Arnold J. Wilkins
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521747
- eISBN:
- 9780191706691
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521747.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This book provides the first general neurological theory of visual discomfort. The theory attributes the experience of visual discomfort to the strong physiological excitation that certain visual ...
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This book provides the first general neurological theory of visual discomfort. The theory attributes the experience of visual discomfort to the strong physiological excitation that certain visual stimuli give rise to, and the effects of such excitation when the visual cortex of the brain is hyperexcitable. Cortical hyperexcitability is now thought to occur in migraine as well as in epilepsy and other neurological disorders in which seizures are relatively common, such as autism. The theory explains why visual discomfort is experienced from flicker and from striped patterns; why fluorescent lighting and visual display terminals cause headaches; and why reading can give you tired eyes. The theory is based on the observation that people find certain specific visual patterns uncomfortable to look at, and that these same patterns can induce seizures in patients with photosensitive epilepsy. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the unpleasant visual stimuli are described in detail. The theory is applied to the design of lighting, the design of text, and indeed to design more generally. The use of ophthalmic tints to treat visual stress is introduced, and techniques for its prevention are discussed.Less
This book provides the first general neurological theory of visual discomfort. The theory attributes the experience of visual discomfort to the strong physiological excitation that certain visual stimuli give rise to, and the effects of such excitation when the visual cortex of the brain is hyperexcitable. Cortical hyperexcitability is now thought to occur in migraine as well as in epilepsy and other neurological disorders in which seizures are relatively common, such as autism. The theory explains why visual discomfort is experienced from flicker and from striped patterns; why fluorescent lighting and visual display terminals cause headaches; and why reading can give you tired eyes. The theory is based on the observation that people find certain specific visual patterns uncomfortable to look at, and that these same patterns can induce seizures in patients with photosensitive epilepsy. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the unpleasant visual stimuli are described in detail. The theory is applied to the design of lighting, the design of text, and indeed to design more generally. The use of ophthalmic tints to treat visual stress is introduced, and techniques for its prevention are discussed.
Aimee F. Luat and Harry T. Chugani
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has significantly improved our understanding of the pathomechanisms of different pediatric ...
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The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has significantly improved our understanding of the pathomechanisms of different pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Furthermore, it has dramatically altered our management approach of certain intractable epilepsy syndromes, such as infantile spasms. Glucose metabolism PET scanning has assumed an important role not only in the identification and localization of epileptogenic cortex, but also in assessing the functional integrity of the entire cerebral hemisphere, thereby providing useful diagnostic and prognostic information, including the suggestion of underlying neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorders which may preclude epilepsy surgery. In certain progressive epilepsy syndromes like Rasmussen encephalitis and Sturge-Weber syndrome, PET scanning also may be used to assess disease progression. In this chapter, we discuss the relevant role of brain glucose metabolism PET in understanding the pathogenesis of pediatric epilepsy syndromes with regard to diagnosis and treatment.Less
The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has significantly improved our understanding of the pathomechanisms of different pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Furthermore, it has dramatically altered our management approach of certain intractable epilepsy syndromes, such as infantile spasms. Glucose metabolism PET scanning has assumed an important role not only in the identification and localization of epileptogenic cortex, but also in assessing the functional integrity of the entire cerebral hemisphere, thereby providing useful diagnostic and prognostic information, including the suggestion of underlying neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorders which may preclude epilepsy surgery. In certain progressive epilepsy syndromes like Rasmussen encephalitis and Sturge-Weber syndrome, PET scanning also may be used to assess disease progression. In this chapter, we discuss the relevant role of brain glucose metabolism PET in understanding the pathogenesis of pediatric epilepsy syndromes with regard to diagnosis and treatment.
Thomas R. Henry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Epilepsy poses unique problems and opportunities for cerebral imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). After reviewing PET methods in epilepsy applications, this chapter addresses the ...
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Epilepsy poses unique problems and opportunities for cerebral imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). After reviewing PET methods in epilepsy applications, this chapter addresses the extensive applications of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) mapping of glucose metabolism in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The widespread zone of interictal metabolic dysfunction is highly associated with sites of ictal onset and propagation in TLE. Interictal FDG PET is used in correlation with ictal electrophysiologic and structural magnetic resonance findings for the purposes of: 1) increasing certainty that the ictal onset zone has been accurately determined by noninvasive studies prior to therapeutic temporal lobe ablation, 2) optimizing selection of intracranial electrode placement sites for ictal monitoring, and 3) prognostication for epilepsy surgery with regard to seizure control.Less
Epilepsy poses unique problems and opportunities for cerebral imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). After reviewing PET methods in epilepsy applications, this chapter addresses the extensive applications of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) mapping of glucose metabolism in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The widespread zone of interictal metabolic dysfunction is highly associated with sites of ictal onset and propagation in TLE. Interictal FDG PET is used in correlation with ictal electrophysiologic and structural magnetic resonance findings for the purposes of: 1) increasing certainty that the ictal onset zone has been accurately determined by noninvasive studies prior to therapeutic temporal lobe ablation, 2) optimizing selection of intracranial electrode placement sites for ictal monitoring, and 3) prognostication for epilepsy surgery with regard to seizure control.
