Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278961
- eISBN:
- 9780191706806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278961.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter begins with a discussion of agricultural resettlement, which was carried out in accordance with the Decree of 6 July 1923 and which required that refugees form ‘legally constituted ...
More
This chapter begins with a discussion of agricultural resettlement, which was carried out in accordance with the Decree of 6 July 1923 and which required that refugees form ‘legally constituted groups’. It then discusses problems relating to the permanent distribution of lands and the demographic implications of agricultural resettlement, particularly the effect of distribution on marriages.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of agricultural resettlement, which was carried out in accordance with the Decree of 6 July 1923 and which required that refugees form ‘legally constituted groups’. It then discusses problems relating to the permanent distribution of lands and the demographic implications of agricultural resettlement, particularly the effect of distribution on marriages.
Juliano Assunção
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548880
- eISBN:
- 9780191720765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548880.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land ...
More
Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land concentration and land reform in Brazil, this study evaluates the impact of the land reform programme undertaken in the 1990s on land ownership and land distribution. It is shown that the programme increased landownership among poor rural families and those with less‐educated household heads, reducing the fraction of the other families with land holding. Also, the land‐reform programme increased land inequality among landowners.Less
Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land concentration and land reform in Brazil, this study evaluates the impact of the land reform programme undertaken in the 1990s on land ownership and land distribution. It is shown that the programme increased landownership among poor rural families and those with less‐educated household heads, reducing the fraction of the other families with land holding. Also, the land‐reform programme increased land inequality among landowners.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, ...
More
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.Less
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.
Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278961
- eISBN:
- 9780191706806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278961.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter begins with a discussion of the conflict between refugees and native peasants over land distribution. It then considers the political orientation of the refugees.
This chapter begins with a discussion of the conflict between refugees and native peasants over land distribution. It then considers the political orientation of the refugees.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Unlike the Canadian west, the Argentine pampas were already host to considerable commercial activity by the 1880. For much of the 19th century landowners had dedicated themselves to the production of ...
More
Unlike the Canadian west, the Argentine pampas were already host to considerable commercial activity by the 1880. For much of the 19th century landowners had dedicated themselves to the production of pastoral products. This chapter describes the political economy of the settlement, land use and rapid expansion of pastoral production, land tenure, and land distribution. The emerging cattle-ranching sector in Argentina offered great promise, since pastoral expansion was less circumscribed by the shortage of labour. The regime of property relations that emerged in the late 19th century had repercussions that were obvious once the phase of frontier expansion come to a close.Less
Unlike the Canadian west, the Argentine pampas were already host to considerable commercial activity by the 1880. For much of the 19th century landowners had dedicated themselves to the production of pastoral products. This chapter describes the political economy of the settlement, land use and rapid expansion of pastoral production, land tenure, and land distribution. The emerging cattle-ranching sector in Argentina offered great promise, since pastoral expansion was less circumscribed by the shortage of labour. The regime of property relations that emerged in the late 19th century had repercussions that were obvious once the phase of frontier expansion come to a close.
Jane Whittle
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208426
- eISBN:
- 9780191677991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208426.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines evidence for wealth polarization in the 16th century. It looks at land distribution between tenants, focusing on landholding size, ...
More
This chapter examines evidence for wealth polarization in the 16th century. It looks at land distribution between tenants, focusing on landholding size, the number of direct tenants, and their status in the society. It investigates the distribution of movable wealth in South Erpingham with the use of taxation returns of the 1520s.Less
This chapter examines evidence for wealth polarization in the 16th century. It looks at land distribution between tenants, focusing on landholding size, the number of direct tenants, and their status in the society. It investigates the distribution of movable wealth in South Erpingham with the use of taxation returns of the 1520s.
Alain De Janvry, Elisabeth Sadoulet, and Wendy Wolford
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The power of the state — regardless of whether this is practiced over democratic, authoritarian, and other forms of government — has been used by all Latin American governments to impose ...
