Robert W. Fogel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226801
- eISBN:
- 9780191710285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226801.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This foreword provides an overview of demographic development during the past three centuries, as life expectancy and per-capita growth of GDP have increased dramatically. Due to the intense ...
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This foreword provides an overview of demographic development during the past three centuries, as life expectancy and per-capita growth of GDP have increased dramatically. Due to the intense interplay between physiological improvement and technological advances, humans have increased their body size by more than 50% in the past two centuries, and the betterment of general sanitation, reduction of air pollution in the cities, and higher food intake have improved life expectancy. It is argued that demographers have consistently underestimated the impact of such improvements and, consequently, have underestimated gains in life expectancy. With more workers living longer and healthier lives, men in Western countries have four times more leisure than they did a century ago, and this trend will continue. This achievement has devastating financial implications for already overburdened social security systems and calls for a careful re-examination of social security to ensure future sustainability.Less
This foreword provides an overview of demographic development during the past three centuries, as life expectancy and per-capita growth of GDP have increased dramatically. Due to the intense interplay between physiological improvement and technological advances, humans have increased their body size by more than 50% in the past two centuries, and the betterment of general sanitation, reduction of air pollution in the cities, and higher food intake have improved life expectancy. It is argued that demographers have consistently underestimated the impact of such improvements and, consequently, have underestimated gains in life expectancy. With more workers living longer and healthier lives, men in Western countries have four times more leisure than they did a century ago, and this trend will continue. This achievement has devastating financial implications for already overburdened social security systems and calls for a careful re-examination of social security to ensure future sustainability.
John Ameriks and Olivia S. Mitchell (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549108
- eISBN:
- 9780191720734
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549108.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
As Baby Boomers are now in their 60s, policymaker and media attention is becoming focused on how this generation will manage during its long period in retirement. This book acknowledges that many, ...
More
As Baby Boomers are now in their 60s, policymaker and media attention is becoming focused on how this generation will manage during its long period in retirement. This book acknowledges that many, though not all, in this age group have accumulated substantial assets, so they are now asking themselves what they will do with what they have. The book explores of how people entering retirement will deploy their accumulated assets in the near and long term to meet their myriad spending, investment, and other objectives. The book studies emerging issues regarding assets and expectations on the verge of retirement, including uncertainty regarding life expectancy and morbidity. It is composed of chapters from contributors including a Nobel Laureate and a wonderful mix of academics and practitioners from the legal, financial, and economic fields.Less
As Baby Boomers are now in their 60s, policymaker and media attention is becoming focused on how this generation will manage during its long period in retirement. This book acknowledges that many, though not all, in this age group have accumulated substantial assets, so they are now asking themselves what they will do with what they have. The book explores of how people entering retirement will deploy their accumulated assets in the near and long term to meet their myriad spending, investment, and other objectives. The book studies emerging issues regarding assets and expectations on the verge of retirement, including uncertainty regarding life expectancy and morbidity. It is composed of chapters from contributors including a Nobel Laureate and a wonderful mix of academics and practitioners from the legal, financial, and economic fields.
Margaret Pabst Battin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195140279
- eISBN:
- 9780199850280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140279.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Is there a duty to die? This inflammatory question, often originally attributed to then-Governor of Colorado Richard Lamm, was being explored some years ago within the context of American health ...
