Ádám Miklósi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199295852
- eISBN:
- 9780191711688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Physical cognition refers to mental abilities utilized during problem solving that are provided by the non-living environment. This chapter reviews the limited evidence on how dogs orient in their ...
More
Physical cognition refers to mental abilities utilized during problem solving that are provided by the non-living environment. This chapter reviews the limited evidence on how dogs orient in their environment using various behaviour tactics such as path following and utilizing large-sized objects to find their way. Recent research on physical cognition in dogs indicates that dogs are able to deal with problems involving the permanence of objects and might deal with problems involving connectedness or relate to gravity.Less
Physical cognition refers to mental abilities utilized during problem solving that are provided by the non-living environment. This chapter reviews the limited evidence on how dogs orient in their environment using various behaviour tactics such as path following and utilizing large-sized objects to find their way. Recent research on physical cognition in dogs indicates that dogs are able to deal with problems involving the permanence of objects and might deal with problems involving connectedness or relate to gravity.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
A full clause profiles a grounded instance of a process type. Conceptual archetypes function as the prototypical values of basic clause types and clausal elements. Languages naturally differ in their ...
More
A full clause profiles a grounded instance of a process type. Conceptual archetypes function as the prototypical values of basic clause types and clausal elements. Languages naturally differ in their implementation of this general characterization, and within a language clauses are varied and complex. Subject and object are defined schematically as trajector and landmark, i.e. primary and secondary focal participant. In most languages a particular semantic role represents the typical choice of trajector: either agent or theme (a patient-like participant). Each is the starting point along a natural path: the path of energy flow in the case of agent, and a path based on conceptual autonomy in the case of theme. In varied proportions and for different grammatical phenomena, every language makes some use of these two basic strategies. This is the basis for nominative/accusative, ergative/absolutive, and agent/patient organization. It can be argued that subject is a grammatical universal when defined abstractly in terms of primary focal prominence. In addition to the most typical clausal organization, every language offers a variety of alternatives for special purposes. Voice alternations (such as active, passive, and middle) pertain to the semantic role of the participant focused as trajector. The trajector can also be a non-participant, e.g. a setting or location. There is comparable variation in the choice of landmark, resulting in different kinds of objects. In agent-oriented languages, clauses which choose the theme as trajector represent an important secondary option. The verb of a clause is often complex. In addition to incorporating nominal or adverbial elements, the verb can exhibit layers of morphological derivation, be a phrase instead of a single word, or even consist in a series of verb-like elements.Less
A full clause profiles a grounded instance of a process type. Conceptual archetypes function as the prototypical values of basic clause types and clausal elements. Languages naturally differ in their implementation of this general characterization, and within a language clauses are varied and complex. Subject and object are defined schematically as trajector and landmark, i.e. primary and secondary focal participant. In most languages a particular semantic role represents the typical choice of trajector: either agent or theme (a patient-like participant). Each is the starting point along a natural path: the path of energy flow in the case of agent, and a path based on conceptual autonomy in the case of theme. In varied proportions and for different grammatical phenomena, every language makes some use of these two basic strategies. This is the basis for nominative/accusative, ergative/absolutive, and agent/patient organization. It can be argued that subject is a grammatical universal when defined abstractly in terms of primary focal prominence. In addition to the most typical clausal organization, every language offers a variety of alternatives for special purposes. Voice alternations (such as active, passive, and middle) pertain to the semantic role of the participant focused as trajector. The trajector can also be a non-participant, e.g. a setting or location. There is comparable variation in the choice of landmark, resulting in different kinds of objects. In agent-oriented languages, clauses which choose the theme as trajector represent an important secondary option. The verb of a clause is often complex. In addition to incorporating nominal or adverbial elements, the verb can exhibit layers of morphological derivation, be a phrase instead of a single word, or even consist in a series of verb-like elements.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0014
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Because it unfolds through time, conceptualization (and hence linguistic meaning) is inherently dynamic. There are numerous natural paths that it tends to follow, and which tend to coalign in ...
