Thanh V. Tran
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325089
- eISBN:
- 9780199864515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325089.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
A research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three ways in ...
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A research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three ways in cross-cultural research instrument development: adopting an existing instrument, adapting or modifying an existing instrument, and developing a new instrument. To develop a cross-culturally valid questionnaire or instrument, the concepts or constructs selected for the investigation must be clearly defined and bear the same meanings across the selected cultural groups. No good questionnaire can be developed without clear definitions. This is a matter of utmost importance for all levels of cultural comparative research and evaluation, whether it is a gender or racial/ethnic comparison within one society or across nations. Chapter 2 describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties.Less
A research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three ways in cross-cultural research instrument development: adopting an existing instrument, adapting or modifying an existing instrument, and developing a new instrument. To develop a cross-culturally valid questionnaire or instrument, the concepts or constructs selected for the investigation must be clearly defined and bear the same meanings across the selected cultural groups. No good questionnaire can be developed without clear definitions. This is a matter of utmost importance for all levels of cultural comparative research and evaluation, whether it is a gender or racial/ethnic comparison within one society or across nations. Chapter 2 describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties.
T.A. Bhavani and N.R. Bhanumurthy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076650
- eISBN:
- 9780199081868
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076650.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This study focuses on the state of financial access in post-reform India. It is analysed from the macroeconomic growth perspective keeping in view the importance of rapid growth for the Indian ...
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This study focuses on the state of financial access in post-reform India. It is analysed from the macroeconomic growth perspective keeping in view the importance of rapid growth for the Indian economy and the fact that majority of production organizations especially in the unorganized segment are yet to have access to the formal financial system. Financial access is considered in terms of actual use of one of the financial services, that is, supply of financial resources for productive investment purpose. The study measures financial access in terms of availability of finances from the formal financial institutions and their adequacy in taking care of productive investment needs. Adequacy of finances is assessed through financial resource gap, that is, proportion of productive investment that is not funded by the formal financial institutions. Availability and adequacy of resources from the formal financial system is analysed at different levels of aggregation: household, sector (agriculture, industry and services), segment (unorganized and organized), and economy. Industry and services sectors are divided into organized and unorganized segments given their differential access to the formal financial system and financial access is computed separately for the two segments. In addition, the study compares India with selected countries (Brazil, China, and United Kingdom) and within India it compares private sector banks with public sector banks. Finally, it provides policy recommendations.Less
This study focuses on the state of financial access in post-reform India. It is analysed from the macroeconomic growth perspective keeping in view the importance of rapid growth for the Indian economy and the fact that majority of production organizations especially in the unorganized segment are yet to have access to the formal financial system. Financial access is considered in terms of actual use of one of the financial services, that is, supply of financial resources for productive investment purpose. The study measures financial access in terms of availability of finances from the formal financial institutions and their adequacy in taking care of productive investment needs. Adequacy of finances is assessed through financial resource gap, that is, proportion of productive investment that is not funded by the formal financial institutions. Availability and adequacy of resources from the formal financial system is analysed at different levels of aggregation: household, sector (agriculture, industry and services), segment (unorganized and organized), and economy. Industry and services sectors are divided into organized and unorganized segments given their differential access to the formal financial system and financial access is computed separately for the two segments. In addition, the study compares India with selected countries (Brazil, China, and United Kingdom) and within India it compares private sector banks with public sector banks. Finally, it provides policy recommendations.
Kalypso Nicolaidis and Robert Howse (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199245000
- eISBN:
- 9780191599996
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245002.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This book is about the complex and changing relationship between levels of governance in the US and the European Union. On the basis of a transatlantic dialogue between scholars concerned about modes ...
