Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278961
- eISBN:
- 9780191706806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278961.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter begins with a discussion of agricultural resettlement, which was carried out in accordance with the Decree of 6 July 1923 and which required that refugees form ‘legally constituted ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of agricultural resettlement, which was carried out in accordance with the Decree of 6 July 1923 and which required that refugees form ‘legally constituted groups’. It then discusses problems relating to the permanent distribution of lands and the demographic implications of agricultural resettlement, particularly the effect of distribution on marriages.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of agricultural resettlement, which was carried out in accordance with the Decree of 6 July 1923 and which required that refugees form ‘legally constituted groups’. It then discusses problems relating to the permanent distribution of lands and the demographic implications of agricultural resettlement, particularly the effect of distribution on marriages.
Juliano Assunção
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548880
- eISBN:
- 9780191720765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548880.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land ...
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Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land concentration and land reform in Brazil, this study evaluates the impact of the land reform programme undertaken in the 1990s on land ownership and land distribution. It is shown that the programme increased landownership among poor rural families and those with less‐educated household heads, reducing the fraction of the other families with land holding. Also, the land‐reform programme increased land inequality among landowners.Less
Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land concentration and land reform in Brazil, this study evaluates the impact of the land reform programme undertaken in the 1990s on land ownership and land distribution. It is shown that the programme increased landownership among poor rural families and those with less‐educated household heads, reducing the fraction of the other families with land holding. Also, the land‐reform programme increased land inequality among landowners.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, ...
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American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.Less
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.
Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278961
- eISBN:
- 9780191706806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278961.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter begins with a discussion of the conflict between refugees and native peasants over land distribution. It then considers the political orientation of the refugees.
This chapter begins with a discussion of the conflict between refugees and native peasants over land distribution. It then considers the political orientation of the refugees.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Unlike the Canadian west, the Argentine pampas were already host to considerable commercial activity by the 1880. For much of the 19th century landowners had dedicated themselves to the production of ...
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Unlike the Canadian west, the Argentine pampas were already host to considerable commercial activity by the 1880. For much of the 19th century landowners had dedicated themselves to the production of pastoral products. This chapter describes the political economy of the settlement, land use and rapid expansion of pastoral production, land tenure, and land distribution. The emerging cattle-ranching sector in Argentina offered great promise, since pastoral expansion was less circumscribed by the shortage of labour. The regime of property relations that emerged in the late 19th century had repercussions that were obvious once the phase of frontier expansion come to a close.Less
Unlike the Canadian west, the Argentine pampas were already host to considerable commercial activity by the 1880. For much of the 19th century landowners had dedicated themselves to the production of pastoral products. This chapter describes the political economy of the settlement, land use and rapid expansion of pastoral production, land tenure, and land distribution. The emerging cattle-ranching sector in Argentina offered great promise, since pastoral expansion was less circumscribed by the shortage of labour. The regime of property relations that emerged in the late 19th century had repercussions that were obvious once the phase of frontier expansion come to a close.
Jane Whittle
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208426
- eISBN:
- 9780191677991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208426.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines evidence for wealth polarization in the 16th century. It looks at land distribution between tenants, focusing on landholding size, ...
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This chapter examines evidence for wealth polarization in the 16th century. It looks at land distribution between tenants, focusing on landholding size, the number of direct tenants, and their status in the society. It investigates the distribution of movable wealth in South Erpingham with the use of taxation returns of the 1520s.Less
This chapter examines evidence for wealth polarization in the 16th century. It looks at land distribution between tenants, focusing on landholding size, the number of direct tenants, and their status in the society. It investigates the distribution of movable wealth in South Erpingham with the use of taxation returns of the 1520s.
Alain De Janvry, Elisabeth Sadoulet, and Wendy Wolford
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The power of the state — regardless of whether this is practiced over democratic, authoritarian, and other forms of government — has been used by all Latin American governments to impose ...