More
Because it unfolds through time, conceptualization (and hence linguistic meaning) is inherently dynamic. There are numerous natural paths that it tends to follow, and which tend to coalign in linguistic structure. In one kind of path, a salient reference point provides mental access to a target. Certain basic grammatical phenomena are analyzed in terms of reference point relationships, including possessives, pronominal anaphora, topic constructions, and trajector/ landmark organization (subject and object). A subject differs from a discourse topic by being structurally internal to a clause and conceptually intrinsic to the clausal process. Trajector and landmark are characterized dynamically as the first and second reference points evoked in building up to the full conception of a profiled relationship. This explains their general grammatical accessibility as well as their role in certain specific constructions. The mental world we construct is grounded in our experience as creatures with bodies who engage in motor and sensory interactions (embodiment). In constructing it, we transcend direct experience through abstraction, conceptual integration, and subjectification: the application of mental operations immanent in certain conceptions to situations for which their occurrence is extrinsic. Examples include fictive motion, fictive change, and the covert invocation of imagined scenarios. Mental simulation is a fundamental aspect of conception and linguistic meaning. Subjectification is an important factor in grammaticization (the evolution of grammatical elements from lexical sources). Many grammatical notions are subjective counterparts of basic aspects of everyday experience. Grammar reflects the means of disengagement through which we transcend immediate experience and construct our mental world. It is thus a key to conceptual analysis.Less
Because it unfolds through time, conceptualization (and hence linguistic meaning) is inherently dynamic. There are numerous natural paths that it tends to follow, and which tend to coalign in linguistic structure. In one kind of path, a salient reference point provides mental access to a target. Certain basic grammatical phenomena are analyzed in terms of reference point relationships, including possessives, pronominal anaphora, topic constructions, and trajector/ landmark organization (subject and object). A subject differs from a discourse topic by being structurally internal to a clause and conceptually intrinsic to the clausal process. Trajector and landmark are characterized dynamically as the first and second reference points evoked in building up to the full conception of a profiled relationship. This explains their general grammatical accessibility as well as their role in certain specific constructions. The mental world we construct is grounded in our experience as creatures with bodies who engage in motor and sensory interactions (embodiment). In constructing it, we transcend direct experience through abstraction, conceptual integration, and subjectification: the application of mental operations immanent in certain conceptions to situations for which their occurrence is extrinsic. Examples include fictive motion, fictive change, and the covert invocation of imagined scenarios. Mental simulation is a fundamental aspect of conception and linguistic meaning. Subjectification is an important factor in grammaticization (the evolution of grammatical elements from lexical sources). Many grammatical notions are subjective counterparts of basic aspects of everyday experience. Grammar reflects the means of disengagement through which we transcend immediate experience and construct our mental world. It is thus a key to conceptual analysis.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
An expression's meaning depends not only on the conceptual content it evokes but also on the construal it imposes on that content. Broad classes of construal phenomena include specificity, focusing, ...
More
An expression's meaning depends not only on the conceptual content it evokes but also on the construal it imposes on that content. Broad classes of construal phenomena include specificity, focusing, prominence, and perspective. Specificity (or its inverse, schematicity) is the degree of precision and detail at which a situation is characterized. One kind of focusing involves various kinds of organization into foreground vs. background, such as given vs. new in a discourse, or the asymmetry in complex expressions between component elements and the composite whole (the expression's compositional path). Another dimension of focusing is organization in terms of maximal scope (the full range of content an expression evokes), immediate scope (the general locus of attention), and profile (the specific focus of attention). Focusing is a kind of prominence, of which there are many sorts. Two are especially revelevant for grammar: profiling, a matter of what an expression designates (refers to); and trajector vs. landmark, the first and second most prominent participants in a profiled relationship. Subsumed under perspective are the overall viewing arrangement, vantage point, the viewing asymmetry between the subject and object of conception, and the time course of conception (sequence of mental access). Descriptive notions are supported by converging evidence from three sources: what is known independently about cognition; what is needed for viable semantic description; and utility in an optimal account of grammar. Varied evidence can be brought to bear on particular semantic descriptions, including paths of grammaticization and predictions concerning distribution and judgments of well-formedness.Less
An expression's meaning depends not only on the conceptual content it evokes but also on the construal it imposes on that content. Broad classes of construal phenomena include specificity, focusing, prominence, and perspective. Specificity (or its inverse, schematicity) is the degree of precision and detail at which a situation is characterized. One kind of focusing involves various kinds of organization into foreground vs. background, such as given vs. new in a discourse, or the asymmetry in complex expressions between component elements and the composite whole (the expression's compositional path). Another dimension of focusing is organization in terms of maximal scope (the full range of content an expression evokes), immediate scope (the general locus of attention), and profile (the specific focus of attention). Focusing is a kind of prominence, of which there are many sorts. Two are especially revelevant for grammar: profiling, a matter of what an expression designates (refers to); and trajector vs. landmark, the first and second most prominent participants in a profiled relationship. Subsumed under perspective are the overall viewing arrangement, vantage point, the viewing asymmetry between the subject and object of conception, and the time course of conception (sequence of mental access). Descriptive notions are supported by converging evidence from three sources: what is known independently about cognition; what is needed for viable semantic description; and utility in an optimal account of grammar. Varied evidence can be brought to bear on particular semantic descriptions, including paths of grammaticization and predictions concerning distribution and judgments of well-formedness.