R. Edward Hogan, Elson L. So, and Terence J. O’Brien
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0014
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
There is a long history of the association of cerebral blood flow changes during epileptic seizures. The advent of radiopharmaceutical agents to measure cerebral perfusion during seizures has enabled ...
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There is a long history of the association of cerebral blood flow changes during epileptic seizures. The advent of radiopharmaceutical agents to measure cerebral perfusion during seizures has enabled a clinically feasible way to measure ictal cerebral blood flow changes. Studies show that ictal SPECT findings, especially with the use subtraction ictal SPECT techniques, correlate well with other measures of seizure onset and the epileptogenic zone. Ictal SPECT studies are also helpful in predicting outcome after epilepsy surgery. Applications of parametric mapping using ictal SPECT studies have helped to further define regions of perfusion changes in groups of patients with specific regions of seizure onset. Application of parametric mapping techniques in subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy has yielded interesting common patterns of ictal hyperperfusion and hypoperfusion. These studies help define expected patterns of ictal perfusion changes in TLE, as well as shed light on the associated pathophysiology of aspects of ictal semiology, such as the associated changes in consciousness during temporal lobe epileptic seizures.Less
There is a long history of the association of cerebral blood flow changes during epileptic seizures. The advent of radiopharmaceutical agents to measure cerebral perfusion during seizures has enabled a clinically feasible way to measure ictal cerebral blood flow changes. Studies show that ictal SPECT findings, especially with the use subtraction ictal SPECT techniques, correlate well with other measures of seizure onset and the epileptogenic zone. Ictal SPECT studies are also helpful in predicting outcome after epilepsy surgery. Applications of parametric mapping using ictal SPECT studies have helped to further define regions of perfusion changes in groups of patients with specific regions of seizure onset. Application of parametric mapping techniques in subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy has yielded interesting common patterns of ictal hyperperfusion and hypoperfusion. These studies help define expected patterns of ictal perfusion changes in TLE, as well as shed light on the associated pathophysiology of aspects of ictal semiology, such as the associated changes in consciousness during temporal lobe epileptic seizures.
Roger Traub, MD and Miles Whittington, PhD
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342796
- eISBN:
- 9780199776276
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions ...
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This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions between neurons – mediated by both chemical synapses and by gap junctions – can lead to oscillations in populations of cells. The discussion is based largely on data derived from in vitro systems (hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex) and from network modeling. Finally, the book considers how brain oscillations can provide insight into normal brain function as well as pathophysiology.Less
This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions between neurons – mediated by both chemical synapses and by gap junctions – can lead to oscillations in populations of cells. The discussion is based largely on data derived from in vitro systems (hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex) and from network modeling. Finally, the book considers how brain oscillations can provide insight into normal brain function as well as pathophysiology.
Helmut Laufs and Rachel Thornton
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372731
- eISBN:
- 9780199776283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372731.003.0018
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter reviews the clinical application of electroencephalography/functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) to epilepsy at two levels. Initially, it summarizes the body of primary ...
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This chapter reviews the clinical application of electroencephalography/functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) to epilepsy at two levels. Initially, it summarizes the body of primary EEG/fMRI patient studies in epilepsy, focusing on the most comprehensive and up-to-date literature available. It then addresses the question of what researchers have learned about the potentials and limitations of this technique, which is still relatively new. Although EEG/fMRI has not lived up to some of its initial expectations, it will be seen that new avenues have appeared. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the immediate next steps, and an outlook on the future of the field.Less
This chapter reviews the clinical application of electroencephalography/functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) to epilepsy at two levels. Initially, it summarizes the body of primary EEG/fMRI patient studies in epilepsy, focusing on the most comprehensive and up-to-date literature available. It then addresses the question of what researchers have learned about the potentials and limitations of this technique, which is still relatively new. Although EEG/fMRI has not lived up to some of its initial expectations, it will be seen that new avenues have appeared. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the immediate next steps, and an outlook on the future of the field.
Pamela J. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234110
- eISBN:
- 9780191594250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234110.003.31
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology, Clinical Psychology
Clinical neuropsychology is able to make a unique contribution to the management of epilepsy. Neuropsychological deficits are hidden and are often overlooked as most attention is focused on seizures ...
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Clinical neuropsychology is able to make a unique contribution to the management of epilepsy. Neuropsychological deficits are hidden and are often overlooked as most attention is focused on seizures and the need for control. Undetected cognitive deficits will have far reaching negative consequences that extend beyond academic concerns. The longer cognitive problems go unrecognized the worse the outcome and the more difficult it can be to redress the effects. A neuropsychological assessment provides a systematic and standardized record of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and can be vital in the management of the epilepsies. This chapter begins with a general description of epilepsy. It then discusses investigations for epilepsy, treatment, neuropsychological deficits, chronic cognitive disturbance, neuropsychological impact of treatment, psychological disorders associated with epilepsy, and neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation.Less
Clinical neuropsychology is able to make a unique contribution to the management of epilepsy. Neuropsychological deficits are hidden and are often overlooked as most attention is focused on seizures and the need for control. Undetected cognitive deficits will have far reaching negative consequences that extend beyond academic concerns. The longer cognitive problems go unrecognized the worse the outcome and the more difficult it can be to redress the effects. A neuropsychological assessment provides a systematic and standardized record of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and can be vital in the management of the epilepsies. This chapter begins with a general description of epilepsy. It then discusses investigations for epilepsy, treatment, neuropsychological deficits, chronic cognitive disturbance, neuropsychological impact of treatment, psychological disorders associated with epilepsy, and neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation.
