter provides an update on the epidemiology of lung cancer with an emphasis on the rapidly expanding literature exploring host susceptibility to tobacco carcinogenesis. It also reviews chemoprevention and lung screening trials.
Graham G. Giles and Peter Boyle
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0027
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The establishment of the causal link between smoking and lung cancer was an epidemiological triumph won against considerable resistance marshalled by the tobacco industry. This chapter reviews how ...
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The establishment of the causal link between smoking and lung cancer was an epidemiological triumph won against considerable resistance marshalled by the tobacco industry. This chapter reviews how the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer was accumulated and weighed against criteria adopted to establish the causal significance of epidemiological associations between an exposure and disease. The history of elucidating the association between lung cancer and smoking is now fundamental to modern epidemiological thinking and practice but in the early to mid-20th century the science of epidemiology was new and in the making, and the research on smoking and lung cancer contributed to the development of epidemiology as a discipline. In addition to the evaluation of epidemiological evidence, the case for causality was strengthened by evidence from human pathology and by evidence from experimental studies using animal models.Less
The establishment of the causal link between smoking and lung cancer was an epidemiological triumph won against considerable resistance marshalled by the tobacco industry. This chapter reviews how the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer was accumulated and weighed against criteria adopted to establish the causal significance of epidemiological associations between an exposure and disease. The history of elucidating the association between lung cancer and smoking is now fundamental to modern epidemiological thinking and practice but in the early to mid-20th century the science of epidemiology was new and in the making, and the research on smoking and lung cancer contributed to the development of epidemiology as a discipline. In addition to the evaluation of epidemiological evidence, the case for causality was strengthened by evidence from human pathology and by evidence from experimental studies using animal models.
JONATHAN M. SAMET and AARON J. COHEN
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149616
- eISBN:
- 9780199865062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0019
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on the connections between outdoor and indoor air pollution and lung cancer, as well as other types of malignancy. The evidence on air pollution and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on the connections between outdoor and indoor air pollution and lung cancer, as well as other types of malignancy. The evidence on air pollution and lung cancer is now extensive and the review in this chapter is selective, emphasizing the most recent findings, primarily from the epidemiologic literature.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on the connections between outdoor and indoor air pollution and lung cancer, as well as other types of malignancy. The evidence on air pollution and lung cancer is now extensive and the review in this chapter is selective, emphasizing the most recent findings, primarily from the epidemiologic literature.
Walter Willett
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122978
- eISBN:
- 9780199864249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.003.15
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews studies on the link between vitamin A and lung cancer. These include prospective studies, case-control studies, studies of blood vitamin A levels and risk of lung cancer, nested ...
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This chapter reviews studies on the link between vitamin A and lung cancer. These include prospective studies, case-control studies, studies of blood vitamin A levels and risk of lung cancer, nested case control studies of blood carotene levels and lung cancer, and randomized trials. The inverse relationship between the intake of fruits and vegetables and the risk of lung cancer, which has been found in many case-control studies and cohort studies using both questionnaire and biochemical measurements of intake, represents one of the best established associations in the field of nutritional epidemiology.Less
This chapter reviews studies on the link between vitamin A and lung cancer. These include prospective studies, case-control studies, studies of blood vitamin A levels and risk of lung cancer, nested case control studies of blood carotene levels and lung cancer, and randomized trials. The inverse relationship between the intake of fruits and vegetables and the risk of lung cancer, which has been found in many case-control studies and cohort studies using both questionnaire and biochemical measurements of intake, represents one of the best established associations in the field of nutritional epidemiology.
Michael J. Thun, S. Jane Henley, and William D. Travis
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190238667
- eISBN:
- 9780190238698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0028
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, ranking first in men and third in women for new cases and first in both sexes for deaths. Dynamic global patterns in incidence predominantly reflect ...