Robert Carl
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325287
- eISBN:
- 9780199869428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325287.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
This chapter analyzes In C as a score in its own right, that is, an “endogenous” analysis. Though hailed as a breakthrough work of “open form,” In C is also a conventionally notated score, albeit ...
More
This chapter analyzes In C as a score in its own right, that is, an “endogenous” analysis. Though hailed as a breakthrough work of “open form,” In C is also a conventionally notated score, albeit only one page long. As such, it can be examined as one would a traditional piece, a structure “outside of real time.” Topics examined are the nature of the instructions, pacing of harmonic density and rhythmic materials, motivic transformation, the significance of “landmark” modules, and large-scale harmonic motion.Less
This chapter analyzes In C as a score in its own right, that is, an “endogenous” analysis. Though hailed as a breakthrough work of “open form,” In C is also a conventionally notated score, albeit only one page long. As such, it can be examined as one would a traditional piece, a structure “outside of real time.” Topics examined are the nature of the instructions, pacing of harmonic density and rhythmic materials, motivic transformation, the significance of “landmark” modules, and large-scale harmonic motion.
Nancy Shoemaker
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167924
- eISBN:
- 9780199788996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167924.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
American Indians and Europeans both conceived of landscapes as places where history happened and used this association between land and memory to construct national, or collective identities. They ...
More
American Indians and Europeans both conceived of landscapes as places where history happened and used this association between land and memory to construct national, or collective identities. They marked sites on the land that were of historic importance and attached emotional meaning to them, constituting a kind of territorial possession, or claim to land as property, that was equivalent in significance to conceptions of territories as repositories of economic resources. At first, Europeans had no attachment to the lands of North America and so dwelled on its capacity to yield economic profit. However, as they took land from the Native inhabitants, they ignored Indian landmarks and wrote their own history on the landscape to make it their own.Less
American Indians and Europeans both conceived of landscapes as places where history happened and used this association between land and memory to construct national, or collective identities. They marked sites on the land that were of historic importance and attached emotional meaning to them, constituting a kind of territorial possession, or claim to land as property, that was equivalent in significance to conceptions of territories as repositories of economic resources. At first, Europeans had no attachment to the lands of North America and so dwelled on its capacity to yield economic profit. However, as they took land from the Native inhabitants, they ignored Indian landmarks and wrote their own history on the landscape to make it their own.
Ruth Evans
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719085062
- eISBN:
- 9781526104267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719085062.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
In this chapter I address a gap in the study of medieval space, namely that there has been no systematic study by either medievalists or road historians of how European road travellers in the later ...
More
In this chapter I address a gap in the study of medieval space, namely that there has been no systematic study by either medievalists or road historians of how European road travellers in the later Middle Ages found their way around: between countries, from one part of a country to another, or within unfamiliar towns and cities. How did travellers plan their journeys? What aids did they use for getting to their destinations? I present some of the evidence for medieval wayfinding, and provide some initial answers to these questions. I consider the use of guides, landmarks, maps, and urban signage, and draws on evidence from English literary texts and English-French phrasebooks. Wayfinding is simultaneously a technology, a memorial practice, and a cognitive competency. I argue that medieval wayfinding is best understood as a form of what Edwin Hutchins calls ‘naturally situated cognition’ or ‘distributed cognition, in that it depends on human co-operation. Moreover, the environment for medieval travellers was divided up into smaller, more manageable pieces and interconnections – what Kevin Lynch describes as paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks – that constitute a hierarchy of spatial knowledge that is significantly different from our understanding and negotiation of space today.Less
In this chapter I address a gap in the study of medieval space, namely that there has been no systematic study by either medievalists or road historians of how European road travellers in the later Middle Ages found their way around: between countries, from one part of a country to another, or within unfamiliar towns and cities. How did travellers plan their journeys? What aids did they use for getting to their destinations? I present some of the evidence for medieval wayfinding, and provide some initial answers to these questions. I consider the use of guides, landmarks, maps, and urban signage, and draws on evidence from English literary texts and English-French phrasebooks. Wayfinding is simultaneously a technology, a memorial practice, and a cognitive competency. I argue that medieval wayfinding is best understood as a form of what Edwin Hutchins calls ‘naturally situated cognition’ or ‘distributed cognition, in that it depends on human co-operation. Moreover, the environment for medieval travellers was divided up into smaller, more manageable pieces and interconnections – what Kevin Lynch describes as paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks – that constitute a hierarchy of spatial knowledge that is significantly different from our understanding and negotiation of space today.
