Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168754
- eISBN:
- 9780199783601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168755.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Private transportation was transformed by mass ownership of automobiles while long-distance public transport benefited from new high-speed trains and from affordable flying. Freight transportation ...
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Private transportation was transformed by mass ownership of automobiles while long-distance public transport benefited from new high-speed trains and from affordable flying. Freight transportation was transformed by containers moved by ships, trains, and trucks. Communication and the processing and dissemination of information were revolutionized first by transistors, then by integrated circuits and microprocessors, the key components of mainframe and personal computers, televisions, and a multitude of electronic devices, many of them now taking advantage of the Internet.Less
Private transportation was transformed by mass ownership of automobiles while long-distance public transport benefited from new high-speed trains and from affordable flying. Freight transportation was transformed by containers moved by ships, trains, and trucks. Communication and the processing and dissemination of information were revolutionized first by transistors, then by integrated circuits and microprocessors, the key components of mainframe and personal computers, televisions, and a multitude of electronic devices, many of them now taking advantage of the Internet.
Eugene Halton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226314655
- eISBN:
- 9780226314679
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226314679.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
More and more information is pumped into our media-saturated world every day, yet Americans seem to know less and less. In a society where who you are is defined by what you buy, and where we prefer ...
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More and more information is pumped into our media-saturated world every day, yet Americans seem to know less and less. In a society where who you are is defined by what you buy, and where we prefer to experience reality by watching it on TV, the book argues that something has clearly gone wrong. The initial diagnosis is bleak: fast food and too much time spent sitting, whether in our cars or on our couches, are ruining our bodies, while our minds are weakened by the proliferation of electronic devices—TVs, computers, cell phones, iPods, video games—and their alienating effects. If we are losing the battle between autonomy and automation, the book asks, how can our culture regain self-sufficiency? The book finds the answer in the inspiring visions—deeply rooted in American culture—of an organic and more spontaneous life at the heart of the work of master craftsman Wharton Esherick, legendary blues singer Muddy Waters, urban critic Lewis Mumford, and artist Maya Lin, among others. A scathing jeremiad against modern materialism, the book is also a series of epiphanies of a simpler but more profound life.Less
More and more information is pumped into our media-saturated world every day, yet Americans seem to know less and less. In a society where who you are is defined by what you buy, and where we prefer to experience reality by watching it on TV, the book argues that something has clearly gone wrong. The initial diagnosis is bleak: fast food and too much time spent sitting, whether in our cars or on our couches, are ruining our bodies, while our minds are weakened by the proliferation of electronic devices—TVs, computers, cell phones, iPods, video games—and their alienating effects. If we are losing the battle between autonomy and automation, the book asks, how can our culture regain self-sufficiency? The book finds the answer in the inspiring visions—deeply rooted in American culture—of an organic and more spontaneous life at the heart of the work of master craftsman Wharton Esherick, legendary blues singer Muddy Waters, urban critic Lewis Mumford, and artist Maya Lin, among others. A scathing jeremiad against modern materialism, the book is also a series of epiphanies of a simpler but more profound life.
John Orton and Tom Foxon
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199695829
- eISBN:
- 9780191748844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695829.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
Electronic devices grown by MBE include HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors), HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors) and Hall effect devices. HEMTs have been made in AlGaAs/GaAs, ...
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Electronic devices grown by MBE include HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors), HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors) and Hall effect devices. HEMTs have been made in AlGaAs/GaAs, pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs, InGaAsP/InP and metamorphic InGaAs/InP. Cut-off frequencies (fT) as high as 300 GHz have been obtained, together with low noise figures. High-power, high-temperature HEMTs have also been made in MBE-grown AlGaInN. AlInSb/GaInSb quantum wells for high-mobility p-channel devices show potential to replace high-frequency Si CMOS ICs. MBE growth has been applied to making HBTs in AlGaAs/GaAs, InGaP/GaAs, GaAsSb/InP, AlInAs/GaInAs/InP, Si/SiGe and AlGaN/GaN and a range of Sb-based compounds. Values of fT greater than 200 GHz have been reported. MBE-grown Hall effect devices function as resistance standards and for measurement of magnetic fields in brushless electric motors.Less
Electronic devices grown by MBE include HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors), HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors) and Hall effect devices. HEMTs have been made in AlGaAs/GaAs, pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs, InGaAsP/InP and metamorphic InGaAs/InP. Cut-off frequencies (fT) as high as 300 GHz have been obtained, together with low noise figures. High-power, high-temperature HEMTs have also been made in MBE-grown AlGaInN. AlInSb/GaInSb quantum wells for high-mobility p-channel devices show potential to replace high-frequency Si CMOS ICs. MBE growth has been applied to making HBTs in AlGaAs/GaAs, InGaP/GaAs, GaAsSb/InP, AlInAs/GaInAs/InP, Si/SiGe and AlGaN/GaN and a range of Sb-based compounds. Values of fT greater than 200 GHz have been reported. MBE-grown Hall effect devices function as resistance standards and for measurement of magnetic fields in brushless electric motors.