More
The power of the state — regardless of whether this is practiced over democratic, authoritarian, and other forms of government — has been used by all Latin American governments to impose modifications in the land access of certain household categories in regions that experience population pressure to further the redefinition of land rights for those who already have access. Looking into the history of land reform in Latin America, which can further be divided into three phases, reveals why the eighty years of land reform have only brought on minimal improvements in solving land access problems and in reducing the high inequality which is made evident in land distribution. When taking a social point of view, the skewed distribution may be attributed to land misuse. This chapter examines the state's changing role through assessing the access to land given to minifundists and the landless and the competitiveness of those who are with titles in the reform sector.Less
The power of the state — regardless of whether this is practiced over democratic, authoritarian, and other forms of government — has been used by all Latin American governments to impose modifications in the land access of certain household categories in regions that experience population pressure to further the redefinition of land rights for those who already have access. Looking into the history of land reform in Latin America, which can further be divided into three phases, reveals why the eighty years of land reform have only brought on minimal improvements in solving land access problems and in reducing the high inequality which is made evident in land distribution. When taking a social point of view, the skewed distribution may be attributed to land misuse. This chapter examines the state's changing role through assessing the access to land given to minifundists and the landless and the competitiveness of those who are with titles in the reform sector.
Shuang Chen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804799034
- eISBN:
- 9781503601635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804799034.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
By examining changes in land distribution between 1870 and 1906, this chapter explains at the macro-level why the state-mandated social hierarchy endured in Shuangcheng. It shows that, despite the ...
More
By examining changes in land distribution between 1870 and 1906, this chapter explains at the macro-level why the state-mandated social hierarchy endured in Shuangcheng. It shows that, despite the upward and downward wealth mobility at individual household level, the state land allocation policies still effectively maintained a relatively equal land distribution within each of the metropolitan and rural bannermen population category. Thus, land distribution among these entitled bannermen exhibited a pattern of stratification without concentration. This pattern of land distribution sustained a stable landowner class. By presenting one of the first empirical studies of land distribution in early modern China, this chapter shows the resilient nature of the social hierarchy created by state land allocation. It challenges the view that, when the Qing government privatized the state land in Manchuria, the majority of bannermen lost their land ownership to civilian commoners.Less
By examining changes in land distribution between 1870 and 1906, this chapter explains at the macro-level why the state-mandated social hierarchy endured in Shuangcheng. It shows that, despite the upward and downward wealth mobility at individual household level, the state land allocation policies still effectively maintained a relatively equal land distribution within each of the metropolitan and rural bannermen population category. Thus, land distribution among these entitled bannermen exhibited a pattern of stratification without concentration. This pattern of land distribution sustained a stable landowner class. By presenting one of the first empirical studies of land distribution in early modern China, this chapter shows the resilient nature of the social hierarchy created by state land allocation. It challenges the view that, when the Qing government privatized the state land in Manchuria, the majority of bannermen lost their land ownership to civilian commoners.
Alain de Janvry, Gustavo Gordillo, Elisabeth Sadoulet, and Jean-Philippe Platteau (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The way jurisdiction over land is distributed among members of a community has a powerful influence over how efficiently land is used, the incidence of poverty, and the level of inequality in the ...
More
The way jurisdiction over land is distributed among members of a community has a powerful influence over how efficiently land is used, the incidence of poverty, and the level of inequality in the community. Yet much land in less developed countries is underutilized and/or misused from a sustainability standpoint: lack of access to land or unfavorable terms of access remain a fundamental cause of poverty. In addition, unmet demands for land can be a source of political destabilization. At the same time, there presently exist unusual opportunities to reopen the issue of access to land. They include an increasing concern with the efficiency costs of inequality in land distribution, devolution of common property resource management to users, large scale redefinitions of property rights in the context of transition economies in Eastern and central Europe and the end of white rule in South Africa, liberalization of land markets, mounting pressure to deal with environmental issues, the proliferation of civil society organizations voicing the demands of the rural poor, and more democratic forms of governance. Much attention has been given to state-led redistributive land reforms. Other channels include inheritance and inter-vivos transfers, intrahousehold and intracommunity land allocations, community titling of open access resources, the distribution of common property resources and the individualization of rights, decollectivization, land markets and land market-assisted land reforms, and land rental contracts. This book analyzes each of these channels of access to land, and recommends ways of making them more effective.Less
The way jurisdiction over land is distributed among members of a community has a powerful influence over how efficiently land is used, the incidence of poverty, and the level of inequality in the community. Yet much land in less developed countries is underutilized and/or misused from a sustainability standpoint: lack of access to land or unfavorable terms of access remain a fundamental cause of poverty. In addition, unmet demands for land can be a source of political destabilization. At the same time, there presently exist unusual opportunities to reopen the issue of access to land. They include an increasing concern with the efficiency costs of inequality in land distribution, devolution of common property resource management to users, large scale redefinitions of property rights in the context of transition economies in Eastern and central Europe and the end of white rule in South Africa, liberalization of land markets, mounting pressure to deal with environmental issues, the proliferation of civil society organizations voicing the demands of the rural poor, and more democratic forms of governance. Much attention has been given to state-led redistributive land reforms. Other channels include inheritance and inter-vivos transfers, intrahousehold and intracommunity land allocations, community titling of open access resources, the distribution of common property resources and the individualization of rights, decollectivization, land markets and land market-assisted land reforms, and land rental contracts. This book analyzes each of these channels of access to land, and recommends ways of making them more effective.
Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278961
- eISBN:
- 9780191706806
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278961.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international ...
More
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international organization. The arrival in Greece of over 1.2 million refugees and their settlement proved to be a watershed with far-reaching consequences for the country. This book examines the exchange of populations and the agricultural settlement in Greek Macedonia of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Asia Minor and the Pontus, Eastern Thrace, the Caucasus, and Bulgaria during the inter-war period. It examines Greek state policy and the role of the Refugee Settlement Commission which, under the auspices of the League of Nations, carried out the refugee resettlement project. Macedonia, a multilingual and ethnically diverse society, experienced a transformation so dramatic that it literally changed its character. The author charts that change and attempts to provide the means of understanding it. The consequences of the settlement of refugees for the ethnological composition of the population, and its political, social, demographic, and economic implications are treated in the light of new archival material. Reality is separated from myth in examining the factors involved in the process of integration of the newcomers and assimilation of the inhabitants — both refugees and indigenous — of the New Lands into the nation-state. The author examines the impact of the agrarian reforms and land distribution and makes an effort to convert the climate of the rural society of Macedonia during the inter-war period. The antagonisms between Slavophone and Vlach-speaking natives and refugee newcomers regarding the reallocation of former Muslim properties had significant ramifications for the political events in the region in the years to come. Other recurring themes in the book include the geographical distribution of the refugees, changing patterns of settlement and toponyms, the organisation of health services in the countryside, as well as the execution of irrigation and drainage works in marshlands. The book also throws light upon and analyses the puzzling mixture of achievement and failure which characterizes the history of the region during this transitional period. As the first successful refugee resettlement project of its kind, the ‘refugee experiment’ in Macedonia could provide a template for similar projects involving refugee movements in many parts of the world today.Less
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international organization. The arrival in Greece of over 1.2 million refugees and their settlement proved to be a watershed with far-reaching consequences for the country. This book examines the exchange of populations and the agricultural settlement in Greek Macedonia of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Asia Minor and the Pontus, Eastern Thrace, the Caucasus, and Bulgaria during the inter-war period. It examines Greek state policy and the role of the Refugee Settlement Commission which, under the auspices of the League of Nations, carried out the refugee resettlement project. Macedonia, a multilingual and ethnically diverse society, experienced a transformation so dramatic that it literally changed its character. The author charts that change and attempts to provide the means of understanding it. The consequences of the settlement of refugees for the ethnological composition of the population, and its political, social, demographic, and economic implications are treated in the light of new archival material. Reality is separated from myth in examining the factors involved in the process of integration of the newcomers and assimilation of the inhabitants — both refugees and indigenous — of the New Lands into the nation-state. The author examines the impact of the agrarian reforms and land distribution and makes an effort to convert the climate of the rural society of Macedonia during the inter-war period. The antagonisms between Slavophone and Vlach-speaking natives and refugee newcomers regarding the reallocation of former Muslim properties had significant ramifications for the political events in the region in the years to come. Other recurring themes in the book include the geographical distribution of the refugees, changing patterns of settlement and toponyms, the organisation of health services in the countryside, as well as the execution of irrigation and drainage works in marshlands. The book also throws light upon and analyses the puzzling mixture of achievement and failure which characterizes the history of the region during this transitional period. As the first successful refugee resettlement project of its kind, the ‘refugee experiment’ in Macedonia could provide a template for similar projects involving refugee movements in many parts of the world today.