Willem J.M. Levelt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653669
- eISBN:
- 9780191742040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653669.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Psycholinguistics is a discipline that was said to have emerged in 1951, which was also the time when three notable events occurred. This chapter discusses these three landmark events that greatly ...
More
Psycholinguistics is a discipline that was said to have emerged in 1951, which was also the time when three notable events occurred. This chapter discusses these three landmark events that greatly contributed to psycholinguistics. The first was the Interdisciplinary Summer Seminar in Psychology and Linguistics, which was held from June 18 to August 10, 1951, at Cornell University. The seminar identified the possible relationships between linguistics and psychology, and made several recommendations for psycholinguistics. The second event was the publication of Language and communication by George Miller, which reviewed the state of the psychology of language and communication and included empirical literature that covered fifty years' worth of research. Finally, the third event discussed in this chapter is Karl Lashley's paper ‘The problem of serial order in behavior,’ in which he appealed for a more syntactic approach to the treatment of all skilled hierarchical behavior. The final section of the chapter briefly discusses other milestones that occurred in 1951.Less
Psycholinguistics is a discipline that was said to have emerged in 1951, which was also the time when three notable events occurred. This chapter discusses these three landmark events that greatly contributed to psycholinguistics. The first was the Interdisciplinary Summer Seminar in Psychology and Linguistics, which was held from June 18 to August 10, 1951, at Cornell University. The seminar identified the possible relationships between linguistics and psychology, and made several recommendations for psycholinguistics. The second event was the publication of Language and communication by George Miller, which reviewed the state of the psychology of language and communication and included empirical literature that covered fifty years' worth of research. Finally, the third event discussed in this chapter is Karl Lashley's paper ‘The problem of serial order in behavior,’ in which he appealed for a more syntactic approach to the treatment of all skilled hierarchical behavior. The final section of the chapter briefly discusses other milestones that occurred in 1951.
Barbara Landau and James E. Hoffman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195385373
- eISBN:
- 9780199979189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385373.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter discusses navigation when people are oriented and when they have become disoriented and must reorient themselves before re-locating an object, suggesting that there may be significant ...
More
This chapter discusses navigation when people are oriented and when they have become disoriented and must reorient themselves before re-locating an object, suggesting that there may be significant differences in the WS ability to navigate under these two different circumstances. When people with WS remain oriented, they can keep track of an object's location by using reference systems centered on their own body or on landmarks in the surrounding room layout. These capacities are similar to those that are acquired by normally developing children by around age 4 or 5. However, when they must reorient themselves after being disoriented, people with WS show a fragile ability to use geometric properties of the surrounding layout. The degree of fragility for this function is still under study, but the patterns of WS performance compared to normally developing children suggest that the trajectory for this reorientation function may be quite different in the two groups.Less
This chapter discusses navigation when people are oriented and when they have become disoriented and must reorient themselves before re-locating an object, suggesting that there may be significant differences in the WS ability to navigate under these two different circumstances. When people with WS remain oriented, they can keep track of an object's location by using reference systems centered on their own body or on landmarks in the surrounding room layout. These capacities are similar to those that are acquired by normally developing children by around age 4 or 5. However, when they must reorient themselves after being disoriented, people with WS show a fragile ability to use geometric properties of the surrounding layout. The degree of fragility for this function is still under study, but the patterns of WS performance compared to normally developing children suggest that the trajectory for this reorientation function may be quite different in the two groups.