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Is there a duty to die? This inflammatory question, often originally attributed to then-Governor of Colorado Richard Lamm, was being explored some years ago within the context of American health care, but lately has dropped out of sight. If the strongest argument for the existence of a duty to die, rooted in Norman Daniels' early Rawlsian reconstruction, is supplemented by Allen Buchanan's distinctive approach to issues of international justice, it is possible that a new, stronger duty to die might emerge from this conjunction. This “duty to die” is sneaking up on us as we explore multilateralist, cosmopolitan accounts of international relations. In some familiar senses, we already recognize a variety of “duties to die” — including obligations to allow oneself to die, to risk dying, to let oneself be killed, or kill oneself — in a wide range of traditional circumstances. This chapter examines the notion of the duty to die and global life expectancies and compares the views of Dan Callahan, Norman Daniels, and John Hardwig.Less
Is there a duty to die? This inflammatory question, often originally attributed to then-Governor of Colorado Richard Lamm, was being explored some years ago within the context of American health care, but lately has dropped out of sight. If the strongest argument for the existence of a duty to die, rooted in Norman Daniels' early Rawlsian reconstruction, is supplemented by Allen Buchanan's distinctive approach to issues of international justice, it is possible that a new, stronger duty to die might emerge from this conjunction. This “duty to die” is sneaking up on us as we explore multilateralist, cosmopolitan accounts of international relations. In some familiar senses, we already recognize a variety of “duties to die” — including obligations to allow oneself to die, to risk dying, to let oneself be killed, or kill oneself — in a wide range of traditional circumstances. This chapter examines the notion of the duty to die and global life expectancies and compares the views of Dan Callahan, Norman Daniels, and John Hardwig.
Johannes Siegrist and Michael Marmot (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198568162
- eISBN:
- 9780191724107
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568162.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Health inequalities according to people's social standing are persisting, or even growing, in modern societies. Recent decades have revealed evidence of strong variations in life expectancy, both ...
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Health inequalities according to people's social standing are persisting, or even growing, in modern societies. Recent decades have revealed evidence of strong variations in life expectancy, both between countries and within them. This widening of social inequalities has developed despite considerable progress in medical science and an increase in health care spending. The reasons behind this are complex, and the implications considerable. This book provides a summary of the major achievements of a five-year European Science Foundation (ESF) Programme on ‘Social Variations in Health Expectancy in Europe’. The contributors to this book are major figures in their subjects, and combine state of the art reviews with the latest results from interdisciplinary research in epidemiology, sociology, psychology, and biomedicine. Three conceptual frameworks of life course influences, health effects of stressful environments, and macro social determinants of health, are unified, while each chapter addresses the policy implications and recommendations derived from currently available evidence. The major topics covered include the role of family in early life, social integration and health, work stress and job security, successful ways of facing adversity, and the impact of the larger environment on health.Less
Health inequalities according to people's social standing are persisting, or even growing, in modern societies. Recent decades have revealed evidence of strong variations in life expectancy, both between countries and within them. This widening of social inequalities has developed despite considerable progress in medical science and an increase in health care spending. The reasons behind this are complex, and the implications considerable. This book provides a summary of the major achievements of a five-year European Science Foundation (ESF) Programme on ‘Social Variations in Health Expectancy in Europe’. The contributors to this book are major figures in their subjects, and combine state of the art reviews with the latest results from interdisciplinary research in epidemiology, sociology, psychology, and biomedicine. Three conceptual frameworks of life course influences, health effects of stressful environments, and macro social determinants of health, are unified, while each chapter addresses the policy implications and recommendations derived from currently available evidence. The major topics covered include the role of family in early life, social integration and health, work stress and job security, successful ways of facing adversity, and the impact of the larger environment on health.
Colin D Mathers and Ruth Bonita
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199236626
- eISBN:
- 9780191724053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236626.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an overview of the global health status and highlights the importance of capturing, with a range of new measures, the health transformations that are taking place in the context ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the global health status and highlights the importance of capturing, with a range of new measures, the health transformations that are taking place in the context of continuing global change. Topics discussed include measures of health status, life expectancy, mortality and causes of death, morbidity and disability, global disease burden in 2004, and projections of future trends in mortality.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the global health status and highlights the importance of capturing, with a range of new measures, the health transformations that are taking place in the context of continuing global change. Topics discussed include measures of health status, life expectancy, mortality and causes of death, morbidity and disability, global disease burden in 2004, and projections of future trends in mortality.
Graziella Caselli, Sven Drefahl, Christian Wegner-Siegmundt, and Marc Luy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198703167
- eISBN:
- 9780191772467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703167.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Chapter 5 provides an overview of past and expected future trends in life expectancy in populations of today’s low mortality countries. Because these populations previously experienced strong ...
