MARGARET R. SPITZ, XIFENG WU, ANNA WILKINSON, and QINGYI WEI
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149616
- eISBN:
- 9780199865062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0033
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an update on the epidemiology of lung cancer with an emphasis on the rapidly expanding literature exploring host susceptibility to tobacco carcinogenesis. It also reviews ...
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This chapter provides an update on the epidemiology of lung cancer with an emphasis on the rapidly expanding literature exploring host susceptibility to tobacco carcinogenesis. It also reviews chemoprevention and lung screening trials.Less
This chapter provides an update on the epidemiology of lung cancer with an emphasis on the rapidly expanding literature exploring host susceptibility to tobacco carcinogenesis. It also reviews chemoprevention and lung screening trials.
Graham G. Giles and Peter Boyle
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0027
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The establishment of the causal link between smoking and lung cancer was an epidemiological triumph won against considerable resistance marshalled by the tobacco industry. This chapter reviews how ...
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The establishment of the causal link between smoking and lung cancer was an epidemiological triumph won against considerable resistance marshalled by the tobacco industry. This chapter reviews how the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer was accumulated and weighed against criteria adopted to establish the causal significance of epidemiological associations between an exposure and disease. The history of elucidating the association between lung cancer and smoking is now fundamental to modern epidemiological thinking and practice but in the early to mid-20th century the science of epidemiology was new and in the making, and the research on smoking and lung cancer contributed to the development of epidemiology as a discipline. In addition to the evaluation of epidemiological evidence, the case for causality was strengthened by evidence from human pathology and by evidence from experimental studies using animal models.Less
The establishment of the causal link between smoking and lung cancer was an epidemiological triumph won against considerable resistance marshalled by the tobacco industry. This chapter reviews how the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer was accumulated and weighed against criteria adopted to establish the causal significance of epidemiological associations between an exposure and disease. The history of elucidating the association between lung cancer and smoking is now fundamental to modern epidemiological thinking and practice but in the early to mid-20th century the science of epidemiology was new and in the making, and the research on smoking and lung cancer contributed to the development of epidemiology as a discipline. In addition to the evaluation of epidemiological evidence, the case for causality was strengthened by evidence from human pathology and by evidence from experimental studies using animal models.
JONATHAN M. SAMET and AARON J. COHEN
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149616
- eISBN:
- 9780199865062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0019
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on the connections between outdoor and indoor air pollution and lung cancer, as well as other types of malignancy. The evidence on air pollution and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on the connections between outdoor and indoor air pollution and lung cancer, as well as other types of malignancy. The evidence on air pollution and lung cancer is now extensive and the review in this chapter is selective, emphasizing the most recent findings, primarily from the epidemiologic literature.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on the connections between outdoor and indoor air pollution and lung cancer, as well as other types of malignancy. The evidence on air pollution and lung cancer is now extensive and the review in this chapter is selective, emphasizing the most recent findings, primarily from the epidemiologic literature.
Walter Willett
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122978
- eISBN:
- 9780199864249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.003.15
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews studies on the link between vitamin A and lung cancer. These include prospective studies, case-control studies, studies of blood vitamin A levels and risk of lung cancer, nested ...
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This chapter reviews studies on the link between vitamin A and lung cancer. These include prospective studies, case-control studies, studies of blood vitamin A levels and risk of lung cancer, nested case control studies of blood carotene levels and lung cancer, and randomized trials. The inverse relationship between the intake of fruits and vegetables and the risk of lung cancer, which has been found in many case-control studies and cohort studies using both questionnaire and biochemical measurements of intake, represents one of the best established associations in the field of nutritional epidemiology.Less
This chapter reviews studies on the link between vitamin A and lung cancer. These include prospective studies, case-control studies, studies of blood vitamin A levels and risk of lung cancer, nested case control studies of blood carotene levels and lung cancer, and randomized trials. The inverse relationship between the intake of fruits and vegetables and the risk of lung cancer, which has been found in many case-control studies and cohort studies using both questionnaire and biochemical measurements of intake, represents one of the best established associations in the field of nutritional epidemiology.
