John R. B. Lighton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195310610
- eISBN:
- 9780199871414
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310610.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biotechnology
The measurement of metabolic rates is important in many areas of science. Examples range from ecology through a broad spectrum of physiological disciplines to biomedical fields such as genetic ...
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The measurement of metabolic rates is important in many areas of science. Examples range from ecology through a broad spectrum of physiological disciplines to biomedical fields such as genetic screening, obesity, and trauma research. The organisms being measured range in size from bacteria through insects to whales, and many different measurement methodologies have developed over the years, most of which are famously difficult for the novice to master. This book covers a wide range of metabolic measurement techniques, giving background and applications information for each, with enough practical detail to allow for accurate and informed measurements with minimal trial-and-error. Much tribal wisdom, passed down from professors to students and between scientific peers, is included. A broad range of techniques is covered, including Gilson and Warburg respirometry and their modern derivatives; direct calorimetry; stable isotope work; coulometric respirometry; aquatic respirometry; and practically every variation of field and laboratory flow-through respirometry, including complex, computer-driven multi-animal systems. Characteristics of the different varieties of gas analyzers, flow measurement systems, and so on are evaluated in detail. The book brings to the task over two decades of experience in practically every type of respirometry, from laboratory settings to the jungles of Panama and the deserts of Namibia.Less
The measurement of metabolic rates is important in many areas of science. Examples range from ecology through a broad spectrum of physiological disciplines to biomedical fields such as genetic screening, obesity, and trauma research. The organisms being measured range in size from bacteria through insects to whales, and many different measurement methodologies have developed over the years, most of which are famously difficult for the novice to master. This book covers a wide range of metabolic measurement techniques, giving background and applications information for each, with enough practical detail to allow for accurate and informed measurements with minimal trial-and-error. Much tribal wisdom, passed down from professors to students and between scientific peers, is included. A broad range of techniques is covered, including Gilson and Warburg respirometry and their modern derivatives; direct calorimetry; stable isotope work; coulometric respirometry; aquatic respirometry; and practically every variation of field and laboratory flow-through respirometry, including complex, computer-driven multi-animal systems. Characteristics of the different varieties of gas analyzers, flow measurement systems, and so on are evaluated in detail. The book brings to the task over two decades of experience in practically every type of respirometry, from laboratory settings to the jungles of Panama and the deserts of Namibia.
Benjamin S. Wilfond and Elizabeth J. Thomson
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195128307
- eISBN:
- 9780199864485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195128307.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter begins with a history of policy development for genetic services in the United States. It includes a discussion of early genetic screening programs, a review of part policy statements ...
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This chapter begins with a history of policy development for genetic services in the United States. It includes a discussion of early genetic screening programs, a review of part policy statements about genetic screening, and a more detailed discussion of the consistent substantive criteria for genetic diagnostic services that have been recommended by various policy-making bodies. The chapter also presents two conceptual models for the development of public policy: the extemporaneous and the evidentiary models.Less
This chapter begins with a history of policy development for genetic services in the United States. It includes a discussion of early genetic screening programs, a review of part policy statements about genetic screening, and a more detailed discussion of the consistent substantive criteria for genetic diagnostic services that have been recommended by various policy-making bodies. The chapter also presents two conceptual models for the development of public policy: the extemporaneous and the evidentiary models.
Muin J. Khoury, Wylie Burke, and Elizabeth Thomson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195128307
- eISBN:
- 9780199864485
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195128307.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
With the accelerating discovery of human genes, public health professionals are increasingly confronted with a large body of scientific information that will guide public health action. Because the ...
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With the accelerating discovery of human genes, public health professionals are increasingly confronted with a large body of scientific information that will guide public health action. Because the broad mission of public health is to fulfill society's interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy, the integration of new genetic information in public health research, policy, and program development is unavoidable. Public health leadership is urgently needed to aid in the use of genetic information to improve health and prevent disease, and to address ethical, legal, and social issues resulting from inappropriate use of such information. In the not too-distant future, disease prevention and health promotion programs will routinely consider whether or not to use genetic information to help target behavioral, medical, or environmental intervention activities in order to maximize benefit and minimize costs and harm to individuals. In anticipation of the expected growth at the interface of genetics and public health, this book delineates a framework for the integration of advances in human genetics into public health practice. The book reviews public health genetics, and includes chapters on important general issues such as newborn and other genetic screening, the delivery of genetic services, and the ethical, legal, and social implications of the use of genetics within public health. It also reviews relevant clinical topics, the historical background, cross-cultural aspects, and communication issues. Contributors come from a wide range of fields including epidemiology, biostatistics, health policy and management, health services research, behavioral and social sciences, ethics, law, health economics, and laboratory sciences.Less
With the accelerating discovery of human genes, public health professionals are increasingly confronted with a large body of scientific information that will guide public health action. Because the broad mission of public health is to fulfill society's interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy, the integration of new genetic information in public health research, policy, and program development is unavoidable. Public health leadership is urgently needed to aid in the use of genetic information to improve health and prevent disease, and to address ethical, legal, and social issues resulting from inappropriate use of such information. In the not too-distant future, disease prevention and health promotion programs will routinely consider whether or not to use genetic information to help target behavioral, medical, or environmental intervention activities in order to maximize benefit and minimize costs and harm to individuals. In anticipation of the expected growth at the interface of genetics and public health, this book delineates a framework for the integration of advances in human genetics into public health practice. The book reviews public health genetics, and includes chapters on important general issues such as newborn and other genetic screening, the delivery of genetic services, and the ethical, legal, and social implications of the use of genetics within public health. It also reviews relevant clinical topics, the historical background, cross-cultural aspects, and communication issues. Contributors come from a wide range of fields including epidemiology, biostatistics, health policy and management, health services research, behavioral and social sciences, ethics, law, health economics, and laboratory sciences.