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Chapter 5 provides an overview of past and expected future trends in life expectancy in populations of today’s low mortality countries. Because these populations previously experienced strong decreases in infant mortality, the future mortality trends will be driven mainly by mortality among the old and oldest-old. The chapter gathers empirical background data and theoretical considerations about past and likely future determinants of mortality, including smoking, obesity, biomedical progress, environmental changes, and socio-economic conditions. Based on this knowledge, an Internet expert survey and an invited experts meeting were carried out to formulate expert-based assumptions for future trends in life expectancy. The presented evidence and substantive arguments indicate that the positive influences on human life expectancy will likely outweigh the negative risk factors, leading to further increases in life expectancy. Moreover, the chapter concludes that the differences in life expectancy between countries are likely to narrow further in the future.Less
Chapter 5 provides an overview of past and expected future trends in life expectancy in populations of today’s low mortality countries. Because these populations previously experienced strong decreases in infant mortality, the future mortality trends will be driven mainly by mortality among the old and oldest-old. The chapter gathers empirical background data and theoretical considerations about past and likely future determinants of mortality, including smoking, obesity, biomedical progress, environmental changes, and socio-economic conditions. Based on this knowledge, an Internet expert survey and an invited experts meeting were carried out to formulate expert-based assumptions for future trends in life expectancy. The presented evidence and substantive arguments indicate that the positive influences on human life expectancy will likely outweigh the negative risk factors, leading to further increases in life expectancy. Moreover, the chapter concludes that the differences in life expectancy between countries are likely to narrow further in the future.
Peter A. Diamond
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199247899
- eISBN:
- 9780191697692
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247899.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Public and Welfare
Social security systems are being reviewed and changed in many countries around the world. This book considers some of the key policy issues for design of a social security reform, as well as ...
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Social security systems are being reviewed and changed in many countries around the world. This book considers some of the key policy issues for design of a social security reform, as well as reviewing much of the academic literature on the positive and normative aspects of social security. The first chapter provides an examination of key policy issues of general concern includes the funding of social security, the comparison of defined benefit and defined contribution systems, notional defined contribution accounts, alternative approaches to organizing individual defined contribution accounts, and the provision of survivor benefits. The book then turns to the academic literature on the interactions between social security and the labor and capital markets, providing a non-technical overview of the existing literature and pointing-out gaps in current research findings. The second chapter reviews the impact on retirement decisions of forced savings, the use of an earnings or retirement test, mandated annuitization, recognizing heterogeneity in both life expectancy and possibly in risk classification for annuity pricing, and treatment of the family, particularly the use of joint-life annuitization. Also reviewed is the impact on labor supply at younger ages, considering mandatory savings and annuitization, contrasting defined benefit and defined contribution systems, and analysing alternative approaches to redistribution within social security. The final chapter covers issues of aggregate capital accumulation and risk-sharing, with the latter including the risks in annuitization, in the returns to capital, and in aggregate earnings. Also considered are the risks in the political process.Less
Social security systems are being reviewed and changed in many countries around the world. This book considers some of the key policy issues for design of a social security reform, as well as reviewing much of the academic literature on the positive and normative aspects of social security. The first chapter provides an examination of key policy issues of general concern includes the funding of social security, the comparison of defined benefit and defined contribution systems, notional defined contribution accounts, alternative approaches to organizing individual defined contribution accounts, and the provision of survivor benefits. The book then turns to the academic literature on the interactions between social security and the labor and capital markets, providing a non-technical overview of the existing literature and pointing-out gaps in current research findings. The second chapter reviews the impact on retirement decisions of forced savings, the use of an earnings or retirement test, mandated annuitization, recognizing heterogeneity in both life expectancy and possibly in risk classification for annuity pricing, and treatment of the family, particularly the use of joint-life annuitization. Also reviewed is the impact on labor supply at younger ages, considering mandatory savings and annuitization, contrasting defined benefit and defined contribution systems, and analysing alternative approaches to redistribution within social security. The final chapter covers issues of aggregate capital accumulation and risk-sharing, with the latter including the risks in annuitization, in the returns to capital, and in aggregate earnings. Also considered are the risks in the political process.
