Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The 1990s ushered in a new era in which humanitarian issues played a historically unprecedented role in international politics. Refugee movements in northern Iraq, Somalia, former Yugoslavia, and ...
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The 1990s ushered in a new era in which humanitarian issues played a historically unprecedented role in international politics. Refugee movements in northern Iraq, Somalia, former Yugoslavia, and Haiti were the subject of increasing discussion in political and military fora such as the UN Security Council and NATO. Forced displacements were also at the centre of crises in the African Great Lakes region, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Albania, Kosovo, and East Timor. The eighth High Commissioner, Sadako Ogata, initiated changes within UNHCR that permitted it to respond to internal displacements in ongoing civil wars as well as to promote mass repatriation movements to countries of origin in Central America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. These events have significant implications for the protection of refugees and for the future of humanitarianism.Less
The 1990s ushered in a new era in which humanitarian issues played a historically unprecedented role in international politics. Refugee movements in northern Iraq, Somalia, former Yugoslavia, and Haiti were the subject of increasing discussion in political and military fora such as the UN Security Council and NATO. Forced displacements were also at the centre of crises in the African Great Lakes region, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Albania, Kosovo, and East Timor. The eighth High Commissioner, Sadako Ogata, initiated changes within UNHCR that permitted it to respond to internal displacements in ongoing civil wars as well as to promote mass repatriation movements to countries of origin in Central America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. These events have significant implications for the protection of refugees and for the future of humanitarianism.
Arthur C. Helton
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250318
- eISBN:
- 9780191599477
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250316.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In the 1990s, new conflicts broke out, particularly in connection with the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as several ...
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In the 1990s, new conflicts broke out, particularly in connection with the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as several places in Africa. Initiatives were invented and re‐invented, and policy responses reverted to a largely reactive mode.Ethnic and internal conflicts, which produced displacement emerged as key features of the decade, and sorely tested the capacity of the international community to respond to crises of forced displacement. The so‐called ‘CNN effect”’ led to engagement as well as disengagement (Somalia) and the term ‘nation building’ came into vogue and then later became an epithet. At the outset of the twenty‐first century, refugee policy is driven by selective apathy and creeping trepidation.Less
In the 1990s, new conflicts broke out, particularly in connection with the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as several places in Africa. Initiatives were invented and re‐invented, and policy responses reverted to a largely reactive mode.
Ethnic and internal conflicts, which produced displacement emerged as key features of the decade, and sorely tested the capacity of the international community to respond to crises of forced displacement. The so‐called ‘CNN effect”’ led to engagement as well as disengagement (Somalia) and the term ‘nation building’ came into vogue and then later became an epithet. At the outset of the twenty‐first century, refugee policy is driven by selective apathy and creeping trepidation.
Arthur C. Helton
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250318
- eISBN:
- 9780191599477
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250316.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Different policy futures could result from preferences such as containment, international cooperation, or taking a proactive approach. The continuing problem of forced displacement makes ...
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Different policy futures could result from preferences such as containment, international cooperation, or taking a proactive approach. The continuing problem of forced displacement makes international cooperation and proactive policy important objectives. Yet, achieving cooperative arrangements in the midst of crisis can be difficult. Policy reform may thus depend on marshalling and promoting a variety of counter‐intuitive factors and motivations in advance of crisis—i.e., leadership. In order to foster more international cooperation on refugee arrangements, an international organizational mechanism is needed to map out the interests and incentives to promote more concerted and sustainable humanitarian policy.Less
Different policy futures could result from preferences such as containment, international cooperation, or taking a proactive approach. The continuing problem of forced displacement makes international cooperation and proactive policy important objectives. Yet, achieving cooperative arrangements in the midst of crisis can be difficult. Policy reform may thus depend on marshalling and promoting a variety of counter‐intuitive factors and motivations in advance of crisis—i.e., leadership. In order to foster more international cooperation on refugee arrangements, an international organizational mechanism is needed to map out the interests and incentives to promote more concerted and sustainable humanitarian policy.
Samuel Martínez
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520258211
- eISBN:
- 9780520942578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520258211.003.0012
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter explains how Plan Colombia has assaulted the human rights to life, safety, and subsistence of millions of Colombians and thus worsened the problem of internally forced displacement. It ...