Paul A. Schulte and D. Gayle DeBord
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195128307
- eISBN:
- 9780199864485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195128307.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Genetic information refers to information about genes, gene products, or inherited characteristics that may derive from an individual or family member. In the workplace, genetic information is ...
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Genetic information refers to information about genes, gene products, or inherited characteristics that may derive from an individual or family member. In the workplace, genetic information is usually the product of genetic screening or genetic monitoring, but may also be derived from a person's medical record. This chapter examines the use of genetic information in the occupational safety and health field in terms of practice, research, and regulation.Less
Genetic information refers to information about genes, gene products, or inherited characteristics that may derive from an individual or family member. In the workplace, genetic information is usually the product of genetic screening or genetic monitoring, but may also be derived from a person's medical record. This chapter examines the use of genetic information in the occupational safety and health field in terms of practice, research, and regulation.
Scott D. Grosse and Steven M. Teutsch
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195128307
- eISBN:
- 9780199864485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195128307.003.0018
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter is intended to help the reader critically evaluate quantitative prevention-effectiveness studies in genetics and to understand their uses and limitations. No prior knowledge of ...
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This chapter is intended to help the reader critically evaluate quantitative prevention-effectiveness studies in genetics and to understand their uses and limitations. No prior knowledge of prevention-effectiveness methods is assumed. The first part presents an overview of the major types of analysis, definitions, underlying concepts, and rules for carrying out prevention-effectiveness analyses. The second half of the chapter applies these rules to case studies of recent economic evaluations of genetic screening, genetic testing, and genetic-test-specific therapeutic interventions.Less
This chapter is intended to help the reader critically evaluate quantitative prevention-effectiveness studies in genetics and to understand their uses and limitations. No prior knowledge of prevention-effectiveness methods is assumed. The first part presents an overview of the major types of analysis, definitions, underlying concepts, and rules for carrying out prevention-effectiveness analyses. The second half of the chapter applies these rules to case studies of recent economic evaluations of genetic screening, genetic testing, and genetic-test-specific therapeutic interventions.
Nicholas Barr
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246595
- eISBN:
- 9780191595936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246599.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter discusses two issues that will assume increasing salience: the impact of genetic screening on insurance markets and problems of long‐term‐care insurance. Genetic screening affects the ...
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This chapter discusses two issues that will assume increasing salience: the impact of genetic screening on insurance markets and problems of long‐term‐care insurance. Genetic screening affects the viability of insurance in at least two ways: by turning risk into near‐ certainty it creates a rapidly growing group of uninsurable conditions; it also has a major bearing on the ability of individuals to obtain cover. Neither problem is new, but genetic screening greatly increases the number of people affected. Solutions will require considerable regulation of private insurers. With long‐term care, a central problem is the degree of uncertainty over a long time horizon about the probability that a person will need long‐term care. One approach to a solution is social insurance.Less
This chapter discusses two issues that will assume increasing salience: the impact of genetic screening on insurance markets and problems of long‐term‐care insurance. Genetic screening affects the viability of insurance in at least two ways: by turning risk into near‐ certainty it creates a rapidly growing group of uninsurable conditions; it also has a major bearing on the ability of individuals to obtain cover. Neither problem is new, but genetic screening greatly increases the number of people affected. Solutions will require considerable regulation of private insurers. With long‐term care, a central problem is the degree of uncertainty over a long time horizon about the probability that a person will need long‐term care. One approach to a solution is social insurance.
Philip M. Farrell, Michael R. Kosorok, Michael J. Rock, Anita Laxova, Lan Zeng, Gary Hoffman, Ronald H. Laessig, and Mark L. Splaingard
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195128307
- eISBN:
- 9780199864485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195128307.003.0021
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter illustrates how scientific studies can be used to facilitate public health policy decisions, particularly those concerned with newborn screening programs. More specifically, it reviews ...