Clair Brown and Greg Linden
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013468
- eISBN:
- 9780262258654
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013468.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
For decades the semiconductor industry has been a driver of global economic growth and social change. Semiconductors, particularly the microchips essential to most electronic devices, have ...
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For decades the semiconductor industry has been a driver of global economic growth and social change. Semiconductors, particularly the microchips essential to most electronic devices, have transformed computing, communications, entertainment, and industry. This book traces the industry over more than twenty years through eight technical and competitive crises that forced it to adapt in order to continue its exponential rate of improved chip performance. The industry’s changes have in turn shifted the basis on which firms hold or gain global competitive advantage. These eight interrelated crises do not have tidy beginnings and ends. Most, in fact, are still ongoing, often in altered form. The US semiconductor industry’s fear that it would be overtaken by Japan in the 1980s, for example, foreshadows current concerns over the new global competitors China and India. The intersecting crises of rising costs for both design and manufacturing are compounded by consumer pressure for lower prices. Other crises discussed in the book include the industry’s steady march toward the limits of physics, the fierce competition that keeps its profits modest even as development costs soar, and the global search for engineering talent. Other high-tech industries face crises of their own, and the semiconductor industry has much to teach us about how industries are transformed in response to such powerful forces as technological change, shifting product markets, and globalization. The book also offers insights into how chip firms have developed, defended, and, in some cases, lost global competitive advantage.Less
For decades the semiconductor industry has been a driver of global economic growth and social change. Semiconductors, particularly the microchips essential to most electronic devices, have transformed computing, communications, entertainment, and industry. This book traces the industry over more than twenty years through eight technical and competitive crises that forced it to adapt in order to continue its exponential rate of improved chip performance. The industry’s changes have in turn shifted the basis on which firms hold or gain global competitive advantage. These eight interrelated crises do not have tidy beginnings and ends. Most, in fact, are still ongoing, often in altered form. The US semiconductor industry’s fear that it would be overtaken by Japan in the 1980s, for example, foreshadows current concerns over the new global competitors China and India. The intersecting crises of rising costs for both design and manufacturing are compounded by consumer pressure for lower prices. Other crises discussed in the book include the industry’s steady march toward the limits of physics, the fierce competition that keeps its profits modest even as development costs soar, and the global search for engineering talent. Other high-tech industries face crises of their own, and the semiconductor industry has much to teach us about how industries are transformed in response to such powerful forces as technological change, shifting product markets, and globalization. The book also offers insights into how chip firms have developed, defended, and, in some cases, lost global competitive advantage.
Peter-Paul Verbeek
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226852911
- eISBN:
- 9780226852904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226852904.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter applies the approach to the moral significance of technology developed in this book to a field of technology that is rapidly gaining influence in society: Ambient Intelligence and ...