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This chapter explains how Plan Colombia has assaulted the human rights to life, safety, and subsistence of millions of Colombians and thus worsened the problem of internally forced displacement. It focuses on forced displacement, its causes, and the human costs of displacement for those affected by it. It emphasizes Plan Colombia—the process of its creation, its logic and assumptions, as well as the evolution of its aims and strategies as it has been implemented. It examines the impact of Plan Colombia on forced displacement and ponders the particular responsibility borne by the United States for worsening this crisis. Through promotion and support for Plan Colombia, the U.S. national security agenda has negatively impacted uncounted communities in Colombia, and now threatens to expand its negative consequences across the whole Andean region. The pursuit of U.S. official policy objectives by primarily military means has yielded dubious gains while worsening already grave threats to security for millions of Colombians, forcing many to flee their homes and land and seek safety somewhere else within the national territory or neighboring countries.Less
This chapter explains how Plan Colombia has assaulted the human rights to life, safety, and subsistence of millions of Colombians and thus worsened the problem of internally forced displacement. It focuses on forced displacement, its causes, and the human costs of displacement for those affected by it. It emphasizes Plan Colombia—the process of its creation, its logic and assumptions, as well as the evolution of its aims and strategies as it has been implemented. It examines the impact of Plan Colombia on forced displacement and ponders the particular responsibility borne by the United States for worsening this crisis. Through promotion and support for Plan Colombia, the U.S. national security agenda has negatively impacted uncounted communities in Colombia, and now threatens to expand its negative consequences across the whole Andean region. The pursuit of U.S. official policy objectives by primarily military means has yielded dubious gains while worsening already grave threats to security for millions of Colombians, forcing many to flee their homes and land and seek safety somewhere else within the national territory or neighboring countries.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore Chagossians' recollections of forced displacement, their reformulations of the homeland, their challenging lives ...
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This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore Chagossians' recollections of forced displacement, their reformulations of the homeland, their challenging lives in exile, their experiences of onward migration, and their attempts to make home in successive locations. It then details the Chagossians' forced displacement from the Chagos Archipelago and the onward migration to the UK. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.Less
This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore Chagossians' recollections of forced displacement, their reformulations of the homeland, their challenging lives in exile, their experiences of onward migration, and their attempts to make home in successive locations. It then details the Chagossians' forced displacement from the Chagos Archipelago and the onward migration to the UK. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter continues Chapter 5's ethnographic focus on the Chagossian community in Crawley, while revisiting the themes of home and homeland explored in Part II. It starts by revisiting debates ...
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This chapter continues Chapter 5's ethnographic focus on the Chagossian community in Crawley, while revisiting the themes of home and homeland explored in Part II. It starts by revisiting debates amongst scholars of migration and displacement about the distinction between ‘forced displacement’ and ‘voluntary migration’. It asks to what extent Chagossians contrast their forced displacement from Chagos to Mauritius with their onward migration from Mauritius to the UK. The data reveal that experiences of onward migration to the UK and settlement in Crawley have challenged Chagossians' preconceptions of Britons and of life in the UK, and subtly altered their assessments of Mauritians and life in Mauritius. Next, the chapter examines the degree to which experiences of migration and settlement in the UK and changing visions of the future are delineated according to stage in the life course. It concludes that, despite very different experience of forced displacement and onward migration, claims of a desire to return to Mauritius take much the same form amongst migrant Chagossians in Crawley as claims of a desire to return to Chagos take amongst displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius.Less
This chapter continues Chapter 5's ethnographic focus on the Chagossian community in Crawley, while revisiting the themes of home and homeland explored in Part II. It starts by revisiting debates amongst scholars of migration and displacement about the distinction between ‘forced displacement’ and ‘voluntary migration’. It asks to what extent Chagossians contrast their forced displacement from Chagos to Mauritius with their onward migration from Mauritius to the UK. The data reveal that experiences of onward migration to the UK and settlement in Crawley have challenged Chagossians' preconceptions of Britons and of life in the UK, and subtly altered their assessments of Mauritians and life in Mauritius. Next, the chapter examines the degree to which experiences of migration and settlement in the UK and changing visions of the future are delineated according to stage in the life course. It concludes that, despite very different experience of forced displacement and onward migration, claims of a desire to return to Mauritius take much the same form amongst migrant Chagossians in Crawley as claims of a desire to return to Chagos take amongst displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius.
Laura Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084300
- eISBN:
- 9781781702451
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084300.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
The Chagos islanders were forcibly uprooted from the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean between 1965 and 1973. This book compares the experiences of displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius with ...