Virginia Berridge
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199260300
- eISBN:
- 9780191717376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260300.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the smoking and lung cancer within the context of public health in the 1950s. It argues that smoking was the exemplar of what came to be the main style of post-war public ...
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This chapter discusses the smoking and lung cancer within the context of public health in the 1950s. It argues that smoking was the exemplar of what came to be the main style of post-war public health. Such a style emphasized the role of individual behaviour, legitimated through population-based epidemiology, as the dominant focus.Less
This chapter discusses the smoking and lung cancer within the context of public health in the 1950s. It argues that smoking was the exemplar of what came to be the main style of post-war public health. Such a style emphasized the role of individual behaviour, legitimated through population-based epidemiology, as the dominant focus.
Jennifer Chard, Peter Hoskin, and Sam H. Ahmedzai
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199591763
- eISBN:
- 9780191739149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591763.003.0020
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Supportive care is a major component in the management of malignant diseases that affect the respiratory system. It should be included in the overall management plan for the patient from the very ...
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Supportive care is a major component in the management of malignant diseases that affect the respiratory system. It should be included in the overall management plan for the patient from the very outset. Many patients who present with new respiratory or systemic symptoms of lung cancer will need urgent palliation of these problems, even before a definitive histological diagnosis can be made. Indeed, some patients who present late with advanced disease may be too ill for invasive diagnostic investigations, and palliative interventions will be planned on the basis of a working diagnosis of lung cancer, guided on radiological findings and clinical history. This chapter discusses the prevalence of symptoms in cancer, causes and assessment of symptoms in cancer, approaches to symptom management, technical advances in radiotherapy delivery, chemotherapy, comprehensive palliation of symptoms, and management of effusions.Less
Supportive care is a major component in the management of malignant diseases that affect the respiratory system. It should be included in the overall management plan for the patient from the very outset. Many patients who present with new respiratory or systemic symptoms of lung cancer will need urgent palliation of these problems, even before a definitive histological diagnosis can be made. Indeed, some patients who present late with advanced disease may be too ill for invasive diagnostic investigations, and palliative interventions will be planned on the basis of a working diagnosis of lung cancer, guided on radiological findings and clinical history. This chapter discusses the prevalence of symptoms in cancer, causes and assessment of symptoms in cancer, approaches to symptom management, technical advances in radiotherapy delivery, chemotherapy, comprehensive palliation of symptoms, and management of effusions.
Sara Booth and Deborah Dudgeon (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530039
- eISBN:
- 9780191730450
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530039.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Dyspnoea (breathlessness) is an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that occurs in approximately 30–75% of terminal cancer patients. It is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and ...
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Dyspnoea (breathlessness) is an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that occurs in approximately 30–75% of terminal cancer patients. It is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and family members and can seriously impact on quality of life. Typically, dyspnoea is associated with congestive heart failure, end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or lung cancer. This book provides palliative care doctors and specialist nurses with practical guidelines to help manage and treat patients with breathlessness. It includes the science behind the symptom in an attempt to explain the pathology and physiology of this complex condition. The book has been organized to address generalized aspects of breathlessness in advanced illness and more specific aetiologies and managements relevant to particular underlying diseases. It summarizes the epidemiology and the pathophysiology of breathlessness, measurement, research approaches, rehabilitation and exercise, clinical approaches that can be taken at the bedside, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and surgical interventions. The care of patients with dyspnoea requires input from a variety of disciplines such as palliative care, physiotherapy, respiratory medicine, and nursing, and this is reflected in the multidisciplinary list of contributors.Less
Dyspnoea (breathlessness) is an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that occurs in approximately 30–75% of terminal cancer patients. It is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and family members and can seriously impact on quality of life. Typically, dyspnoea is associated with congestive heart failure, end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or lung cancer. This book provides palliative care doctors and specialist nurses with practical guidelines to help manage and treat patients with breathlessness. It includes the science behind the symptom in an attempt to explain the pathology and physiology of this complex condition. The book has been organized to address generalized aspects of breathlessness in advanced illness and more specific aetiologies and managements relevant to particular underlying diseases. It summarizes the epidemiology and the pathophysiology of breathlessness, measurement, research approaches, rehabilitation and exercise, clinical approaches that can be taken at the bedside, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and surgical interventions. The care of patients with dyspnoea requires input from a variety of disciplines such as palliative care, physiotherapy, respiratory medicine, and nursing, and this is reflected in the multidisciplinary list of contributors.