Juris Krumins and Uldis Usackis
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia — as well as its neighbouring countries of Estonia and Lithuania forming the Baltic States — enjoyed a remarkable healthcare system resulting in a life ...
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During the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia — as well as its neighbouring countries of Estonia and Lithuania forming the Baltic States — enjoyed a remarkable healthcare system resulting in a life expectancy of ten years longer than that of Russia’s. It’s life expectancy even exceeded the life expectancies of Italy, Germany and Austria. When Latvia was politically independent, its life expectancy further increased by two years. However, events like World War II, repression against civil population, collapse of the USSR, the persistent mismanagement of the USSR and the subsequent transition from command economy to market economy strongly influenced the population of Latvia. The chapter particularly studies the factors affecting the mortality rate of Latvia during the transition period which shall base its findings from statistical data.Less
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia — as well as its neighbouring countries of Estonia and Lithuania forming the Baltic States — enjoyed a remarkable healthcare system resulting in a life expectancy of ten years longer than that of Russia’s. It’s life expectancy even exceeded the life expectancies of Italy, Germany and Austria. When Latvia was politically independent, its life expectancy further increased by two years. However, events like World War II, repression against civil population, collapse of the USSR, the persistent mismanagement of the USSR and the subsequent transition from command economy to market economy strongly influenced the population of Latvia. The chapter particularly studies the factors affecting the mortality rate of Latvia during the transition period which shall base its findings from statistical data.
Philip T. Hoffman, David S. Jacks, Patricia A. Levin, and Peter H. Lindert
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280681
- eISBN:
- 9780191602467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280681.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The concept of real, as opposed to nominal or conventional, income inequality reveals pronounced inequality movements, because relative prices happened to move very differently for the poor and the ...
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The concept of real, as opposed to nominal or conventional, income inequality reveals pronounced inequality movements, because relative prices happened to move very differently for the poor and the rich before 1914. Between 1500 and 1790 to 1815, the prices of staple foods rose much more than the prices of what the rich consumed. This greatly magnified the rise in real-income inequality. The opposite happened between 1815 and 1914. Looking at life expectancy, rather than at annual income or consumption, we again find a widening of inequality in the eighteenth century, at least within the countries of Western Europe.Less
The concept of real, as opposed to nominal or conventional, income inequality reveals pronounced inequality movements, because relative prices happened to move very differently for the poor and the rich before 1914. Between 1500 and 1790 to 1815, the prices of staple foods rose much more than the prices of what the rich consumed. This greatly magnified the rise in real-income inequality. The opposite happened between 1815 and 1914. Looking at life expectancy, rather than at annual income or consumption, we again find a widening of inequality in the eighteenth century, at least within the countries of Western Europe.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Renato Paniccià
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The study focuses on the behavior of mortality rates of fourteen countries in Eastern and Central Europe during the transition period. Mortality rates differ from country to country: the Czech ...
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The study focuses on the behavior of mortality rates of fourteen countries in Eastern and Central Europe during the transition period. Mortality rates differ from country to country: the Czech Republic has the most improved life expectancy rate while Russia and the Baltic States having the highest mortality rates and hence lower life expectancy. Different factors are considered by the study which affects the mortality rates of these countries. However, the study also considers the increased mortality rates in these countries as either a continuation of the unhealthy lifestyle under the USSR or an effect of other events like the World War II or the famine in the early 1920's that affected the USSR. Numerous factors are also cited by the study. The study finally proposes solutions to this unexplainable rise in the mortality rates of these countries.Less
The study focuses on the behavior of mortality rates of fourteen countries in Eastern and Central Europe during the transition period. Mortality rates differ from country to country: the Czech Republic has the most improved life expectancy rate while Russia and the Baltic States having the highest mortality rates and hence lower life expectancy. Different factors are considered by the study which affects the mortality rates of these countries. However, the study also considers the increased mortality rates in these countries as either a continuation of the unhealthy lifestyle under the USSR or an effect of other events like the World War II or the famine in the early 1920's that affected the USSR. Numerous factors are also cited by the study. The study finally proposes solutions to this unexplainable rise in the mortality rates of these countries.