Harry Chugani, MD (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Perhaps the most important achievements in the field of epileptology in the past two decades have been in the neuroimaging and genetic breakthroughs as applied to patients with epilepsy. Indeed, ...
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Perhaps the most important achievements in the field of epileptology in the past two decades have been in the neuroimaging and genetic breakthroughs as applied to patients with epilepsy. Indeed, neuroimaging has become a vital part in the study of epilepsy, affecting broad aspects of the disorder ranging from diagnosis and classification to treatment and prognosis. Neuroimaging in epilepsy encompasses many different approaches that have reached various levels of expertise across epilepsy centers worldwide. This book discusses every imaging modality used to gather information on epilepsy. Each technique is described by world experts and epilespy centers worldwide.Less
Perhaps the most important achievements in the field of epileptology in the past two decades have been in the neuroimaging and genetic breakthroughs as applied to patients with epilepsy. Indeed, neuroimaging has become a vital part in the study of epilepsy, affecting broad aspects of the disorder ranging from diagnosis and classification to treatment and prognosis. Neuroimaging in epilepsy encompasses many different approaches that have reached various levels of expertise across epilepsy centers worldwide. This book discusses every imaging modality used to gather information on epilepsy. Each technique is described by world experts and epilespy centers worldwide.
Harry T. Chugani and Ajay Kumar
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Imaging modalities have evolved over the last century and different modalities, such as plain X-ray, air or contrast ventriculography, pneumo-encephalography, cerebral angiography, CT scan, MRI, ...
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Imaging modalities have evolved over the last century and different modalities, such as plain X-ray, air or contrast ventriculography, pneumo-encephalography, cerebral angiography, CT scan, MRI, SPECT and PET scanning all have significantly contributed to the diagnosis and management of epilepsy. Whereas some of the initial imaging modalities, such as X-ray, ventriculography and conventional nuclear medicine imaging have become almost redundant and obsolete, the advent and evolution of various high-resolution tomographic neuroimaging during the past several decades has had a significant impact on the understanding, classification and treatment of patients with epilepsy. Cerebral imaging became almost routine following the development and widespread availability of CT scanning, which quickly became the standard of care in the evaluation of patients with epilepsy until outperformed by much higher resolution and greater structural details of MRI. This chapter briefly reviews the historical aspects and evolution of neuroimaging in epilepsy.Less
Imaging modalities have evolved over the last century and different modalities, such as plain X-ray, air or contrast ventriculography, pneumo-encephalography, cerebral angiography, CT scan, MRI, SPECT and PET scanning all have significantly contributed to the diagnosis and management of epilepsy. Whereas some of the initial imaging modalities, such as X-ray, ventriculography and conventional nuclear medicine imaging have become almost redundant and obsolete, the advent and evolution of various high-resolution tomographic neuroimaging during the past several decades has had a significant impact on the understanding, classification and treatment of patients with epilepsy. Cerebral imaging became almost routine following the development and widespread availability of CT scanning, which quickly became the standard of care in the evaluation of patients with epilepsy until outperformed by much higher resolution and greater structural details of MRI. This chapter briefly reviews the historical aspects and evolution of neuroimaging in epilepsy.
Vivek Gupta and Richard A. Bronen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluation of seizure disorders and surgical management of refractory epilepsy. An overview of MRI principles and techniques in ...
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This chapter discusses the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluation of seizure disorders and surgical management of refractory epilepsy. An overview of MRI principles and techniques in detection of epileptogenic abnormalities is presented, with a synopsis of hippocampal sclerosis and other epileptogenic conditions not covered in other chapters. Emphasis is directed towards key concepts pertaining to the scope and indications of MRI in seizure disorders, and integration of structural imaging in the clinical protocol for evaluation and surgical management of epilepsy. The chapter also provides an introduction to advanced applications of MR such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion MRI, and postprocessing methods.Less
This chapter discusses the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluation of seizure disorders and surgical management of refractory epilepsy. An overview of MRI principles and techniques in detection of epileptogenic abnormalities is presented, with a synopsis of hippocampal sclerosis and other epileptogenic conditions not covered in other chapters. Emphasis is directed towards key concepts pertaining to the scope and indications of MRI in seizure disorders, and integration of structural imaging in the clinical protocol for evaluation and surgical management of epilepsy. The chapter also provides an introduction to advanced applications of MR such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion MRI, and postprocessing methods.