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This book is about the complex and changing relationship between levels of governance in the US and the European Union. On the basis of a transatlantic dialogue between scholars concerned about modes of governance on both sides, it is a collective attempt at analysing the ramifications of the legitimacy crisis in these multi‐layered democracies, and possible remedies to this. Starting from a focus on the current policy debates over ‘devolution’ and ‘subsidiarity’, the book engages the reader into the broader tension of comparative federalism. Its authors believe that in spite of the fundamental differences between them, both the EU and the USA are in the process of re‐defining a federal vision for the twenty‐first century. The book is a contribution to the study of federalism and European integration, and seeks to bridge the divide between the two. It also bridges the traditional divide between technical, legal or regulatory discussions of federal governance and philosophical debates over questions of belonging and multiple identities. It is a multi‐disciplinary project, bringing together historians, political scientists and theorists, legal scholars, sociologists and political economists (more than 20 authors are involved), and includes both innovative analysis and prescriptions on how to reshape the federal contract in the USA and the EU. Included are introductions to the history of federalism in the USA and the EU, the current debates over devolution and subsidiarity, the legal framework of federalism and theories of regulatory federalism, as well as innovative approaches to the application of network analysis, principal‐agent models, institutionalist analysis, and political theories of citizenship to the federal context. The introduction and conclusion by the editors draws out cross‐cutting themes and lessons from the thinking together of the EU and USA experiences, and suggest how a ‘federal vision’ could be freed from the hierarchical paradigm of the ‘federal state’ and articulated around concepts of mutual tolerance and empowerment. The seventeen chapters are arranged in five sections: I. Articulating the Federal Vision (two chapters)—views of federalism in its USA and EU versions; II. Levels of Governance in the USA and the European Union: Facts and Diagnosis (four chapters)—an overview of the history and current state of federalism in the USA and EU; III. Legal and Regulatory Instruments of Federal Governance (three chapters); IV. Federalism, Legitimacy, and Governance: Models for Understanding (four chapters); V. Federalism, Legitimacy, and Identity (four chapters)—a discussion of the deeper roots of legitimacy in federal systems; there is also an appendix, which discusses the basic principles for the allocation of competence in the USA and EU.Less
This book is about the complex and changing relationship between levels of governance in the US and the European Union. On the basis of a transatlantic dialogue between scholars concerned about modes of governance on both sides, it is a collective attempt at analysing the ramifications of the legitimacy crisis in these multi‐layered democracies, and possible remedies to this. Starting from a focus on the current policy debates over ‘devolution’ and ‘subsidiarity’, the book engages the reader into the broader tension of comparative federalism. Its authors believe that in spite of the fundamental differences between them, both the EU and the USA are in the process of re‐defining a federal vision for the twenty‐first century. The book is a contribution to the study of federalism and European integration, and seeks to bridge the divide between the two. It also bridges the traditional divide between technical, legal or regulatory discussions of federal governance and philosophical debates over questions of belonging and multiple identities. It is a multi‐disciplinary project, bringing together historians, political scientists and theorists, legal scholars, sociologists and political economists (more than 20 authors are involved), and includes both innovative analysis and prescriptions on how to reshape the federal contract in the USA and the EU. Included are introductions to the history of federalism in the USA and the EU, the current debates over devolution and subsidiarity, the legal framework of federalism and theories of regulatory federalism, as well as innovative approaches to the application of network analysis, principal‐agent models, institutionalist analysis, and political theories of citizenship to the federal context. The introduction and conclusion by the editors draws out cross‐cutting themes and lessons from the thinking together of the EU and USA experiences, and suggest how a ‘federal vision’ could be freed from the hierarchical paradigm of the ‘federal state’ and articulated around concepts of mutual tolerance and empowerment. The seventeen chapters are arranged in five sections: I. Articulating the Federal Vision (two chapters)—views of federalism in its USA and EU versions; II. Levels of Governance in the USA and the European Union: Facts and Diagnosis (four chapters)—an overview of the history and current state of federalism in the USA and EU; III. Legal and Regulatory Instruments of Federal Governance (three chapters); IV. Federalism, Legitimacy, and Governance: Models for Understanding (four chapters); V. Federalism, Legitimacy, and Identity (four chapters)—a discussion of the deeper roots of legitimacy in federal systems; there is also an appendix, which discusses the basic principles for the allocation of competence in the USA and EU.
Robert Stavins
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay traces the history of market mechanisms and describes their theoretical advantages over prescriptive regulation. It gives an overview of the lessons learned about market instruments thus ...