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The Chagos islanders were forcibly uprooted from the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean between 1965 and 1973. This book compares the experiences of displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius with the experiences of those Chagossians who have moved to the UK since 2002. It provides an ethnographic comparative study of forced displacement and onward migration within the living memory of one community. Based on in-depth ethnographic fieldwork in Mauritius and Crawley (West Sussex), the six chapters explore Chagossians' challenging lives in Mauritius, the mobilisation of the community, reformulations of the homeland, the politics of culture in exile, onward migration to Crawley, and attempts to make a home in successive locations. The book illuminates how displaced people romanticise their homeland through an exploration of changing representations of the Chagos Archipelago in song lyrics. Offering further ethnographic insights into the politics of culture, it shows how Chagossians in exile engage with contrasting conceptions of culture ranging from expectations of continuity and authenticity to enactments of change, loss, and revival.Less
The Chagos islanders were forcibly uprooted from the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean between 1965 and 1973. This book compares the experiences of displaced Chagos islanders in Mauritius with the experiences of those Chagossians who have moved to the UK since 2002. It provides an ethnographic comparative study of forced displacement and onward migration within the living memory of one community. Based on in-depth ethnographic fieldwork in Mauritius and Crawley (West Sussex), the six chapters explore Chagossians' challenging lives in Mauritius, the mobilisation of the community, reformulations of the homeland, the politics of culture in exile, onward migration to Crawley, and attempts to make a home in successive locations. The book illuminates how displaced people romanticise their homeland through an exploration of changing representations of the Chagos Archipelago in song lyrics. Offering further ethnographic insights into the politics of culture, it shows how Chagossians in exile engage with contrasting conceptions of culture ranging from expectations of continuity and authenticity to enactments of change, loss, and revival.
Erin Mooney
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198729266
- eISBN:
- 9780191796180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198729266.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter situates the protection of displaced persons in the broader challenge of protection of civilians, considering the place that displacement occupies in the protection agenda of the ...
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This chapter situates the protection of displaced persons in the broader challenge of protection of civilians, considering the place that displacement occupies in the protection agenda of the Security Council. It examines the protection that international law affords civilians who are at risk of, or experiencing, displacement in situations of armed conflict. The analysis presented focuses on three elements: (a) protection against the act of forced displacement; (b) protection when displaced, both cross-border and through internal displacement; and (c) safe and sustainable solutions to displacement. The legal analysis is illustrated by reference to actual situations of displacement in contemporary conflicts.Less
This chapter situates the protection of displaced persons in the broader challenge of protection of civilians, considering the place that displacement occupies in the protection agenda of the Security Council. It examines the protection that international law affords civilians who are at risk of, or experiencing, displacement in situations of armed conflict. The analysis presented focuses on three elements: (a) protection against the act of forced displacement; (b) protection when displaced, both cross-border and through internal displacement; and (c) safe and sustainable solutions to displacement. The legal analysis is illustrated by reference to actual situations of displacement in contemporary conflicts.
Nicholas S. Hopkins and Sohair R. Mehanna (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774164019
- eISBN:
- 9781617970382
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774164019.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This is a retrospective look at a major investigation of the culture of a displaced people. In the 1960s, the construction of the Aswan High Dam occasioned the forced displacement of a large part of ...
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This is a retrospective look at a major investigation of the culture of a displaced people. In the 1960s, the construction of the Aswan High Dam occasioned the forced displacement of a large part of the Nubian population. Beginning in 1960, anthropologists at the American University in Cairo's Social Research Center undertook a survey of the Nubians to be moved and those already outside their historic homeland. The goal was to record and analyze Nubian culture and social organization, to create a record for the future, and to preserve a body of information on which scholars and officials could draw. This book chronicles the research carried out by an international team with the cooperation of many Nubians. Gathered here into one volume are chapters, which are reprinted, that provide a valuable resource of research data on the Nubian project, as well as photographs taken during the field study that document ways of life that have long since disappeared.Less
This is a retrospective look at a major investigation of the culture of a displaced people. In the 1960s, the construction of the Aswan High Dam occasioned the forced displacement of a large part of the Nubian population. Beginning in 1960, anthropologists at the American University in Cairo's Social Research Center undertook a survey of the Nubians to be moved and those already outside their historic homeland. The goal was to record and analyze Nubian culture and social organization, to create a record for the future, and to preserve a body of information on which scholars and officials could draw. This book chronicles the research carried out by an international team with the cooperation of many Nubians. Gathered here into one volume are chapters, which are reprinted, that provide a valuable resource of research data on the Nubian project, as well as photographs taken during the field study that document ways of life that have long since disappeared.