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This chapter applies the approach to the moral significance of technology developed in this book to a field of technology that is rapidly gaining influence in society: Ambient Intelligence and Persuasive Technology. These technologies embody a fusion of insights from the behavioral sciences with advanced possibilities offered by information technology. The ever-increasing miniaturization of electronic devices and the ever-increasing possibilities for wireless communication between appliances have led to the development of so-called smart environments. Such environments register what is happening in a given space and are able to react to this in intelligent ways. Most of the time, the technology at work here is invisible and carefully attuned to human cognitive processes, hence the name Ambient Intelligence. Persuasive Technologies add to this intelligence the ability to influence the behavior of their users in particular directions.Less
This chapter applies the approach to the moral significance of technology developed in this book to a field of technology that is rapidly gaining influence in society: Ambient Intelligence and Persuasive Technology. These technologies embody a fusion of insights from the behavioral sciences with advanced possibilities offered by information technology. The ever-increasing miniaturization of electronic devices and the ever-increasing possibilities for wireless communication between appliances have led to the development of so-called smart environments. Such environments register what is happening in a given space and are able to react to this in intelligent ways. Most of the time, the technology at work here is invisible and carefully attuned to human cognitive processes, hence the name Ambient Intelligence. Persuasive Technologies add to this intelligence the ability to influence the behavior of their users in particular directions.
Ruthann Knechel Johansen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520231146
- eISBN:
- 9780520927766
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520231146.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter describes how the surroundings and routines of family members of Erik changed when he was hospitalized after a serious accident. Erik's parents were housed in the same hospital, had ...
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This chapter describes how the surroundings and routines of family members of Erik changed when he was hospitalized after a serious accident. Erik's parents were housed in the same hospital, had changed arenas, and faced new threats to their son. He was more exposed and vulnerable, with fewer electronic monitoring devices attached to him to signal physical difficulties, without a nurse who was dedicated to observing him closely within a few yards, and with new regimens to learn. All of Erik's family members became adept at reading the remaining monitors and watching for peculiarities in the intravenous equipment. Sonia spent two or three days each week at the hospital and the other days with other friends. She continued to record her observations in her diary, noting particularly hints of recovery and inexplicable signs that portended reversals.Less
This chapter describes how the surroundings and routines of family members of Erik changed when he was hospitalized after a serious accident. Erik's parents were housed in the same hospital, had changed arenas, and faced new threats to their son. He was more exposed and vulnerable, with fewer electronic monitoring devices attached to him to signal physical difficulties, without a nurse who was dedicated to observing him closely within a few yards, and with new regimens to learn. All of Erik's family members became adept at reading the remaining monitors and watching for peculiarities in the intravenous equipment. Sonia spent two or three days each week at the hospital and the other days with other friends. She continued to record her observations in her diary, noting particularly hints of recovery and inexplicable signs that portended reversals.
John Orton and Tom Foxon
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199695829
- eISBN:
- 9780191748844
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695829.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This book describes the development of MBE from its origins in the 1960s through to the present day. It begins with a short historical account of other methods of crystal growth, both bulk and ...
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This book describes the development of MBE from its origins in the 1960s through to the present day. It begins with a short historical account of other methods of crystal growth, both bulk and epitaxial, to set the subject in context, emphasising the wide range of semiconductor materials employed. This is followed by an introduction to molecular beams and their use in the Stern–Gerlach experiment and the development of the microwave MASER. The first applications to semiconductor science were in studies of the nucleation of silicon by the thermal decomposition of silane and that of GaAs from beams of Ga and As. Work at Bell Labs and at IBM demonstrated the virtue of MBE in growing semiconductor superlattices and various semiconductor devices. The development of commercial MBE machines is described and the use of in situ characterisation methods such as RHEED and mass spectrometry. Various modified MBE methods are described, such as gas-source MBE and modulated beam methods. The technique came to maturity with its application to growing low-dimensional structures in the 1980s. Quantum wells, quantum dots and 2DEG structures are described. Subsequent chapters go on to describe the application of MBE to the growth of a wide range of materials: III-V compounds, II-VI compounds, IV-VI compounds, and Si-SiGe. Two final chapters describe the application of MBE growth to a wide range of electronic devices and optical devices. A historical approach is adopted throughout, emphasising the way in which the various developments occurred.Less
This book describes the development of MBE from its origins in the 1960s through to the present day. It begins with a short historical account of other methods of crystal growth, both bulk and epitaxial, to set the subject in context, emphasising the wide range of semiconductor materials employed. This is followed by an introduction to molecular beams and their use in the Stern–Gerlach experiment and the development of the microwave MASER. The first applications to semiconductor science were in studies of the nucleation of silicon by the thermal decomposition of silane and that of GaAs from beams of Ga and As. Work at Bell Labs and at IBM demonstrated the virtue of MBE in growing semiconductor superlattices and various semiconductor devices. The development of commercial MBE machines is described and the use of in situ characterisation methods such as RHEED and mass spectrometry. Various modified MBE methods are described, such as gas-source MBE and modulated beam methods. The technique came to maturity with its application to growing low-dimensional structures in the 1980s. Quantum wells, quantum dots and 2DEG structures are described. Subsequent chapters go on to describe the application of MBE to the growth of a wide range of materials: III-V compounds, II-VI compounds, IV-VI compounds, and Si-SiGe. Two final chapters describe the application of MBE growth to a wide range of electronic devices and optical devices. A historical approach is adopted throughout, emphasising the way in which the various developments occurred.