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This essay traces the history of market mechanisms and describes their theoretical advantages over prescriptive regulation. It gives an overview of the lessons learned about market instruments thus far, among them that there is an ongoing need for both flexibility and simplicity and for more effective monitoring and enforcement. It argues that there remain important limitations to the success of market instruments, including that firms are not yet well equipped to fully utilize them. The chapter concludes with predictions about the conditions under which such instruments are most likely to succeed.Less
This essay traces the history of market mechanisms and describes their theoretical advantages over prescriptive regulation. It gives an overview of the lessons learned about market instruments thus far, among them that there is an ongoing need for both flexibility and simplicity and for more effective monitoring and enforcement. It argues that there remain important limitations to the success of market instruments, including that firms are not yet well equipped to fully utilize them. The chapter concludes with predictions about the conditions under which such instruments are most likely to succeed.
Ellerman A. Denny
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay explains why cap-and-trade programs (in which government establishes an overall cap on pollution but allows firms to trade allocations beneath the cap) can be both more economically ...
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This essay explains why cap-and-trade programs (in which government establishes an overall cap on pollution but allows firms to trade allocations beneath the cap) can be both more economically efficient and more environmentally effective than prescriptive regulation. It underscores the importance of measuring effectiveness in ex post evaluations, which are defined as achieving the proximate goal (i.e., of emissions reduction), rather than the larger goal of solving the underlying problem (i.e., unhealthy air). The argument in favor of market instruments is supported with data from three emissions trading programs: the SO2 trading regime in Title IV of the Clean Air Act, the NOx budget program created by the EPA to address interstate ozone migration, and the RECLAIM program created by the South Coast Air Quality Management District in Southern California. It is proposed that market instruments represent a new pragmatism in environmental regulation and that they are part of the maturation of the regulatory process.Less
This essay explains why cap-and-trade programs (in which government establishes an overall cap on pollution but allows firms to trade allocations beneath the cap) can be both more economically efficient and more environmentally effective than prescriptive regulation. It underscores the importance of measuring effectiveness in ex post evaluations, which are defined as achieving the proximate goal (i.e., of emissions reduction), rather than the larger goal of solving the underlying problem (i.e., unhealthy air). The argument in favor of market instruments is supported with data from three emissions trading programs: the SO2 trading regime in Title IV of the Clean Air Act, the NOx budget program created by the EPA to address interstate ozone migration, and the RECLAIM program created by the South Coast Air Quality Management District in Southern California. It is proposed that market instruments represent a new pragmatism in environmental regulation and that they are part of the maturation of the regulatory process.
Richard G. Newell and Kristian Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay uses the case study of the phasedown of lead gasoline in the United States to argue that market-based instruments can be effective in meeting environmental objectives at a lower cost than ...
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This essay uses the case study of the phasedown of lead gasoline in the United States to argue that market-based instruments can be effective in meeting environmental objectives at a lower cost than uniform standards, and can do so more quickly where permit banking is allowed. The performance of the lead phasedown program is assessed along several dimensions, including its overall effectiveness, static and dynamic efficiency, revelation of costs, and distributional effects. It is argued that the program likely saved hundreds of millions of dollars over policies that would not have allowed trading and banking, and also provided incentives for the development of new technology.Less
This essay uses the case study of the phasedown of lead gasoline in the United States to argue that market-based instruments can be effective in meeting environmental objectives at a lower cost than uniform standards, and can do so more quickly where permit banking is allowed. The performance of the lead phasedown program is assessed along several dimensions, including its overall effectiveness, static and dynamic efficiency, revelation of costs, and distributional effects. It is argued that the program likely saved hundreds of millions of dollars over policies that would not have allowed trading and banking, and also provided incentives for the development of new technology.
Michael B. Gerrard
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay proposes an information disclosure mechanism as a means of encouraging firms to comply with a variety of environmental laws. It argues that requiring environmental studies at the moment of ...