Brigitte Dormont, Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Florian Pelgrin, and Marc Suhrcke
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199587131
- eISBN:
- 9780191595370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587131.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Public and Welfare
This chapter deals with demographic facts. Ageing trends are the result of two different and contrasted phenomena: the change from a high to a low fertility regime and the increase in longevity. The ...
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This chapter deals with demographic facts. Ageing trends are the result of two different and contrasted phenomena: the change from a high to a low fertility regime and the increase in longevity. The baby boom and subsequent fertility bust was a massive but transitory shock. In contrast, the smooth and steady increase in longevity does look like a permanent shock. The critical condition for these potential longevity gains to materialise in longer working lives is a dynamic equilibrium between the increase in life expectancy and the number of years in good health (the so-called ‘healthy ageing’ regime).Less
This chapter deals with demographic facts. Ageing trends are the result of two different and contrasted phenomena: the change from a high to a low fertility regime and the increase in longevity. The baby boom and subsequent fertility bust was a massive but transitory shock. In contrast, the smooth and steady increase in longevity does look like a permanent shock. The critical condition for these potential longevity gains to materialise in longer working lives is a dynamic equilibrium between the increase in life expectancy and the number of years in good health (the so-called ‘healthy ageing’ regime).
John Ameriks and Olivia S. Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549108
- eISBN:
- 9780191720734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549108.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
As Baby Boomers move into their 60s, they are focusing policymaker and media attention on how their generation will manage the retirement phase of their lifetime. This book acknowledges that many, ...
More
As Baby Boomers move into their 60s, they are focusing policymaker and media attention on how their generation will manage the retirement phase of their lifetime. This book acknowledges that many, though not all, in this older cohort have accumulated substantial assets, so for them, the question is what will they do with what they have? It provides a detailed exploration of how people entering retirement will deploy their accumulated assets in the near and long term, so to best meet their myriad spending, investment, and other objectives.Less
As Baby Boomers move into their 60s, they are focusing policymaker and media attention on how their generation will manage the retirement phase of their lifetime. This book acknowledges that many, though not all, in this older cohort have accumulated substantial assets, so for them, the question is what will they do with what they have? It provides a detailed exploration of how people entering retirement will deploy their accumulated assets in the near and long term, so to best meet their myriad spending, investment, and other objectives.
Diana B. Petitti
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195133646
- eISBN:
- 9780199863761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133646.003.09
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes how to build and analyze decision trees with more than two alternative interventions, more that two outcomes, or both. Life expectancy is often the outcome measure in decision ...
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This chapter describes how to build and analyze decision trees with more than two alternative interventions, more that two outcomes, or both. Life expectancy is often the outcome measure in decision analysis. Its estimation is also integral to many cost-effectiveness analyses. The chapter discusses the estimation of life-expectancy using the declining exponential approximation of life expectancy (DEALE). It introduces Markov models as a way to represent complex, time-related processes in a decision analysis. The difference between a Markov model and a Markov chain is explained.Less
This chapter describes how to build and analyze decision trees with more than two alternative interventions, more that two outcomes, or both. Life expectancy is often the outcome measure in decision analysis. Its estimation is also integral to many cost-effectiveness analyses. The chapter discusses the estimation of life-expectancy using the declining exponential approximation of life expectancy (DEALE). It introduces Markov models as a way to represent complex, time-related processes in a decision analysis. The difference between a Markov model and a Markov chain is explained.
Curtis L. Meinert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742967
- eISBN:
- 9780199897278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742967.003.0022
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses the increase in life expectancy in the U.S. since the 1900s. There is benefit from information generated from trials, irrespective of participation in them. This argues for a ...