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Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, ranking first in men and third in women for new cases and first in both sexes for deaths. Dynamic global patterns in incidence predominantly reflect past and current patterns of cigarette smoking. Incidence rates in most high-income countries have decreased substantially among men but are increasing among women. More than half of all cases occur in economically developing countries where smoking remains common, especially among men. Strong birth cohort patterns dominate temporal trends in high-income countries; these parallel birth cohort patterns in the uptake in cigarette smoking, fifty years earlier. Unlike smoking cessation, which dramatically reduces risk, design changes in cigarettes provide no health benefit. Active cigarette smoking accounts for an estimated 95% of lung cancer cases among smokers and 82% in the general population of the United States; secondhand smoke causes an estimated 7,700 lung cancer deaths among never smokers.Less
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, ranking first in men and third in women for new cases and first in both sexes for deaths. Dynamic global patterns in incidence predominantly reflect past and current patterns of cigarette smoking. Incidence rates in most high-income countries have decreased substantially among men but are increasing among women. More than half of all cases occur in economically developing countries where smoking remains common, especially among men. Strong birth cohort patterns dominate temporal trends in high-income countries; these parallel birth cohort patterns in the uptake in cigarette smoking, fifty years earlier. Unlike smoking cessation, which dramatically reduces risk, design changes in cigarettes provide no health benefit. Active cigarette smoking accounts for an estimated 95% of lung cancer cases among smokers and 82% in the general population of the United States; secondhand smoke causes an estimated 7,700 lung cancer deaths among never smokers.
Virginia Berridge
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199260300
- eISBN:
- 9780191717376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260300.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the smoking and lung cancer within the context of public health in the 1950s. It argues that smoking was the exemplar of what came to be the main style of post-war public ...
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This chapter discusses the smoking and lung cancer within the context of public health in the 1950s. It argues that smoking was the exemplar of what came to be the main style of post-war public health. Such a style emphasized the role of individual behaviour, legitimated through population-based epidemiology, as the dominant focus.Less
This chapter discusses the smoking and lung cancer within the context of public health in the 1950s. It argues that smoking was the exemplar of what came to be the main style of post-war public health. Such a style emphasized the role of individual behaviour, legitimated through population-based epidemiology, as the dominant focus.
Jennifer Chard, Peter Hoskin, and Sam H. Ahmedzai
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199591763
- eISBN:
- 9780191739149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591763.003.0020
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Supportive care is a major component in the management of malignant diseases that affect the respiratory system. It should be included in the overall management plan for the patient from the very ...
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Supportive care is a major component in the management of malignant diseases that affect the respiratory system. It should be included in the overall management plan for the patient from the very outset. Many patients who present with new respiratory or systemic symptoms of lung cancer will need urgent palliation of these problems, even before a definitive histological diagnosis can be made. Indeed, some patients who present late with advanced disease may be too ill for invasive diagnostic investigations, and palliative interventions will be planned on the basis of a working diagnosis of lung cancer, guided on radiological findings and clinical history. This chapter discusses the prevalence of symptoms in cancer, causes and assessment of symptoms in cancer, approaches to symptom management, technical advances in radiotherapy delivery, chemotherapy, comprehensive palliation of symptoms, and management of effusions.Less
Supportive care is a major component in the management of malignant diseases that affect the respiratory system. It should be included in the overall management plan for the patient from the very outset. Many patients who present with new respiratory or systemic symptoms of lung cancer will need urgent palliation of these problems, even before a definitive histological diagnosis can be made. Indeed, some patients who present late with advanced disease may be too ill for invasive diagnostic investigations, and palliative interventions will be planned on the basis of a working diagnosis of lung cancer, guided on radiological findings and clinical history. This chapter discusses the prevalence of symptoms in cancer, causes and assessment of symptoms in cancer, approaches to symptom management, technical advances in radiotherapy delivery, chemotherapy, comprehensive palliation of symptoms, and management of effusions.
Sara Booth and Deborah Dudgeon (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530039
- eISBN:
- 9780191730450
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530039.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Dyspnoea (breathlessness) is an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that occurs in approximately 30–75% of terminal cancer patients. It is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and ...