Betty Booth Donohue
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037370
- eISBN:
- 9780813042336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037370.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter asserts that traditional American Natives believed that the earth is the residing place of narrative, and that people, earth, and narrative are different manifestations of the same ...
More
This chapter asserts that traditional American Natives believed that the earth is the residing place of narrative, and that people, earth, and narrative are different manifestations of the same creative force. It contends that Native-like land narratives, which offer commentary on the cardinal directions, the winds, vegetation, and sacred places, are present in the Bradford history and operate there in much the same way they as function in Native sacred texts. Furthermore, Algonquians, according to Charles Leland and Evan T. Pritchard, like Navajos, believed in the concept of inner forms as detailed by Susan Scarberry-Garcia in Landmarks of Healing, since they believed that their sacred places either contained the spirits of their old gods, such as Glooskap, or called up likenesses of former leaders, such as the rock formation in the Assonets which resembled the Massasoit Osamequin.Less
This chapter asserts that traditional American Natives believed that the earth is the residing place of narrative, and that people, earth, and narrative are different manifestations of the same creative force. It contends that Native-like land narratives, which offer commentary on the cardinal directions, the winds, vegetation, and sacred places, are present in the Bradford history and operate there in much the same way they as function in Native sacred texts. Furthermore, Algonquians, according to Charles Leland and Evan T. Pritchard, like Navajos, believed in the concept of inner forms as detailed by Susan Scarberry-Garcia in Landmarks of Healing, since they believed that their sacred places either contained the spirits of their old gods, such as Glooskap, or called up likenesses of former leaders, such as the rock formation in the Assonets which resembled the Massasoit Osamequin.
Federal Writers Project of the Works Project Administration
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268807
- eISBN:
- 9780520948877
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268807.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
“San Francisco has no single landmark by which the world may identify it,” according to this book, originally published in 1940. This would surely come as a surprise to the millions who know and love ...
More
“San Francisco has no single landmark by which the world may identify it,” according to this book, originally published in 1940. This would surely come as a surprise to the millions who know and love the Golden Gate Bridge or recognize the Transamerica Building's pyramid. This invaluable Depression-era guide to San Francisco relates the city's history from the vantage point of the 1930s, describing its culture and highlighting the important tourist attractions of the time. A lively introduction revisits the city's literary heritage—from Bret Harte to Kenneth Rexroth, Jade Snow Wong, and Allen Ginsberg—as well as its most famous landmarks and historic buildings. This volume, resonant with portraits of neighborhoods and districts, allows us a unique opportunity to travel back in time and savor the City by the Bay as it used to be.Less
“San Francisco has no single landmark by which the world may identify it,” according to this book, originally published in 1940. This would surely come as a surprise to the millions who know and love the Golden Gate Bridge or recognize the Transamerica Building's pyramid. This invaluable Depression-era guide to San Francisco relates the city's history from the vantage point of the 1930s, describing its culture and highlighting the important tourist attractions of the time. A lively introduction revisits the city's literary heritage—from Bret Harte to Kenneth Rexroth, Jade Snow Wong, and Allen Ginsberg—as well as its most famous landmarks and historic buildings. This volume, resonant with portraits of neighborhoods and districts, allows us a unique opportunity to travel back in time and savor the City by the Bay as it used to be.
Thomas S. Collett, Karine Fauria, and Kyran Dale
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198515241
- eISBN:
- 9780191687914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515241.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter looks at the use of non-spatial environmental information in navigation. It specifically concentrates on insects, which prove to have a remarkably elaborate spatial representation, and ...