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This essay proposes an information disclosure mechanism as a means of encouraging firms to comply with a variety of environmental laws. It argues that requiring environmental studies at the moment of property transfer could encourage compliance more than the traditional prescriptive approach. Such disclosure requirements are treated as market-based instruments because they take the characteristics of the property market into account when adjusting incentives, inducing buyers and sellers to move toward compliance when it is in their economic interest to do so, rather than in response to a legal mandate. The essay provides an overview of CERCLA's liability scheme, noting that it has led to improved practices for the generation, handling, and cleanup of hazardous waste, and has also established a precedent for imposing requirements on buyers and sellers at the moment of property transfer.Less
This essay proposes an information disclosure mechanism as a means of encouraging firms to comply with a variety of environmental laws. It argues that requiring environmental studies at the moment of property transfer could encourage compliance more than the traditional prescriptive approach. Such disclosure requirements are treated as market-based instruments because they take the characteristics of the property market into account when adjusting incentives, inducing buyers and sellers to move toward compliance when it is in their economic interest to do so, rather than in response to a legal mandate. The essay provides an overview of CERCLA's liability scheme, noting that it has led to improved practices for the generation, handling, and cleanup of hazardous waste, and has also established a precedent for imposing requirements on buyers and sellers at the moment of property transfer.
Arlene Rubin Stiffman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195325522
- eISBN:
- 9780199893850
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325522.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This collection of field research narratives from veteran social and behavioral science researchers acknowledges the unpredictability of managing a project, and candidly illustrates real-world ...
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This collection of field research narratives from veteran social and behavioral science researchers acknowledges the unpredictability of managing a project, and candidly illustrates real-world problems and solutions. Unlike standard research tests, each chapter has practical import for the researcher, ties together extant literature, and illustrates the issues with concrete examples from the authors' own experience. The chapters each address one or more of the research stress points that many researchers have found concerning during their careers, and are loosely organized by the naturally unfolding series of choice points and problems confronted during research projects and careers. The text is designed to supplement traditional textbooks on research methods for doctoral students, junior faculty, and research assistants in the fields of psychology, social work, psychiatry, and public health. The text covers scenarios such as: implementing a research project; creating an interdisciplinary research team; using consultants; hiring, training, and monitoring research staff and interviewers; developing the instrument; preparing data for analysis; budgeting; maintaining data standards; data archiving; navigating human subjects, IRB and ethical dilemmas; maintaining cultural sensitivity; efficacy and effectiveness trials for evaluating an intervention; influencing policy and practice; as well as disseminating results, sharing data, maximizing publications, and co-authoring publications.Less
This collection of field research narratives from veteran social and behavioral science researchers acknowledges the unpredictability of managing a project, and candidly illustrates real-world problems and solutions. Unlike standard research tests, each chapter has practical import for the researcher, ties together extant literature, and illustrates the issues with concrete examples from the authors' own experience. The chapters each address one or more of the research stress points that many researchers have found concerning during their careers, and are loosely organized by the naturally unfolding series of choice points and problems confronted during research projects and careers. The text is designed to supplement traditional textbooks on research methods for doctoral students, junior faculty, and research assistants in the fields of psychology, social work, psychiatry, and public health. The text covers scenarios such as: implementing a research project; creating an interdisciplinary research team; using consultants; hiring, training, and monitoring research staff and interviewers; developing the instrument; preparing data for analysis; budgeting; maintaining data standards; data archiving; navigating human subjects, IRB and ethical dilemmas; maintaining cultural sensitivity; efficacy and effectiveness trials for evaluating an intervention; influencing policy and practice; as well as disseminating results, sharing data, maximizing publications, and co-authoring publications.
López Ramón and Michael A. Toman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199298006
- eISBN:
- 9780191603877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199298009.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The failure of public good provision in developing countries implies that many environmental and natural resource allocation problems that have been solved in developed countries, such as water ...