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Dyspnoea (breathlessness) is an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that occurs in approximately 30–75% of terminal cancer patients. It is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and family members and can seriously impact on quality of life. Typically, dyspnoea is associated with congestive heart failure, end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or lung cancer. This book provides palliative care doctors and specialist nurses with practical guidelines to help manage and treat patients with breathlessness. It includes the science behind the symptom in an attempt to explain the pathology and physiology of this complex condition. The book has been organized to address generalized aspects of breathlessness in advanced illness and more specific aetiologies and managements relevant to particular underlying diseases. It summarizes the epidemiology and the pathophysiology of breathlessness, measurement, research approaches, rehabilitation and exercise, clinical approaches that can be taken at the bedside, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and surgical interventions. The care of patients with dyspnoea requires input from a variety of disciplines such as palliative care, physiotherapy, respiratory medicine, and nursing, and this is reflected in the multidisciplinary list of contributors.Less
Dyspnoea (breathlessness) is an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that occurs in approximately 30–75% of terminal cancer patients. It is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and family members and can seriously impact on quality of life. Typically, dyspnoea is associated with congestive heart failure, end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or lung cancer. This book provides palliative care doctors and specialist nurses with practical guidelines to help manage and treat patients with breathlessness. It includes the science behind the symptom in an attempt to explain the pathology and physiology of this complex condition. The book has been organized to address generalized aspects of breathlessness in advanced illness and more specific aetiologies and managements relevant to particular underlying diseases. It summarizes the epidemiology and the pathophysiology of breathlessness, measurement, research approaches, rehabilitation and exercise, clinical approaches that can be taken at the bedside, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and surgical interventions. The care of patients with dyspnoea requires input from a variety of disciplines such as palliative care, physiotherapy, respiratory medicine, and nursing, and this is reflected in the multidisciplinary list of contributors.
Jyoti Malhotra, Paolo Boffetta, and Lorelei Mucci
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190676827
- eISBN:
- 9780190676858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in most countries, and is the primary cause of cancer death in men and women. Its epidemic increase in incidence began in the first half of ...
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Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in most countries, and is the primary cause of cancer death in men and women. Its epidemic increase in incidence began in the first half of the twentieth century, paralleling the uptake of cigarette smoking that occurred 20 years before. A series of landmark studies beginning in 1950 established tobacco as the primary cause of lung cancer. Current smokers have a 10- to 20-fold higher lung cancer risk compared to never smokers. Important for prevention, former smokers substantially reduce this excess risk 5 years after smoking cessation. Exposure to secondhand smoke, a well-established risk factor for lung cancer, has a 20%–25% higher risk for those exposed. There are several occupational exposures associated with lung cancer, including asbestos. Despite the success in defining lung cancer’s etiology, this highly preventable disease remains among the most common and most lethal cancers globally.Less
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in most countries, and is the primary cause of cancer death in men and women. Its epidemic increase in incidence began in the first half of the twentieth century, paralleling the uptake of cigarette smoking that occurred 20 years before. A series of landmark studies beginning in 1950 established tobacco as the primary cause of lung cancer. Current smokers have a 10- to 20-fold higher lung cancer risk compared to never smokers. Important for prevention, former smokers substantially reduce this excess risk 5 years after smoking cessation. Exposure to secondhand smoke, a well-established risk factor for lung cancer, has a 20%–25% higher risk for those exposed. There are several occupational exposures associated with lung cancer, including asbestos. Despite the success in defining lung cancer’s etiology, this highly preventable disease remains among the most common and most lethal cancers globally.
Walter Willett and Graham Colditz
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199754038
- eISBN:
- 9780199979448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754038.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
Vitamin A has long been recognized to play a central physiologic role in the regulation of cell differentiation. Because loss of differentiation is a basic feature of malignancy, vitamin A may be ...
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Vitamin A has long been recognized to play a central physiologic role in the regulation of cell differentiation. Because loss of differentiation is a basic feature of malignancy, vitamin A may be related to cancer incidence. In numerous animal studies, naturally occurring preformed vitamin A and synthetic analogs have inhibited the occurrence of induced tumors and even reversed metaplastic changes. This chapter describes the unfolding of evidence on vitamin A and lung cancer, both because of the potential importance of the hypothesis and what it has taught us about nutritional epidemiology. Even today, the story is taking another twist with the potential integration of genetic and dietary data on this topic.Less
Vitamin A has long been recognized to play a central physiologic role in the regulation of cell differentiation. Because loss of differentiation is a basic feature of malignancy, vitamin A may be related to cancer incidence. In numerous animal studies, naturally occurring preformed vitamin A and synthetic analogs have inhibited the occurrence of induced tumors and even reversed metaplastic changes. This chapter describes the unfolding of evidence on vitamin A and lung cancer, both because of the potential importance of the hypothesis and what it has taught us about nutritional epidemiology. Even today, the story is taking another twist with the potential integration of genetic and dietary data on this topic.