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This chapter illustrates how scientific studies can be used to facilitate public health policy decisions, particularly those concerned with newborn screening programs. More specifically, it reviews the autosomal recessive hereditary disorder cystic fibrosis (CF) and describes how it has become a model disease for policy development in the application of molecular genetics testing to newborn screening. The chapter includes a summary of the salient characteristics of CF, with particular emphasis on epidemiologic and diagnostic considerations; a brief overview of the immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) and IRT/DNA tests used to facilitate CF diagnosis in the newborn period through screening; and detailed information on the unique features and results of the Wisconsin CF Neonatal Screening Project, including how and why it was planned, organized, and conducted to access the benefits, risks, and costs of CF neonatal screening.Less
This chapter illustrates how scientific studies can be used to facilitate public health policy decisions, particularly those concerned with newborn screening programs. More specifically, it reviews the autosomal recessive hereditary disorder cystic fibrosis (CF) and describes how it has become a model disease for policy development in the application of molecular genetics testing to newborn screening. The chapter includes a summary of the salient characteristics of CF, with particular emphasis on epidemiologic and diagnostic considerations; a brief overview of the immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) and IRT/DNA tests used to facilitate CF diagnosis in the newborn period through screening; and detailed information on the unique features and results of the Wisconsin CF Neonatal Screening Project, including how and why it was planned, organized, and conducted to access the benefits, risks, and costs of CF neonatal screening.
Kenneth A. Pass
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195128307
- eISBN:
- 9780199864485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195128307.003.0020
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the lessons learned from newborn screening for phenylketonuria (PKU) in the U.S. Newborn screening is, conceptually, a simple public health program with well-defined goals. The ...
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This chapter discusses the lessons learned from newborn screening for phenylketonuria (PKU) in the U.S. Newborn screening is, conceptually, a simple public health program with well-defined goals. The implementation of a successful program requires many components outside the testing laboratory, extensive expertise in areas ranging from phlebotomy to genetic counseling, attention to innumerable details, and, above all, dedication by all staff involved. In terms of public health impact, newborn screening touches more lives daily than perhaps any other public health program, and its influence now extends far beyond the perinatal period.Less
This chapter discusses the lessons learned from newborn screening for phenylketonuria (PKU) in the U.S. Newborn screening is, conceptually, a simple public health program with well-defined goals. The implementation of a successful program requires many components outside the testing laboratory, extensive expertise in areas ranging from phlebotomy to genetic counseling, attention to innumerable details, and, above all, dedication by all staff involved. In terms of public health impact, newborn screening touches more lives daily than perhaps any other public health program, and its influence now extends far beyond the perinatal period.
Richard S. Olney
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195128307
- eISBN:
- 9780199864485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195128307.003.0022
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides a broad overview of public health aspects of newborn hemoglobinopathy screening in the United States, with special emphasis on epidemiologic efforts to evaluate pediatric ...
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This chapter provides a broad overview of public health aspects of newborn hemoglobinopathy screening in the United States, with special emphasis on epidemiologic efforts to evaluate pediatric outcomes after newborn screening. Despite controversies about cost-effectiveness and ethical quandaries of carrier identification and targeted versus universal approaches, newborn screening programs for hemoglobinopathies in the U.S. are firmly entrenched, at least in part because of strong epidemiological data suggesting that early identification of affected newborns is a rational policy. As prevention-oriented policies are directed toward large populations and manifestations of disease complications change, however, ongoing data collection is needed to ensure the effectiveness of these strategies at the community level.Less
This chapter provides a broad overview of public health aspects of newborn hemoglobinopathy screening in the United States, with special emphasis on epidemiologic efforts to evaluate pediatric outcomes after newborn screening. Despite controversies about cost-effectiveness and ethical quandaries of carrier identification and targeted versus universal approaches, newborn screening programs for hemoglobinopathies in the U.S. are firmly entrenched, at least in part because of strong epidemiological data suggesting that early identification of affected newborns is a rational policy. As prevention-oriented policies are directed toward large populations and manifestations of disease complications change, however, ongoing data collection is needed to ensure the effectiveness of these strategies at the community level.
Shelley Z. Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780816699957
- eISBN:
- 9781452955384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816699957.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
The fifth chapter provides an overview of the developments leading up to community-based carrier screening for Tay-Sachs, which began in 1971, and explores the problem of agency in a context of ...
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The fifth chapter provides an overview of the developments leading up to community-based carrier screening for Tay-Sachs, which began in 1971, and explores the problem of agency in a context of geneticized biocitizenship and responsibilization.Less
The fifth chapter provides an overview of the developments leading up to community-based carrier screening for Tay-Sachs, which began in 1971, and explores the problem of agency in a context of geneticized biocitizenship and responsibilization.