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The power of the state — regardless of whether this is practiced over democratic, authoritarian, and other forms of government — has been used by all Latin American governments to impose modifications in the land access of certain household categories in regions that experience population pressure to further the redefinition of land rights for those who already have access. Looking into the history of land reform in Latin America, which can further be divided into three phases, reveals why the eighty years of land reform have only brought on minimal improvements in solving land access problems and in reducing the high inequality which is made evident in land distribution. When taking a social point of view, the skewed distribution may be attributed to land misuse. This chapter examines the state's changing role through assessing the access to land given to minifundists and the landless and the competitiveness of those who are with titles in the reform sector.Less
The power of the state — regardless of whether this is practiced over democratic, authoritarian, and other forms of government — has been used by all Latin American governments to impose modifications in the land access of certain household categories in regions that experience population pressure to further the redefinition of land rights for those who already have access. Looking into the history of land reform in Latin America, which can further be divided into three phases, reveals why the eighty years of land reform have only brought on minimal improvements in solving land access problems and in reducing the high inequality which is made evident in land distribution. When taking a social point of view, the skewed distribution may be attributed to land misuse. This chapter examines the state's changing role through assessing the access to land given to minifundists and the landless and the competitiveness of those who are with titles in the reform sector.
Shuang Chen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804799034
- eISBN:
- 9781503601635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804799034.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
By examining changes in land distribution between 1870 and 1906, this chapter explains at the macro-level why the state-mandated social hierarchy endured in Shuangcheng. It shows that, despite the ...
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By examining changes in land distribution between 1870 and 1906, this chapter explains at the macro-level why the state-mandated social hierarchy endured in Shuangcheng. It shows that, despite the upward and downward wealth mobility at individual household level, the state land allocation policies still effectively maintained a relatively equal land distribution within each of the metropolitan and rural bannermen population category. Thus, land distribution among these entitled bannermen exhibited a pattern of stratification without concentration. This pattern of land distribution sustained a stable landowner class. By presenting one of the first empirical studies of land distribution in early modern China, this chapter shows the resilient nature of the social hierarchy created by state land allocation. It challenges the view that, when the Qing government privatized the state land in Manchuria, the majority of bannermen lost their land ownership to civilian commoners.Less
By examining changes in land distribution between 1870 and 1906, this chapter explains at the macro-level why the state-mandated social hierarchy endured in Shuangcheng. It shows that, despite the upward and downward wealth mobility at individual household level, the state land allocation policies still effectively maintained a relatively equal land distribution within each of the metropolitan and rural bannermen population category. Thus, land distribution among these entitled bannermen exhibited a pattern of stratification without concentration. This pattern of land distribution sustained a stable landowner class. By presenting one of the first empirical studies of land distribution in early modern China, this chapter shows the resilient nature of the social hierarchy created by state land allocation. It challenges the view that, when the Qing government privatized the state land in Manchuria, the majority of bannermen lost their land ownership to civilian commoners.
Alain de Janvry, Gustavo Gordillo, Elisabeth Sadoulet, and Jean-Philippe Platteau (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The way jurisdiction over land is distributed among members of a community has a powerful influence over how efficiently land is used, the incidence of poverty, and the level of inequality in the ...
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The way jurisdiction over land is distributed among members of a community has a powerful influence over how efficiently land is used, the incidence of poverty, and the level of inequality in the community. Yet much land in less developed countries is underutilized and/or misused from a sustainability standpoint: lack of access to land or unfavorable terms of access remain a fundamental cause of poverty. In addition, unmet demands for land can be a source of political destabilization. At the same time, there presently exist unusual opportunities to reopen the issue of access to land. They include an increasing concern with the efficiency costs of inequality in land distribution, devolution of common property resource management to users, large scale redefinitions of property rights in the context of transition economies in Eastern and central Europe and the end of white rule in South Africa, liberalization of land markets, mounting pressure to deal with environmental issues, the proliferation of civil society organizations voicing the demands of the rural poor, and more democratic forms of governance. Much attention has been given to state-led redistributive land reforms. Other channels include inheritance and inter-vivos transfers, intrahousehold and intracommunity land allocations, community titling of open access resources, the distribution of common property resources and the individualization of rights, decollectivization, land markets and land market-assisted land reforms, and land rental contracts. This book analyzes each of these channels of access to land, and recommends ways of making them more effective.Less
The way jurisdiction over land is distributed among members of a community has a powerful influence over how efficiently land is used, the incidence of poverty, and the level of inequality in the community. Yet much land in less developed countries is underutilized and/or misused from a sustainability standpoint: lack of access to land or unfavorable terms of access remain a fundamental cause of poverty. In addition, unmet demands for land can be a source of political destabilization. At the same time, there presently exist unusual opportunities to reopen the issue of access to land. They include an increasing concern with the efficiency costs of inequality in land distribution, devolution of common property resource management to users, large scale redefinitions of property rights in the context of transition economies in Eastern and central Europe and the end of white rule in South Africa, liberalization of land markets, mounting pressure to deal with environmental issues, the proliferation of civil society organizations voicing the demands of the rural poor, and more democratic forms of governance. Much attention has been given to state-led redistributive land reforms. Other channels include inheritance and inter-vivos transfers, intrahousehold and intracommunity land allocations, community titling of open access resources, the distribution of common property resources and the individualization of rights, decollectivization, land markets and land market-assisted land reforms, and land rental contracts. This book analyzes each of these channels of access to land, and recommends ways of making them more effective.
Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278961
- eISBN:
- 9780191706806
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278961.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international ...
More
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international organization. The arrival in Greece of over 1.2 million refugees and their settlement proved to be a watershed with far-reaching consequences for the country. This book examines the exchange of populations and the agricultural settlement in Greek Macedonia of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Asia Minor and the Pontus, Eastern Thrace, the Caucasus, and Bulgaria during the inter-war period. It examines Greek state policy and the role of the Refugee Settlement Commission which, under the auspices of the League of Nations, carried out the refugee resettlement project. Macedonia, a multilingual and ethnically diverse society, experienced a transformation so dramatic that it literally changed its character. The author charts that change and attempts to provide the means of understanding it. The consequences of the settlement of refugees for the ethnological composition of the population, and its political, social, demographic, and economic implications are treated in the light of new archival material. Reality is separated from myth in examining the factors involved in the process of integration of the newcomers and assimilation of the inhabitants — both refugees and indigenous — of the New Lands into the nation-state. The author examines the impact of the agrarian reforms and land distribution and makes an effort to convert the climate of the rural society of Macedonia during the inter-war period. The antagonisms between Slavophone and Vlach-speaking natives and refugee newcomers regarding the reallocation of former Muslim properties had significant ramifications for the political events in the region in the years to come. Other recurring themes in the book include the geographical distribution of the refugees, changing patterns of settlement and toponyms, the organisation of health services in the countryside, as well as the execution of irrigation and drainage works in marshlands. The book also throws light upon and analyses the puzzling mixture of achievement and failure which characterizes the history of the region during this transitional period. As the first successful refugee resettlement project of its kind, the ‘refugee experiment’ in Macedonia could provide a template for similar projects involving refugee movements in many parts of the world today.Less
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international organization. The arrival in Greece of over 1.2 million refugees and their settlement proved to be a watershed with far-reaching consequences for the country. This book examines the exchange of populations and the agricultural settlement in Greek Macedonia of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Asia Minor and the Pontus, Eastern Thrace, the Caucasus, and Bulgaria during the inter-war period. It examines Greek state policy and the role of the Refugee Settlement Commission which, under the auspices of the League of Nations, carried out the refugee resettlement project. Macedonia, a multilingual and ethnically diverse society, experienced a transformation so dramatic that it literally changed its character. The author charts that change and attempts to provide the means of understanding it. The consequences of the settlement of refugees for the ethnological composition of the population, and its political, social, demographic, and economic implications are treated in the light of new archival material. Reality is separated from myth in examining the factors involved in the process of integration of the newcomers and assimilation of the inhabitants — both refugees and indigenous — of the New Lands into the nation-state. The author examines the impact of the agrarian reforms and land distribution and makes an effort to convert the climate of the rural society of Macedonia during the inter-war period. The antagonisms between Slavophone and Vlach-speaking natives and refugee newcomers regarding the reallocation of former Muslim properties had significant ramifications for the political events in the region in the years to come. Other recurring themes in the book include the geographical distribution of the refugees, changing patterns of settlement and toponyms, the organisation of health services in the countryside, as well as the execution of irrigation and drainage works in marshlands. The book also throws light upon and analyses the puzzling mixture of achievement and failure which characterizes the history of the region during this transitional period. As the first successful refugee resettlement project of its kind, the ‘refugee experiment’ in Macedonia could provide a template for similar projects involving refugee movements in many parts of the world today.