Walter Willett and Graham Colditz
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199754038
- eISBN:
- 9780199979448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754038.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
Vitamin A has long been recognized to play a central physiologic role in the regulation of cell differentiation. Because loss of differentiation is a basic feature of malignancy, vitamin A may be ...
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Vitamin A has long been recognized to play a central physiologic role in the regulation of cell differentiation. Because loss of differentiation is a basic feature of malignancy, vitamin A may be related to cancer incidence. In numerous animal studies, naturally occurring preformed vitamin A and synthetic analogs have inhibited the occurrence of induced tumors and even reversed metaplastic changes. This chapter describes the unfolding of evidence on vitamin A and lung cancer, both because of the potential importance of the hypothesis and what it has taught us about nutritional epidemiology. Even today, the story is taking another twist with the potential integration of genetic and dietary data on this topic.Less
Vitamin A has long been recognized to play a central physiologic role in the regulation of cell differentiation. Because loss of differentiation is a basic feature of malignancy, vitamin A may be related to cancer incidence. In numerous animal studies, naturally occurring preformed vitamin A and synthetic analogs have inhibited the occurrence of induced tumors and even reversed metaplastic changes. This chapter describes the unfolding of evidence on vitamin A and lung cancer, both because of the potential importance of the hypothesis and what it has taught us about nutritional epidemiology. Even today, the story is taking another twist with the potential integration of genetic and dietary data on this topic.
M. Ezzati and A. D. Lopez
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter employs the indirect smoking impact ratio method (Peto et al. 1992), which uses absolute lung cancer mortality in a population as a marker for accumulated hazards of smoking, to estimate ...
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This chapter employs the indirect smoking impact ratio method (Peto et al. 1992), which uses absolute lung cancer mortality in a population as a marker for accumulated hazards of smoking, to estimate the global impact of smoking on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. In 2000, an estimated 873,000 people died from CHD in the world due to smoking, accounting for 15% of global adult CHD mortality. This figure represents a significant proportion of the more than 4.8 million smoking-attributable deaths in 2000. Of these deaths, 359,000 were in developing countries, marking a transition to an era in which smoking kills a comparable number of people from CHD in developing countries as in industrialized nations.Less
This chapter employs the indirect smoking impact ratio method (Peto et al. 1992), which uses absolute lung cancer mortality in a population as a marker for accumulated hazards of smoking, to estimate the global impact of smoking on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. In 2000, an estimated 873,000 people died from CHD in the world due to smoking, accounting for 15% of global adult CHD mortality. This figure represents a significant proportion of the more than 4.8 million smoking-attributable deaths in 2000. Of these deaths, 359,000 were in developing countries, marking a transition to an era in which smoking kills a comparable number of people from CHD in developing countries as in industrialized nations.
Allan M. Brandt
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.21
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The Surgeon General's Report of 1964 marks a watershed in the history of public health. Following its publication, both the science and the practice of public health were visibly transformed. This ...
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The Surgeon General's Report of 1964 marks a watershed in the history of public health. Following its publication, both the science and the practice of public health were visibly transformed. This chapter traces the clinical and epidemiological progress in knowledge about smoking and health harm, and the institutional history of the Report. In establishing cigarette smoking as the preeminent public health issue of the second half of the 20th century, the federal government established new responsibilities and authority for science and health in the consumer culture. Surgeons General since have used the authority of their office to shape the policy context of subsequent tobacco regulation.Less
The Surgeon General's Report of 1964 marks a watershed in the history of public health. Following its publication, both the science and the practice of public health were visibly transformed. This chapter traces the clinical and epidemiological progress in knowledge about smoking and health harm, and the institutional history of the Report. In establishing cigarette smoking as the preeminent public health issue of the second half of the 20th century, the federal government established new responsibilities and authority for science and health in the consumer culture. Surgeons General since have used the authority of their office to shape the policy context of subsequent tobacco regulation.