Victor Galitski, Boris Karnakov, and Vladimir Kogan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199232710
- eISBN:
- 9780191774973
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232710.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
A series of seminal technological revolutions has led to a new generation of electronic devices miniaturized to such tiny scales that the strange laws of quantum physics come into play. There is no ...
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A series of seminal technological revolutions has led to a new generation of electronic devices miniaturized to such tiny scales that the strange laws of quantum physics come into play. There is no doubt that, unlike scientists and engineers of the past, technology leaders of the future will have to rely on quantum mechanics in their everyday work. This makes teaching and learning the subject of paramount importance for further progress. Mastering quantum physics is a very non-trivial task and its deep understanding can only be achieved through working out real-life problems and examples. It is notoriously difficult to come up with new quantum-mechanical problems that would be solvable with a pencil and paper, and within a finite amount of time. This book presents some 700+ original problems in quantum mechanics together with detailed solutions, covering nearly 1,000 pages on all aspects of quantum science.Less
A series of seminal technological revolutions has led to a new generation of electronic devices miniaturized to such tiny scales that the strange laws of quantum physics come into play. There is no doubt that, unlike scientists and engineers of the past, technology leaders of the future will have to rely on quantum mechanics in their everyday work. This makes teaching and learning the subject of paramount importance for further progress. Mastering quantum physics is a very non-trivial task and its deep understanding can only be achieved through working out real-life problems and examples. It is notoriously difficult to come up with new quantum-mechanical problems that would be solvable with a pencil and paper, and within a finite amount of time. This book presents some 700+ original problems in quantum mechanics together with detailed solutions, covering nearly 1,000 pages on all aspects of quantum science.
Grainne McHale
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190234560
- eISBN:
- 9780190234607
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190234560.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This chapter explores the experiences and perceptions of learners using accessible interactive music technology within inclusive music ensembles in Cork City, Ireland. Two ensembles were developed ...
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This chapter explores the experiences and perceptions of learners using accessible interactive music technology within inclusive music ensembles in Cork City, Ireland. Two ensembles were developed under the umbrella of SoundOUT—a not-for-profit organization that provides inclusive music making and learning through ensemble activities. Each ensemble integrates a range of accessible interactive music technologies (electronic music devices, such as movement sensors, switch technologies, and wind synthesizers that facilitate active music making for people with limited mobility) to facilitate active music making and learning for young people with profound physical disabilities. The experiences and perceptions of using accessible interactive music technology within these ensembles provide insight into the complex relationship between disability, music, technology, and inclusion in Ireland. Significant historical, social, political, and cultural factors are taken into consideration, as well as theoretical insights from scholarly fields of disability studies, inclusive education, sociology of music education, and cultural studies.Less
This chapter explores the experiences and perceptions of learners using accessible interactive music technology within inclusive music ensembles in Cork City, Ireland. Two ensembles were developed under the umbrella of SoundOUT—a not-for-profit organization that provides inclusive music making and learning through ensemble activities. Each ensemble integrates a range of accessible interactive music technologies (electronic music devices, such as movement sensors, switch technologies, and wind synthesizers that facilitate active music making for people with limited mobility) to facilitate active music making and learning for young people with profound physical disabilities. The experiences and perceptions of using accessible interactive music technology within these ensembles provide insight into the complex relationship between disability, music, technology, and inclusion in Ireland. Significant historical, social, political, and cultural factors are taken into consideration, as well as theoretical insights from scholarly fields of disability studies, inclusive education, sociology of music education, and cultural studies.