More
This chapter looks at the use of non-spatial environmental information in navigation. It specifically concentrates on insects, which prove to have a remarkably elaborate spatial representation, and gives insights into the study of spatial behaviour. It begins by discussing different kinds of contextual cues and the evidence that insects use them. It also presents the experiments that were planned to evaluate the way in which contextual signals vary with distance from a site where both panoramic and local cues are gained. Moreover, it explores the process of obtaining relationships that should only be expressed in certain contexts, and the converse situation, in which an association that has been learnt in one context generalizes to another one. Throughout, it distinguishes between local cues, to which some action is linked, and contextual cues that modulate the insect's response to local cues. In general, it is demonstrated that insects are quite sophisticated in their capacity to apply context to modulate their spatial behaviour, using these cues to disambiguate other spatial features such as landmarks, to enable context-specific behaviours, and to retrieve memories.Less
This chapter looks at the use of non-spatial environmental information in navigation. It specifically concentrates on insects, which prove to have a remarkably elaborate spatial representation, and gives insights into the study of spatial behaviour. It begins by discussing different kinds of contextual cues and the evidence that insects use them. It also presents the experiments that were planned to evaluate the way in which contextual signals vary with distance from a site where both panoramic and local cues are gained. Moreover, it explores the process of obtaining relationships that should only be expressed in certain contexts, and the converse situation, in which an association that has been learnt in one context generalizes to another one. Throughout, it distinguishes between local cues, to which some action is linked, and contextual cues that modulate the insect's response to local cues. In general, it is demonstrated that insects are quite sophisticated in their capacity to apply context to modulate their spatial behaviour, using these cues to disambiguate other spatial features such as landmarks, to enable context-specific behaviours, and to retrieve memories.
Paul A. Shackel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520266292
- eISBN:
- 9780520947832
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520266292.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
The archaeology of New Philadelphia challenges the ways that historical archaeologists study race within communities. In the case of New Philadelphia, the development of historical context helps to ...
More
The archaeology of New Philadelphia challenges the ways that historical archaeologists study race within communities. In the case of New Philadelphia, the development of historical context helps to get at the meaning of the relationship between identity and material culture. The historical archaeology work at New Philadelphia explores the everyday material culture of settlers of different racial and regional backgrounds and different genders. The gaming pieces found at New Philadelphia may be linked with the game known as mancala. The examination of material culture at New Philadelphia helps to provide a scenario of how goods were used to shape and create a community in a racist society. The National Historic Landmarks Committee recommended designation of New Philadelphia and it received unanimous approval. The secretary of the interior designated it in January 2009.Less
The archaeology of New Philadelphia challenges the ways that historical archaeologists study race within communities. In the case of New Philadelphia, the development of historical context helps to get at the meaning of the relationship between identity and material culture. The historical archaeology work at New Philadelphia explores the everyday material culture of settlers of different racial and regional backgrounds and different genders. The gaming pieces found at New Philadelphia may be linked with the game known as mancala. The examination of material culture at New Philadelphia helps to provide a scenario of how goods were used to shape and create a community in a racist society. The National Historic Landmarks Committee recommended designation of New Philadelphia and it received unanimous approval. The secretary of the interior designated it in January 2009.
Rudy Koshar
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217683
- eISBN:
- 9780520922525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217683.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book discusses the long view of German memory from 1871, when Germany became a nation state, to 1990, when Cold War disunity was overcome and national integrity reestablished, and addresses ...
More
This book discusses the long view of German memory from 1871, when Germany became a nation state, to 1990, when Cold War disunity was overcome and national integrity reestablished, and addresses certain features of Germany's engagement with the past, maintaining that German memory is marked by recurring themes and symbols. Monuments and historical artifacts have proven to be enduring and tangible symbols of cultural continuity. The book examines the triadic relationship between humans, landmarks, and cultural meanings, focusing on historical sites or memory landscapes, and the collective meanings represented by monuments and other physical sites. It describes how distinct layers of memory landscape have come about, and how evolving symbols and themes have crystallized around them.Less
This book discusses the long view of German memory from 1871, when Germany became a nation state, to 1990, when Cold War disunity was overcome and national integrity reestablished, and addresses certain features of Germany's engagement with the past, maintaining that German memory is marked by recurring themes and symbols. Monuments and historical artifacts have proven to be enduring and tangible symbols of cultural continuity. The book examines the triadic relationship between humans, landmarks, and cultural meanings, focusing on historical sites or memory landscapes, and the collective meanings represented by monuments and other physical sites. It describes how distinct layers of memory landscape have come about, and how evolving symbols and themes have crystallized around them.
David Kipen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268807
- eISBN:
- 9780520948877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268807.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Times Square and Picadilly Circus recall the metropolitan grandeur of New York and London. Although San Francisco has no single spectacular landmark by which the world may identify it, the greatest ...