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The failure of public good provision in developing countries implies that many environmental and natural resource allocation problems that have been solved in developed countries, such as water pollution from sewage and indoor air pollution from cooking fires, continue to loom large. Decentralization and transparency in decision making, due process, and stakeholder participation in reform are needed to address these shortfalls. Because of poverty, efficiency is crucial to minimize overall costs. This, together with the wide dispersion in the distribution of pollution between polluters, speaks in favor of the use of flexible instruments such as information and market based mechanisms. At the same time, risk aversion, poverty, and unequal distribution imply that considerable attention must be paid to the distribution of costs and to a participatory approach in policy design.Less
The failure of public good provision in developing countries implies that many environmental and natural resource allocation problems that have been solved in developed countries, such as water pollution from sewage and indoor air pollution from cooking fires, continue to loom large. Decentralization and transparency in decision making, due process, and stakeholder participation in reform are needed to address these shortfalls. Because of poverty, efficiency is crucial to minimize overall costs. This, together with the wide dispersion in the distribution of pollution between polluters, speaks in favor of the use of flexible instruments such as information and market based mechanisms. At the same time, risk aversion, poverty, and unequal distribution imply that considerable attention must be paid to the distribution of costs and to a participatory approach in policy design.
JONATHAN PERRATON and PETER WELLS
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199259250
- eISBN:
- 9780191600968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199259259.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Jonathon Perraton and Peter Wells explore the relevance of multi‐level governance for understanding economic policy‐making. They note that three general trends can be seen in this policy area in the ...
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Jonathon Perraton and Peter Wells explore the relevance of multi‐level governance for understanding economic policy‐making. They note that three general trends can be seen in this policy area in the last 50 years. First, the ceding of power to supranational institutions in the field of economic policy‐making. Second, the creation of subnational regional infrastructures that can often have economic policy‐making capacities. And, third, the adoption of new policy instruments by national governments that commonly involve partnership arrangements with the private sector. Perraton and Wells explore the relevance of multi‐level governance in relation to these trends and its relationship to approaches that are grounded in economics, notably fiscal federalism.Less
Jonathon Perraton and Peter Wells explore the relevance of multi‐level governance for understanding economic policy‐making. They note that three general trends can be seen in this policy area in the last 50 years. First, the ceding of power to supranational institutions in the field of economic policy‐making. Second, the creation of subnational regional infrastructures that can often have economic policy‐making capacities. And, third, the adoption of new policy instruments by national governments that commonly involve partnership arrangements with the private sector. Perraton and Wells explore the relevance of multi‐level governance in relation to these trends and its relationship to approaches that are grounded in economics, notably fiscal federalism.
Paul Humphreys
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195158700
- eISBN:
- 9780199785964
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195158709.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Computational science, especially computer simulations, is now the dominant procedure in many areas of science. This book contains the first systematic philosophical account of this new scientific ...
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Computational science, especially computer simulations, is now the dominant procedure in many areas of science. This book contains the first systematic philosophical account of this new scientific method, and draws a parallel between the ways in which such computational methods have enhanced our abilities to mathematically model the world, and the more familiar ways in which scientific instruments have expanded our access to the empirical world. This expansion forms the basis for a new kind of empiricism better suited to the needs of science than the older anthropocentric forms of empiricism. Human abilities are no longer the ultimate standard of correctness within epistemology. The book includes arguments for the primacy of properties rather than objects, for how technology interacts with scientific methods, and a detailed account of how the path from a computational template or model to a scientific application is constructed and revised. This last feature allows us to hold a form of selective realism in which anti-realist arguments based on abstract reconstructions of theories can be avoided. One important consequence of the rise of computational methods is that the traditional organization of the sciences is being replaced by an organization founded on computational templates.Less
Computational science, especially computer simulations, is now the dominant procedure in many areas of science. This book contains the first systematic philosophical account of this new scientific method, and draws a parallel between the ways in which such computational methods have enhanced our abilities to mathematically model the world, and the more familiar ways in which scientific instruments have expanded our access to the empirical world. This expansion forms the basis for a new kind of empiricism better suited to the needs of science than the older anthropocentric forms of empiricism. Human abilities are no longer the ultimate standard of correctness within epistemology. The book includes arguments for the primacy of properties rather than objects, for how technology interacts with scientific methods, and a detailed account of how the path from a computational template or model to a scientific application is constructed and revised. This last feature allows us to hold a form of selective realism in which anti-realist arguments based on abstract reconstructions of theories can be avoided. One important consequence of the rise of computational methods is that the traditional organization of the sciences is being replaced by an organization founded on computational templates.
Chloe Silverman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150468
- eISBN:
- 9781400840397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150468.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter traces the evolution of the concept of autism from its first characterization as a rare emotional disturbance in 1943 to its present status as a potential epidemic. It examines ...