Jane Whittle
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208426
- eISBN:
- 9780191677991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208426.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the early beginnings of agrarian capitalism in England. The question of ...
More
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the early beginnings of agrarian capitalism in England. The question of how and why capitalism developed in England has been a source of debate. Several historical sources were used to examine a wide range of topics such as rights to land and the level of rent, the land market and inheritance, the distribution of land and wealth, the landless, wage-earners, rural craftsmen, as well as the labour laws.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the early beginnings of agrarian capitalism in England. The question of how and why capitalism developed in England has been a source of debate. Several historical sources were used to examine a wide range of topics such as rights to land and the level of rent, the land market and inheritance, the distribution of land and wealth, the landless, wage-earners, rural craftsmen, as well as the labour laws.
Fergus Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273249
- eISBN:
- 9780191706387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273249.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter describes the social and economic circumstances in which the people of the west of Ireland lived in the 1890s. The essence of the western problem was the juxtaposition of vast tracts of ...
More
This chapter describes the social and economic circumstances in which the people of the west of Ireland lived in the 1890s. The essence of the western problem was the juxtaposition of vast tracts of untenanted grazing land, occupied by landlords and graziers, next to the plots of impoverished small farmers, with insufficient land to provide them with a reasonable standard of living. The transformation of the agricultural economy in the decades following the Great Famine (1845-9) created the circumstances in which smallholders lived in the 1890s.Less
This chapter describes the social and economic circumstances in which the people of the west of Ireland lived in the 1890s. The essence of the western problem was the juxtaposition of vast tracts of untenanted grazing land, occupied by landlords and graziers, next to the plots of impoverished small farmers, with insufficient land to provide them with a reasonable standard of living. The transformation of the agricultural economy in the decades following the Great Famine (1845-9) created the circumstances in which smallholders lived in the 1890s.
V. K. Ramachandran (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198286479
- eISBN:
- 9780191684524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286479.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book explores the development of wage labour in agriculture in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It considers the role of agricultural growth and its impact on agricultural-labour households. ...
More
This book explores the development of wage labour in agriculture in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It considers the role of agricultural growth and its impact on agricultural-labour households. The book also analyses land distribution, labour force and absorption in agriculture, and the material conditions of life of agricultural labourers.Less
This book explores the development of wage labour in agriculture in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It considers the role of agricultural growth and its impact on agricultural-labour households. The book also analyses land distribution, labour force and absorption in agriculture, and the material conditions of life of agricultural labourers.
Sanjoy Chakravorty
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198089544
- eISBN:
- 9780199082438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198089544.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter is a brief but comprehensive study of the effects of six decades of land reforms in independent India. Land reform laws have been created at the national and state government levels on ...
More
This chapter is a brief but comprehensive study of the effects of six decades of land reforms in independent India. Land reform laws have been created at the national and state government levels on five broad categories. Laws to abolish intermediaries (to eliminate the zamindari and inamdari systems) were most successful. Land consolidation laws (to lessen the extent of fragmentation) have generally been least successful. Tenancy reform and land ceiling laws have together redistributed about 6 per cent of agricultural land; over 40 per cent of the total redistribution is in Kerala and West Bengal. Laws to prevent tribal land alienation have been unsuccessful in most regions. Generally, in most states, large landowners have been able to protect their interests through widespread cheating, litigation, and punitive actions on tenants. The vast legal apparatus and bureaucracy created for land reforms has generally been ineffective or counterproductive.Less
This chapter is a brief but comprehensive study of the effects of six decades of land reforms in independent India. Land reform laws have been created at the national and state government levels on five broad categories. Laws to abolish intermediaries (to eliminate the zamindari and inamdari systems) were most successful. Land consolidation laws (to lessen the extent of fragmentation) have generally been least successful. Tenancy reform and land ceiling laws have together redistributed about 6 per cent of agricultural land; over 40 per cent of the total redistribution is in Kerala and West Bengal. Laws to prevent tribal land alienation have been unsuccessful in most regions. Generally, in most states, large landowners have been able to protect their interests through widespread cheating, litigation, and punitive actions on tenants. The vast legal apparatus and bureaucracy created for land reforms has generally been ineffective or counterproductive.
T. P. Wiseman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199239764
- eISBN:
- 9780191716836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239764.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romulus divided up the territory of Rome equally among the citizens. He makes that point at the start of a lengthy digression on Romulus' constitutional ...