More
Times Square and Picadilly Circus recall the metropolitan grandeur of New York and London. Although San Francisco has no single spectacular landmark by which the world may identify it, the greatest cities have long since welcomed it into their company. Portsmouth Square, the Palace Hotel, and the Ferry Building, which served successively as symbols of civic vanity, no longer resound with much more public clamor than many another plaza, hostelry, or terminal. Only Market Street accents for the casual observer San Francisco's character of a metropolis. Southwestward from the Ferry Building to the Twin Peaks Tunnel, Market Street's wide, unswerving diagonal bisects the city. Jasper O'Farrell's survey, a century ago, laid the foundation for Market Street's development. Long before the forty-niners paved it with planks, the tallow and hides of Peninsula ranchos rolled down its rutted trail in Mexican oxcarts to Yerba Buena Cove.Less
Times Square and Picadilly Circus recall the metropolitan grandeur of New York and London. Although San Francisco has no single spectacular landmark by which the world may identify it, the greatest cities have long since welcomed it into their company. Portsmouth Square, the Palace Hotel, and the Ferry Building, which served successively as symbols of civic vanity, no longer resound with much more public clamor than many another plaza, hostelry, or terminal. Only Market Street accents for the casual observer San Francisco's character of a metropolis. Southwestward from the Ferry Building to the Twin Peaks Tunnel, Market Street's wide, unswerving diagonal bisects the city. Jasper O'Farrell's survey, a century ago, laid the foundation for Market Street's development. Long before the forty-niners paved it with planks, the tallow and hides of Peninsula ranchos rolled down its rutted trail in Mexican oxcarts to Yerba Buena Cove.
Paul A. Shackel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520266292
- eISBN:
- 9780520947832
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520266292.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
Many members of the McWorter family planned that part of their family reunion would be held at New Philadelphia, with the cooperation of the New Philadelphia Association (NPA) and the archaeology ...
More
Many members of the McWorter family planned that part of their family reunion would be held at New Philadelphia, with the cooperation of the New Philadelphia Association (NPA) and the archaeology program. The family scheduled their event with the idea of making a trip to the archaeology site and visiting the family cemetery. Gerald McWorter made the commitment to work with the NPA toward preserving the history of the town and the restoration of the cemetery. The placing of the town on the National Register of Historic Places is described in this chapter, which also considers the nomination of the site as a National Historic Landmark. The McWorter descendants are carefully planning the restoration of the cemetery, including the stabilization of some of the headstones and placing a general memorial in or near the cemetery to commemorate all of those buried, marked and unmarked, who contributed to the history of New Philadelphia.Less
Many members of the McWorter family planned that part of their family reunion would be held at New Philadelphia, with the cooperation of the New Philadelphia Association (NPA) and the archaeology program. The family scheduled their event with the idea of making a trip to the archaeology site and visiting the family cemetery. Gerald McWorter made the commitment to work with the NPA toward preserving the history of the town and the restoration of the cemetery. The placing of the town on the National Register of Historic Places is described in this chapter, which also considers the nomination of the site as a National Historic Landmark. The McWorter descendants are carefully planning the restoration of the cemetery, including the stabilization of some of the headstones and placing a general memorial in or near the cemetery to commemorate all of those buried, marked and unmarked, who contributed to the history of New Philadelphia.
Ken Cheng
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195377804
- eISBN:
- 9780199848461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377804.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Arthropods are a much-studied group of animals, characterized by a hard exoskeleton and no internal bones. They include insects, spiders, and ...
More
Arthropods are a much-studied group of animals, characterized by a hard exoskeleton and no internal bones. They include insects, spiders, and hard-shelled invertebrates such as crabs. This chapter reviews four broad topics on the navigational behavior of arthropods. The first is path integration, the ability to keep track of the straight-line distance and direction from one's starting point. The second is route behavior, in which landmarks figure in various ways. The third is image matching, the use of landmarks to pinpoint a target. The fourth is map-like navigational behavior. Recent reviews on arthropod navigation are plentiful, but there is no point in simply re-presenting all the data. Rather, this chapter aims for a selection tailored for an audience from the field of comparative cognition.Less
Arthropods are a much-studied group of animals, characterized by a hard exoskeleton and no internal bones. They include insects, spiders, and hard-shelled invertebrates such as crabs. This chapter reviews four broad topics on the navigational behavior of arthropods. The first is path integration, the ability to keep track of the straight-line distance and direction from one's starting point. The second is route behavior, in which landmarks figure in various ways. The third is image matching, the use of landmarks to pinpoint a target. The fourth is map-like navigational behavior. Recent reviews on arthropod navigation are plentiful, but there is no point in simply re-presenting all the data. Rather, this chapter aims for a selection tailored for an audience from the field of comparative cognition.