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This chapter traces the evolution of the concept of autism from its first characterization as a rare emotional disturbance in 1943 to its present status as a potential epidemic. It examines developments in research on autism as well as changes in modes of identification, treatment practices, and daily experience of autism. It also considers standard descriptions of autism and their relationship to different theories of causation, as well as the application of these criteria to the practice of epidemiological surveys. Furthermore, it discusses the effects that changes in diagnostic criteria have had on findings about autism rates. It concludes with an analysis of the use of published screening and testing instruments used in the diagnosis of autism, including the Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS).Less
This chapter traces the evolution of the concept of autism from its first characterization as a rare emotional disturbance in 1943 to its present status as a potential epidemic. It examines developments in research on autism as well as changes in modes of identification, treatment practices, and daily experience of autism. It also considers standard descriptions of autism and their relationship to different theories of causation, as well as the application of these criteria to the practice of epidemiological surveys. Furthermore, it discusses the effects that changes in diagnostic criteria have had on findings about autism rates. It concludes with an analysis of the use of published screening and testing instruments used in the diagnosis of autism, including the Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS).
Lawrence J. Lau
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the policies adopted and implemented by the governments of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the process of their economic development. It presents a comprehensive list of policy ...
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This chapter examines the policies adopted and implemented by the governments of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the process of their economic development. It presents a comprehensive list of policy instruments the governments used in mobilizing resource inputs, allocating them more efficiently, and shifting the production frontier outwards. The issues involved in the use of each instrument are illustrated with rich facts from the greater Chinese economic zone.Less
This chapter examines the policies adopted and implemented by the governments of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the process of their economic development. It presents a comprehensive list of policy instruments the governments used in mobilizing resource inputs, allocating them more efficiently, and shifting the production frontier outwards. The issues involved in the use of each instrument are illustrated with rich facts from the greater Chinese economic zone.
Mark J. Flannery
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195169713
- eISBN:
- 9780199783717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169713.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The deadweight costs of financial distress limit many firms' incentive to include a lot of (tax-advantaged) debt in their capital structures. It is therefore puzzling that firms do not make advance ...
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The deadweight costs of financial distress limit many firms' incentive to include a lot of (tax-advantaged) debt in their capital structures. It is therefore puzzling that firms do not make advance arrangements to recapitalize themselves if large losses occur. Financial distress may be particularly important for large banking firms, which national supervisors are reluctant to let fail. The supervisors' inclination to support large financial firms when they become troubled mitigates the ex ante incentives of market investors to discipline these firms. This chapter proposes a new financial instrument that forestalls financial distress without distorting bank shareholders' risk-taking incentives. Reverse convertible debentures (RCD) would automatically convert to common equity if a bank's market capital ratio falls below some stated value. RCD provide a transparent mechanism for unlevering a firm if the need arises. Unlike conventional convertible bonds, RCD convert at the stock's current market price, which forces shareholders to bear the full cost of their risk-taking decisions. Surprisingly, RCD investors are exposed to very limited credit risk under plausible conditions.Less
The deadweight costs of financial distress limit many firms' incentive to include a lot of (tax-advantaged) debt in their capital structures. It is therefore puzzling that firms do not make advance arrangements to recapitalize themselves if large losses occur. Financial distress may be particularly important for large banking firms, which national supervisors are reluctant to let fail. The supervisors' inclination to support large financial firms when they become troubled mitigates the ex ante incentives of market investors to discipline these firms. This chapter proposes a new financial instrument that forestalls financial distress without distorting bank shareholders' risk-taking incentives. Reverse convertible debentures (RCD) would automatically convert to common equity if a bank's market capital ratio falls below some stated value. RCD provide a transparent mechanism for unlevering a firm if the need arises. Unlike conventional convertible bonds, RCD convert at the stock's current market price, which forces shareholders to bear the full cost of their risk-taking decisions. Surprisingly, RCD investors are exposed to very limited credit risk under plausible conditions.
Theresa Levitt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199544707
- eISBN:
- 9780191720178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544707.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter draws together conclusions from the narratives from the main chapters of the book and summarizes the advances in light and optics that occurred in the first half of the 19th century in ...