More
According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romulus divided up the territory of Rome equally among the citizens. He makes that point at the start of a lengthy digression on Romulus' constitutional arrangements, inserted into the narrative between the foundation and the rape of the Sabines. The digression clearly comes from a non-narrative source, and since Dionysius at one point refers to Varro's Antiquitates, this chapter compares the particular measures he attributes to Romulus with what is known of Varro's views on each item, and concludes that the entire digression is likely to have been taken from the Antiquitates. It may be significant that Varro's own family was enrolled in the Quirina tribus, whose original members had been allotted strictly equal seven-iugera farms in the Sabine country conquered by Manius Curius in the 3rd century BC.Less
According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romulus divided up the territory of Rome equally among the citizens. He makes that point at the start of a lengthy digression on Romulus' constitutional arrangements, inserted into the narrative between the foundation and the rape of the Sabines. The digression clearly comes from a non-narrative source, and since Dionysius at one point refers to Varro's Antiquitates, this chapter compares the particular measures he attributes to Romulus with what is known of Varro's views on each item, and concludes that the entire digression is likely to have been taken from the Antiquitates. It may be significant that Varro's own family was enrolled in the Quirina tribus, whose original members had been allotted strictly equal seven-iugera farms in the Sabine country conquered by Manius Curius in the 3rd century BC.
Ismael García-Colón
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033631
- eISBN:
- 9780813038476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033631.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter describes efforts to cope with the problems of land concentration and landlessness during the early decades of the twentieth century. It also deals with the experimental efforts of ...
More
This chapter describes efforts to cope with the problems of land concentration and landlessness during the early decades of the twentieth century. It also deals with the experimental efforts of government officials and politicians to bring about a degree of land distribution in order to reduce unemployment, monocrop cultivation, and internal migration to the cities. It reviews the emergence of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) in the late 1930s and illustrates how the PPD won popular support by instituting a complex reform program embodied in the Land Law of 1941. In addition, the birth of the PPD is investigated. Puerto Rico's land reform sought to resolve an economic problem in an attempt to develop the country. The government designed land reform in order to improve living conditions and create the necessary infrastructure to foster development and reduce dependence on the sugar cane industry. Nevertheless, the program was strongly political.Less
This chapter describes efforts to cope with the problems of land concentration and landlessness during the early decades of the twentieth century. It also deals with the experimental efforts of government officials and politicians to bring about a degree of land distribution in order to reduce unemployment, monocrop cultivation, and internal migration to the cities. It reviews the emergence of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) in the late 1930s and illustrates how the PPD won popular support by instituting a complex reform program embodied in the Land Law of 1941. In addition, the birth of the PPD is investigated. Puerto Rico's land reform sought to resolve an economic problem in an attempt to develop the country. The government designed land reform in order to improve living conditions and create the necessary infrastructure to foster development and reduce dependence on the sugar cane industry. Nevertheless, the program was strongly political.
Richard Orsi
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520200197
- eISBN:
- 9780520940864
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520200197.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The only major U.S. railroad to be operated by westerners and the only railroad built from west to east, the Southern Pacific acquired a unique history and character. It also acquired a reputation, ...
More
The only major U.S. railroad to be operated by westerners and the only railroad built from west to east, the Southern Pacific acquired a unique history and character. It also acquired a reputation, especially in California, as a railroad that people loved to hate. This magisterial history tells the full story of the Southern Pacific, shattering myths about the company that have prevailed to this day. It explores the railroad's development and influence—especially as it affected land settlement, agriculture, water policy, and the environment—and offers a new perspective on the tremendous, often surprising, role the company played in shaping the American West. Based on unprecedented and extensive research into the company's historical archives, the book finds that, contrary to conventional understanding, the Southern Pacific Company identified its corporate well-being with population growth and social and economic development in the railroad's hinterland. As it traces the complex and shifting intersections between corporate and public interest, the book documents the railroad's little-known promotion of land distribution, small-scale farming, scientific agriculture, and less-wasteful environmental practices and policies—including water conservation and wilderness and recreational parklands preservation.Less
The only major U.S. railroad to be operated by westerners and the only railroad built from west to east, the Southern Pacific acquired a unique history and character. It also acquired a reputation, especially in California, as a railroad that people loved to hate. This magisterial history tells the full story of the Southern Pacific, shattering myths about the company that have prevailed to this day. It explores the railroad's development and influence—especially as it affected land settlement, agriculture, water policy, and the environment—and offers a new perspective on the tremendous, often surprising, role the company played in shaping the American West. Based on unprecedented and extensive research into the company's historical archives, the book finds that, contrary to conventional understanding, the Southern Pacific Company identified its corporate well-being with population growth and social and economic development in the railroad's hinterland. As it traces the complex and shifting intersections between corporate and public interest, the book documents the railroad's little-known promotion of land distribution, small-scale farming, scientific agriculture, and less-wasteful environmental practices and policies—including water conservation and wilderness and recreational parklands preservation.