Nicholas S. Hopkins and Sohair R. Mehanna
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774164019
- eISBN:
- 9781617970382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774164019.003.0019
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
We could cite an endless list of countries, peoples, and languages that are menaced by forced displacement and even disappearance before having been documented. Minority cultures and languages in ...
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We could cite an endless list of countries, peoples, and languages that are menaced by forced displacement and even disappearance before having been documented. Minority cultures and languages in particular are threatened by mightier neighbors and industrialized nations. With technical improvements and mechanical achievements, people are pushed into new, unwanted situations. This chapter deals with the case of the minority culture and language of the Egyptian Nubians investigated in the 1960s before their evacuation. In this fieldwork, anthropology could only be applied as a humanitarian discipline, aiming at the safeguarding of the—then present—and last stage of an ancient culture.Less
We could cite an endless list of countries, peoples, and languages that are menaced by forced displacement and even disappearance before having been documented. Minority cultures and languages in particular are threatened by mightier neighbors and industrialized nations. With technical improvements and mechanical achievements, people are pushed into new, unwanted situations. This chapter deals with the case of the minority culture and language of the Egyptian Nubians investigated in the 1960s before their evacuation. In this fieldwork, anthropology could only be applied as a humanitarian discipline, aiming at the safeguarding of the—then present—and last stage of an ancient culture.
Stefan Gruber
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198736141
- eISBN:
- 9780191800320
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198736141.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Environmental and Energy Law
The chapter discusses the urgent need to develop comprehensive legal responses to the displacement of people caused by the effects of climate change. Although vast numbers are expected to be ...
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The chapter discusses the urgent need to develop comprehensive legal responses to the displacement of people caused by the effects of climate change. Although vast numbers are expected to be displaced around the world, any international legal instrument does not specifically recognize their situation. The chapter emphasizes the devastating effects of such events on the human rights of those affected and stresses the need for international legal recognition of displaced people. The case studies discuss the effects of climate change on island communities, river deltas, and accelerated desertification and other soil degradation in the Asia Pacific. Finding solutions, agreeing on binding legal instruments to grant protection, and sharing relevant responsibilities is crucial. The significant challenges of such an endeavour must not be underestimated, due to widely differing political interests within the international community as well as the complexity of the problems and their causes.Less
The chapter discusses the urgent need to develop comprehensive legal responses to the displacement of people caused by the effects of climate change. Although vast numbers are expected to be displaced around the world, any international legal instrument does not specifically recognize their situation. The chapter emphasizes the devastating effects of such events on the human rights of those affected and stresses the need for international legal recognition of displaced people. The case studies discuss the effects of climate change on island communities, river deltas, and accelerated desertification and other soil degradation in the Asia Pacific. Finding solutions, agreeing on binding legal instruments to grant protection, and sharing relevant responsibilities is crucial. The significant challenges of such an endeavour must not be underestimated, due to widely differing political interests within the international community as well as the complexity of the problems and their causes.
Humberto Antonio Sierra Porto
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190270520
- eISBN:
- 9780190271916
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270520.003.0031
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This introductory note briefly analyzes four important decisions issued by the Inter-American Court in 2013: a judgment reviewing a criminal system in Argentina that allowed persons to be subject to ...
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This introductory note briefly analyzes four important decisions issued by the Inter-American Court in 2013: a judgment reviewing a criminal system in Argentina that allowed persons to be subject to life imprisonment for felonies committed during their childhood; a case referring to an operation carried out by paramilitary groups along with state armed forces that led to human rights violations to the detriment of an afro-descendant community in Colombia; a judgment analyzing the principle of non-refoulment, the duties of states that receive requests for asylum, particularly when children are involved; and a judgment referring to an enforced disappearance in Peru, where state authorities had issued a document affirming that an individual had been freed. These cases demonstrate the Court’s role in developing legal standards for the safeguarding of human rights in the region.Less
This introductory note briefly analyzes four important decisions issued by the Inter-American Court in 2013: a judgment reviewing a criminal system in Argentina that allowed persons to be subject to life imprisonment for felonies committed during their childhood; a case referring to an operation carried out by paramilitary groups along with state armed forces that led to human rights violations to the detriment of an afro-descendant community in Colombia; a judgment analyzing the principle of non-refoulment, the duties of states that receive requests for asylum, particularly when children are involved; and a judgment referring to an enforced disappearance in Peru, where state authorities had issued a document affirming that an individual had been freed. These cases demonstrate the Court’s role in developing legal standards for the safeguarding of human rights in the region.