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This chapter draws together conclusions from the narratives from the main chapters of the book and summarizes the advances in light and optics that occurred in the first half of the 19th century in France, thanks to the work of Arago and Biot. Optical instruments allowed Arago and Biot to navigate the boundaries between the visible and unseen.Less
This chapter draws together conclusions from the narratives from the main chapters of the book and summarizes the advances in light and optics that occurred in the first half of the 19th century in France, thanks to the work of Arago and Biot. Optical instruments allowed Arago and Biot to navigate the boundaries between the visible and unseen.
Giandomenico Majone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199274307
- eISBN:
- 9780191603310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199274304.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Under the Community method, policy is largely the by-product of actions undertaken to advance the integration process or to preserve institutional balance, rather than to solve concrete problems ...
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Under the Community method, policy is largely the by-product of actions undertaken to advance the integration process or to preserve institutional balance, rather than to solve concrete problems efficiently. The policy that eventually emerges is all too often the best bargain that can be negotiated politically. This chapter discusses some clear-cut cases of policy failure, such as the common fisheries and agricultural policies. EU environmental policy is shown to lack a clear rationale, and highly uncertain in its actual results. Risk regulation is a particularly interesting case. The central tenet of EU risk policy — the precautionary principle — is logically defective, tends to distort, rather than clarify regulatory priorities, and has isolated the EU internationally on several occasions.Less
Under the Community method, policy is largely the by-product of actions undertaken to advance the integration process or to preserve institutional balance, rather than to solve concrete problems efficiently. The policy that eventually emerges is all too often the best bargain that can be negotiated politically. This chapter discusses some clear-cut cases of policy failure, such as the common fisheries and agricultural policies. EU environmental policy is shown to lack a clear rationale, and highly uncertain in its actual results. Risk regulation is a particularly interesting case. The central tenet of EU risk policy — the precautionary principle — is logically defective, tends to distort, rather than clarify regulatory priorities, and has isolated the EU internationally on several occasions.
Martin Benninghoff and Dietmar Braun
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590193
- eISBN:
- 9780191723445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590193.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter examines the changes that have taken place in the political organization of research and its possible consequences for research behaviour and research performance by analysing a specific ...
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This chapter examines the changes that have taken place in the political organization of research and its possible consequences for research behaviour and research performance by analysing a specific corporate actor, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) as Switzerland's main funding agency, and its funding instruments. First, it briefly presents the position of the SNSF in the Swiss public science system. It discusses the establishment of the SNSF in the early 1950s then analyses the institutionalization of three funding instruments that characterize the key changes in governance rationales during the second part of the 20th century.Less
This chapter examines the changes that have taken place in the political organization of research and its possible consequences for research behaviour and research performance by analysing a specific corporate actor, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) as Switzerland's main funding agency, and its funding instruments. First, it briefly presents the position of the SNSF in the Swiss public science system. It discusses the establishment of the SNSF in the early 1950s then analyses the institutionalization of three funding instruments that characterize the key changes in governance rationales during the second part of the 20th century.
Allen Buchanan
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198295358
- eISBN:
- 9780191600982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295359.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter grapples with the most controversial topic in the discourse of human rights: distributive justice. The chief questions to be addressed are (1) whether a justice‐based international legal ...