Marc Gopin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195367935
- eISBN:
- 9780199851805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367935.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Palestine and Israel have faced dangerous and deadly situations through a series of wars. It can be observed that there was a failure to recognize the human needs of the Palestinians, the isolated ...
More
Palestine and Israel have faced dangerous and deadly situations through a series of wars. It can be observed that there was a failure to recognize the human needs of the Palestinians, the isolated settlers, the religious visionaries, and of anyone else who was affected by this conflict. Several efforts have been made to analyze whatever political issues underlie the violence and conflict, however more attention should be given to the cultural and psychological damage which the said issues could be rooted in. When looking into such conflict, focus should be given to negotiation and establishing relationships in line with what the consensus has agreed upon. In this particular case, land use and distribution play a significant role and citizens of this region have had great debates and even wars on sharing both sacred and living space.Less
Palestine and Israel have faced dangerous and deadly situations through a series of wars. It can be observed that there was a failure to recognize the human needs of the Palestinians, the isolated settlers, the religious visionaries, and of anyone else who was affected by this conflict. Several efforts have been made to analyze whatever political issues underlie the violence and conflict, however more attention should be given to the cultural and psychological damage which the said issues could be rooted in. When looking into such conflict, focus should be given to negotiation and establishing relationships in line with what the consensus has agreed upon. In this particular case, land use and distribution play a significant role and citizens of this region have had great debates and even wars on sharing both sacred and living space.
Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226116341
- eISBN:
- 9780226116426
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226116426.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the connection between factor endowments and the immigration and land distribution policies of colonial governments. The main argument is that elites allowed broad access to ...
More
This chapter examines the connection between factor endowments and the immigration and land distribution policies of colonial governments. The main argument is that elites allowed broad access to land only when they needed to attract labor. Where labor was scarce, even political and economic elites who may have had disproportionate power in shaping institutions were willing to extend privileges, including low-cost access to land, to ordinary people as a means of attracting or mobilizing them. However, where labor was relatively abundant, elites had less reason to share privileges as a means of attracting more labor, and likely were less constrained in their ability to shape institutions to advantage them.Less
This chapter examines the connection between factor endowments and the immigration and land distribution policies of colonial governments. The main argument is that elites allowed broad access to land only when they needed to attract labor. Where labor was scarce, even political and economic elites who may have had disproportionate power in shaping institutions were willing to extend privileges, including low-cost access to land, to ordinary people as a means of attracting or mobilizing them. However, where labor was relatively abundant, elites had less reason to share privileges as a means of attracting more labor, and likely were less constrained in their ability to shape institutions to advantage them.
Yi Wu
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780824846770
- eISBN:
- 9780824872168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824846770.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter reveals how the family has continuously constituted a framework for constructing property relations during the People’s Republic period, manifests in the creation of the Household ...
More
This chapter reveals how the family has continuously constituted a framework for constructing property relations during the People’s Republic period, manifests in the creation of the Household Responsibility System in the early 1980s across China’s countryside and the grassroots land allocation principles under the HRS. The underlying power of the family also lies in the fact that domestic property relations are constructed through long-held norms regarding the rights and responsibilities of genders and generations, instead of state laws.Less
This chapter reveals how the family has continuously constituted a framework for constructing property relations during the People’s Republic period, manifests in the creation of the Household Responsibility System in the early 1980s across China’s countryside and the grassroots land allocation principles under the HRS. The underlying power of the family also lies in the fact that domestic property relations are constructed through long-held norms regarding the rights and responsibilities of genders and generations, instead of state laws.