Marcia L. Spetch and Debbie M. Kelly
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195377804
- eISBN:
- 9780199848461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377804.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
It is hardly surprising that various sophisticated cognitive mechanisms for spatial memory and navigation have been identified in animals ...
More
It is hardly surprising that various sophisticated cognitive mechanisms for spatial memory and navigation have been identified in animals ranging from invertebrates to humans. One common way to remember the location of a goal is to encode its position relative to visual landmarks. If a landmark is located right at the goal or very near to it, then the animal can use the landmarks as a “beacon.” In this case, heading directly toward the landmarks will get the animal to the vicinity of the goal. When later searching for the goal, the landmarks can be used to find the goal using a process known as “piloting.” Animals can also use the geometric shape of an environment to establish a directional frame of reference. Investigations of geometric orientation were pioneered in studies with rats and have since been conducted on numerous organisms ranging from fish to humans. This chapter reviews a small subset of recent work on spatial cognition, with a focus on how organisms use visual landmarks or the structure of surfaces to find a goal.Less
It is hardly surprising that various sophisticated cognitive mechanisms for spatial memory and navigation have been identified in animals ranging from invertebrates to humans. One common way to remember the location of a goal is to encode its position relative to visual landmarks. If a landmark is located right at the goal or very near to it, then the animal can use the landmarks as a “beacon.” In this case, heading directly toward the landmarks will get the animal to the vicinity of the goal. When later searching for the goal, the landmarks can be used to find the goal using a process known as “piloting.” Animals can also use the geometric shape of an environment to establish a directional frame of reference. Investigations of geometric orientation were pioneered in studies with rats and have since been conducted on numerous organisms ranging from fish to humans. This chapter reviews a small subset of recent work on spatial cognition, with a focus on how organisms use visual landmarks or the structure of surfaces to find a goal.
Albert Borgmann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199664054
- eISBN:
- 9780191745423
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664054.003.0017
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
The perspectives of philosophy, physics, and technology reveal how what matters has been profoundly transformed over the last 2,500 years. The current conception of matter informs our sense of ...
More
The perspectives of philosophy, physics, and technology reveal how what matters has been profoundly transformed over the last 2,500 years. The current conception of matter informs our sense of identity and our centers of orientation. But even today, what matters must be material.Less
The perspectives of philosophy, physics, and technology reveal how what matters has been profoundly transformed over the last 2,500 years. The current conception of matter informs our sense of identity and our centers of orientation. But even today, what matters must be material.
Arthur J. Magida
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520245457
- eISBN:
- 9780520941717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520245457.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
Contemporary ritual practices have become of an existential nature—undefined, unchallenged, and unappraised—and the objectivity of those initiated reflects little of their confirmed status. The only ...
More
Contemporary ritual practices have become of an existential nature—undefined, unchallenged, and unappraised—and the objectivity of those initiated reflects little of their confirmed status. The only remnants, and sadly so, are the memories of the ritual. This chapter delves into the ways in which rituals are steadily losing their intrinsic value and becoming an instrument of namesake induction into a hallowed circle of martyrs. While it does not tread the usual route of advocating a surge in the qualifying age for each induction rituals, it infers that the milieu of a child's development and the overarching influences on his/her personality should lead by example, a life that reflects the validity of the commitments rendered at the time of initiation. The Walmart-ization of the church refers to the nihilism that has crept into ritual practices, rendering it as a mere pause rather than a landmark along the journey.Less
Contemporary ritual practices have become of an existential nature—undefined, unchallenged, and unappraised—and the objectivity of those initiated reflects little of their confirmed status. The only remnants, and sadly so, are the memories of the ritual. This chapter delves into the ways in which rituals are steadily losing their intrinsic value and becoming an instrument of namesake induction into a hallowed circle of martyrs. While it does not tread the usual route of advocating a surge in the qualifying age for each induction rituals, it infers that the milieu of a child's development and the overarching influences on his/her personality should lead by example, a life that reflects the validity of the commitments rendered at the time of initiation. The Walmart-ization of the church refers to the nihilism that has crept into ritual practices, rendering it as a mere pause rather than a landmark along the journey.