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This chapter grapples with the most controversial topic in the discourse of human rights: distributive justice. The chief questions to be addressed are (1) whether a justice‐based international legal order should include rights of distributive justice (sometimes called social and economic rights) for individuals that exceed the right to the means of subsistence that is already widely recognized in international and regional human rights instruments, and (2) whether international law should recognize not only individuals but collectivities such as states or “peoples” or nations as having rights of distributive justice. To situate these questions, the chapter begins by considering alternative explanations for widespread skepticism about the possibility that distributive justice can have a significant place in the international legal order. The remaining sections of the chapter discuss: I. The Place of Distributive Justice in International Law; II. Reasons for Rejecting a Prominent Role for Distributive Justice in International Law Today; III. Deep Distributive Pluralism; IV. Societal Distributive Autonomy; and V. Institutional Capacity and Lack of Political Will.Less
This chapter grapples with the most controversial topic in the discourse of human rights: distributive justice. The chief questions to be addressed are (1) whether a justice‐based international legal order should include rights of distributive justice (sometimes called social and economic rights) for individuals that exceed the right to the means of subsistence that is already widely recognized in international and regional human rights instruments, and (2) whether international law should recognize not only individuals but collectivities such as states or “peoples” or nations as having rights of distributive justice. To situate these questions, the chapter begins by considering alternative explanations for widespread skepticism about the possibility that distributive justice can have a significant place in the international legal order. The remaining sections of the chapter discuss: I. The Place of Distributive Justice in International Law; II. Reasons for Rejecting a Prominent Role for Distributive Justice in International Law Today; III. Deep Distributive Pluralism; IV. Societal Distributive Autonomy; and V. Institutional Capacity and Lack of Political Will.
Edoardo Chiti
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644735
- eISBN:
- 9780191740695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644735.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Public International Law
Compliance is usually associated with those means of enforcement based upon coercion. In the European Union (EU) legal order, compliance with EU law by the addressees of EU law and policies — both ...
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Compliance is usually associated with those means of enforcement based upon coercion. In the European Union (EU) legal order, compliance with EU law by the addressees of EU law and policies — both private actors and national public powers — typically refers to means of enforcement, such as administrative control and litigation in the courts, followed by sanctions. This chapter focuses on the variety of steering mechanisms that combine authority with non-coercive elements. It is organized as follows. Section 2 identifies the steering instruments that have emerged and consolidated in the last two decades. Section 3 assesses their novelty as modes of governance. Section 4 discusses some of the problems raised by the functioning of the emerging governance of compliance. Finally, Section 5 focuses is devoted to the perspectives of development of the governance of compliance.Less
Compliance is usually associated with those means of enforcement based upon coercion. In the European Union (EU) legal order, compliance with EU law by the addressees of EU law and policies — both private actors and national public powers — typically refers to means of enforcement, such as administrative control and litigation in the courts, followed by sanctions. This chapter focuses on the variety of steering mechanisms that combine authority with non-coercive elements. It is organized as follows. Section 2 identifies the steering instruments that have emerged and consolidated in the last two decades. Section 3 assesses their novelty as modes of governance. Section 4 discusses some of the problems raised by the functioning of the emerging governance of compliance. Finally, Section 5 focuses is devoted to the perspectives of development of the governance of compliance.
D. R. M. Irving
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378269
- eISBN:
- 9780199864614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378269.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter discusses the importation and reproduction of European music in Manila and the Philippines, examining evidence of the transmission of commodities such as music scores, music treatises, ...
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This chapter discusses the importation and reproduction of European music in Manila and the Philippines, examining evidence of the transmission of commodities such as music scores, music treatises, and musical instruments. It reveals that many travelers to the colony possessed practical and theoretical skills in music—including composition, performance, and instrument building—which contributed to the creation of a colonial musical culture. European music, once it had taken root in Manila, became a powerful tool in the Spanish colonialists' pursuits of trade, diplomacy, and proselytization in the Asia‐Pacific region, and evidence illustrating this phenomenon is evaluated. The chapter also explores the cultural ramifications of the British occupation of Manila (1762–1764), giving examples of English musical practices that were introduced to the capital and then disseminated relatively rapidly to distant parts of the Philippine Archipelago.Less
This chapter discusses the importation and reproduction of European music in Manila and the Philippines, examining evidence of the transmission of commodities such as music scores, music treatises, and musical instruments. It reveals that many travelers to the colony possessed practical and theoretical skills in music—including composition, performance, and instrument building—which contributed to the creation of a colonial musical culture. European music, once it had taken root in Manila, became a powerful tool in the Spanish colonialists' pursuits of trade, diplomacy, and proselytization in the Asia‐Pacific region, and evidence illustrating this phenomenon is evaluated. The chapter also explores the cultural ramifications of the British occupation of Manila (1762–1764), giving examples of English musical practices that were introduced to the capital and then disseminated relatively rapidly to distant parts of the Philippine Archipelago.