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This chapter discusses the increase in life expectancy in the U.S. since the 1900s. There is benefit from information generated from trials, irrespective of participation in them. This argues for a mind-set akin to that regarding jury duty. Most of us hope that we will not be called, but we also recognize that we have a duty to serve if called. By analogy, if we want our system of research to work, we have to do our fair share to make sure that it does. That means, when it comes to participation in trials for which we are eligible, we should be willing to consider such participation.Less
This chapter discusses the increase in life expectancy in the U.S. since the 1900s. There is benefit from information generated from trials, irrespective of participation in them. This argues for a mind-set akin to that regarding jury duty. Most of us hope that we will not be called, but we also recognize that we have a duty to serve if called. By analogy, if we want our system of research to work, we have to do our fair share to make sure that it does. That means, when it comes to participation in trials for which we are eligible, we should be willing to consider such participation.
Jan‐Erik Lane, David McKay, and Kenneth Newton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198280538
- eISBN:
- 9780191601934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828053X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This section presents population data on OECD countries. It features tables on mid-year estimates, population growth, population density, age structure, birth rate, life expectancy, infant mortality ...
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This section presents population data on OECD countries. It features tables on mid-year estimates, population growth, population density, age structure, birth rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and urban concentration.Less
This section presents population data on OECD countries. It features tables on mid-year estimates, population growth, population density, age structure, birth rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and urban concentration.
Michael Chernew, David M. Cutler, Kaushik Ghosh, Mary Beth Landrum, and Jonathan Skinner
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226426679
- eISBN:
- 9780226426709
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226426709.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Understanding how healthy lifespans are changing is essential for public policy. This paper explores changes in healthy lifespan in the U.S. over time and considers reasons for the changes. We reach ...
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Understanding how healthy lifespans are changing is essential for public policy. This paper explores changes in healthy lifespan in the U.S. over time and considers reasons for the changes. We reach three fundamental conclusions. First, we show that healthy life increased measurably in the US between 1992 and 2008. Years of healthy life expectancy at age 65 increased by 1.8 years over that time period, while disabled life expectancy fell by 0.5 years. Second, we identify the medical conditions that contribute the most to changes in healthy life expectancy. The largest improvements in healthy life expectancy come from reduced incidence and improved functioning for those with cardiovascular disease and vision problems. Together, these conditions account for 63 percent of the improvement in disability-free life expectancy. Third and more speculatively, we explore the role of medical treatments in the improvements for these two conditions. We estimate that improved medical care is likely responsible for a significant part of the cardiovascular and vision-related extension of healthy life.Less
Understanding how healthy lifespans are changing is essential for public policy. This paper explores changes in healthy lifespan in the U.S. over time and considers reasons for the changes. We reach three fundamental conclusions. First, we show that healthy life increased measurably in the US between 1992 and 2008. Years of healthy life expectancy at age 65 increased by 1.8 years over that time period, while disabled life expectancy fell by 0.5 years. Second, we identify the medical conditions that contribute the most to changes in healthy life expectancy. The largest improvements in healthy life expectancy come from reduced incidence and improved functioning for those with cardiovascular disease and vision problems. Together, these conditions account for 63 percent of the improvement in disability-free life expectancy. Third and more speculatively, we explore the role of medical treatments in the improvements for these two conditions. We estimate that improved medical care is likely responsible for a significant part of the cardiovascular and vision-related extension of healthy life.
L. R. POOS, ZVI RAZI, and RICHARD M. SMITH
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201908
- eISBN:
- 9780191675065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201908.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, Social History
This chapter addresses the presumption that the scope of manorial courts' jurisdiction over medieval village society was so comprehensive that counts of individuals appearing in court transactions ...
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This chapter addresses the presumption that the scope of manorial courts' jurisdiction over medieval village society was so comprehensive that counts of individuals appearing in court transactions over periods may be treated as if they constituted periodically constructed ‘census-like enumerations’. It looks specifically at attempts of study life expectancy and nuptiality, using information generated by court roll transactions such as tenant obituaries and merchets. Special attention is given to the parallel problems of defining the limitations of information which these tribunals' records yield for broader social issues, and of interpreting this information in a broader demographic context than has been attempted in most of this work to date.Less
This chapter addresses the presumption that the scope of manorial courts' jurisdiction over medieval village society was so comprehensive that counts of individuals appearing in court transactions over periods may be treated as if they constituted periodically constructed ‘census-like enumerations’. It looks specifically at attempts of study life expectancy and nuptiality, using information generated by court roll transactions such as tenant obituaries and merchets. Special attention is given to the parallel problems of defining the limitations of information which these tribunals' records yield for broader social issues, and of interpreting this information in a broader demographic context than has been attempted in most of this work to date.
Colin Mathers
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198569541
- eISBN:
- 9780191724077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569541.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines major developments in summarizing population health over the last thirty years, focusing on developments in global descriptive epidemiology, on the global burden of disease ...
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This chapter examines major developments in summarizing population health over the last thirty years, focusing on developments in global descriptive epidemiology, on the global burden of disease approach to summarizing population health, and on the issues and controversies surrounding these developments. Reliable and comparable information about levels and trends in population health, about the main causes of loss of health in populations, and how these are changing, is a critical input for debates about international and national health policies and priorities.Less
This chapter examines major developments in summarizing population health over the last thirty years, focusing on developments in global descriptive epidemiology, on the global burden of disease approach to summarizing population health, and on the issues and controversies surrounding these developments. Reliable and comparable information about levels and trends in population health, about the main causes of loss of health in populations, and how these are changing, is a critical input for debates about international and national health policies and priorities.
Ichiro Kawachi
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195170665
- eISBN:
- 9780199850204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170665.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter outlines the possible explanations of why the United States' health status ranks near the bottom among the 13 most economically advanced countries in the world. First, the American ...
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This chapter outlines the possible explanations of why the United States' health status ranks near the bottom among the 13 most economically advanced countries in the world. First, the American public may be ignorant of its dismal health performance, because the issue does not receive regular coverage on the nightly news in the way that economic performance does. Second, even if the public is aware of the United States' health performance, some might not care about their relative rank compared to other rich nations, so long as average life expectancy continues to improve. Third, the public might ignore the problem because it is misinformed about the causes of the country's poor health performance and, hence, what can be done about it.Less
This chapter outlines the possible explanations of why the United States' health status ranks near the bottom among the 13 most economically advanced countries in the world. First, the American public may be ignorant of its dismal health performance, because the issue does not receive regular coverage on the nightly news in the way that economic performance does. Second, even if the public is aware of the United States' health performance, some might not care about their relative rank compared to other rich nations, so long as average life expectancy continues to improve. Third, the public might ignore the problem because it is misinformed about the causes of the country's poor health performance and, hence, what can be done about it.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804758819
- eISBN:
- 9780804773706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804758819.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter, which examines the war-and-health relationship from 1960 to 1999 using disaggregated measures of health achievement, investigates the effects of conflict on fertility rates, infant ...
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This chapter, which examines the war-and-health relationship from 1960 to 1999 using disaggregated measures of health achievement, investigates the effects of conflict on fertility rates, infant mortality rates, and male and female life expectancies during this period, evaluating the regional differences in these relationships. The analysis reveals that the impact of war on the chosen measures of population health is not consistently significant in all the regions of the world, indicating that the intensity and duration of conflict affect regions and health indicators in different manners.Less
This chapter, which examines the war-and-health relationship from 1960 to 1999 using disaggregated measures of health achievement, investigates the effects of conflict on fertility rates, infant mortality rates, and male and female life expectancies during this period, evaluating the regional differences in these relationships. The analysis reveals that the impact of war on the chosen measures of population health is not consistently significant in all the regions of the world, indicating that the intensity and duration of conflict affect regions and health indicators in different manners.
