A. S. RUSYAYEVA
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264041
- eISBN:
- 9780191734311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264041.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter aims not to provide a complete reconstruction of the religious interactions between the Greeks of Olbia and the people of Scythia, its aim rather is to provide an overview of the key ...
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This chapter aims not to provide a complete reconstruction of the religious interactions between the Greeks of Olbia and the people of Scythia, its aim rather is to provide an overview of the key aspects of the religious interactions between Olbia and Scythia as embodied in the interpretations of the different sources from the late archaic period and classical periods. It discusses the close contacts of the Greeks and the nomads of Scythia and their influences upon the religious beliefs of one another. The Greeks imposed great influences upon the religious beliefs of the non-Greeks. The notable of which is the solar associations of Apollo and his role as an archer which gained approval and acceptance to the outlooks of the Scythians who could identify with him deities of their own. Although they adapted some of the concepts of the Greek religious beliefs, Scythians remained true to their own traditions and beliefs. The Olbia populace on the other hand, did not accept any of the religious practices and beliefs of the nomadic Scythians except for the burials of women who had been brought from the north.Less
This chapter aims not to provide a complete reconstruction of the religious interactions between the Greeks of Olbia and the people of Scythia, its aim rather is to provide an overview of the key aspects of the religious interactions between Olbia and Scythia as embodied in the interpretations of the different sources from the late archaic period and classical periods. It discusses the close contacts of the Greeks and the nomads of Scythia and their influences upon the religious beliefs of one another. The Greeks imposed great influences upon the religious beliefs of the non-Greeks. The notable of which is the solar associations of Apollo and his role as an archer which gained approval and acceptance to the outlooks of the Scythians who could identify with him deities of their own. Although they adapted some of the concepts of the Greek religious beliefs, Scythians remained true to their own traditions and beliefs. The Olbia populace on the other hand, did not accept any of the religious practices and beliefs of the nomadic Scythians except for the burials of women who had been brought from the north.
Ernest Metzger
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198298557
- eISBN:
- 9780191707520
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298557.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
Modern accounts of how lawsuits were filed in Rome during the classical period tend to show that the opponents were willingly working together under the guidance of a magistrate, until their case was ...
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Modern accounts of how lawsuits were filed in Rome during the classical period tend to show that the opponents were willingly working together under the guidance of a magistrate, until their case was ready for trial. The parties found a convenient time to make their first appearance, at which time they decided on the details of their case, selected a judge, and received permission to go to trial. If any delay were necessary, the magistrate helped the parties in their arrangements to return. This picture is unrealistic: it presumes a high degree of cooperation between the parties, the personal stewardship of a magistrate, and the ready availability of a judge. This accepted picture emerged over time from a tiny amount of evidence. Justinian had no interest in preserving evidence on classical procedure, and subsequent generations of jurists often did not regard rules of procedure as worthy of interest. Recent years, however, have brought a flood of new evidence on classical Roman legal procedure. The book examines this evidence, painting a picture of litigation that is far less polite and far less orderly. The book also examines how the rules of procedure coped with the typical pre-trial delays faced by the Roman system, and indeed any legal system.Less
Modern accounts of how lawsuits were filed in Rome during the classical period tend to show that the opponents were willingly working together under the guidance of a magistrate, until their case was ready for trial. The parties found a convenient time to make their first appearance, at which time they decided on the details of their case, selected a judge, and received permission to go to trial. If any delay were necessary, the magistrate helped the parties in their arrangements to return. This picture is unrealistic: it presumes a high degree of cooperation between the parties, the personal stewardship of a magistrate, and the ready availability of a judge. This accepted picture emerged over time from a tiny amount of evidence. Justinian had no interest in preserving evidence on classical procedure, and subsequent generations of jurists often did not regard rules of procedure as worthy of interest. Recent years, however, have brought a flood of new evidence on classical Roman legal procedure. The book examines this evidence, painting a picture of litigation that is far less polite and far less orderly. The book also examines how the rules of procedure coped with the typical pre-trial delays faced by the Roman system, and indeed any legal system.
ERNEST METZGER
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198298557
- eISBN:
- 9780191707520
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298557.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This book reconstructs the rules of litigation and civil procedure in Rome during the classical period based on three sources: the Praetor's edict on vadimonium or bail, the formula used in the ...
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This book reconstructs the rules of litigation and civil procedure in Rome during the classical period based on three sources: the Praetor's edict on vadimonium or bail, the formula used in the vadimonium documents, and the postponements spelled out in the lex Irnitana. The lex Irnitana describes how a magistrate, once per day, had to order a three-day postponement. All three sources show that parties in a lawsuit sometimes arrive unprepared or unable to see the magistrate immediately, and to a substantial extent they have the power independently to decide what their next step should be. The real shortcoming in this system is not the delays themselves, but the way in which the defendant or his representative can be brought back to the magistrate again and again. This gives a plaintiff the opportunity to exert pressure on his defendant in an unpleasant way: the defendant cannot be forced to submit to a lawsuit, but he can be worn down by repeated meetings.Less
This book reconstructs the rules of litigation and civil procedure in Rome during the classical period based on three sources: the Praetor's edict on vadimonium or bail, the formula used in the vadimonium documents, and the postponements spelled out in the lex Irnitana. The lex Irnitana describes how a magistrate, once per day, had to order a three-day postponement. All three sources show that parties in a lawsuit sometimes arrive unprepared or unable to see the magistrate immediately, and to a substantial extent they have the power independently to decide what their next step should be. The real shortcoming in this system is not the delays themselves, but the way in which the defendant or his representative can be brought back to the magistrate again and again. This gives a plaintiff the opportunity to exert pressure on his defendant in an unpleasant way: the defendant cannot be forced to submit to a lawsuit, but he can be worn down by repeated meetings.
Aaron Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590957
- eISBN:
- 9780191594595
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590957.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Music Psychology
The ability to improvise represents one of the highest levels of musical achievement. An improviser must master a musical language to such a degree as to be able spontaneously to invent stylistically ...
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The ability to improvise represents one of the highest levels of musical achievement. An improviser must master a musical language to such a degree as to be able spontaneously to invent stylistically idiomatic compositions in the moment. This feat is one of the pinnacles of human creativity, and yet its cognitive basis is poorly understood. What musical knowledge is required for improvisation? How does a musician learn to improvise? What are the neural correlates of improvised performance? This book explores these questions through an interdisciplinary approach that draws on the study of pedagogical treatises on improvisation, interviews with improvisers, musical analysis of improvised performances, and cognitive neuroscience. Findings from the treatises, interviews, and analyses are discussed from the perspective of cognitive psychological theories of learning, memory, and expertise, as well as data from functional brain imaging studies of improvisation. Pedagogy, learning, and performance in improvisation are explored in a cross-cultural context, demonstrating universal features across a wide variety of musical traditions. Though disparate, these sources provide a convergent picture of the improvising mind, suggesting that musical improvisation draws on some of the very same cognitive processes and neural resources as the more mundane but equally infinitely creative faculties of language and movement. Improvisation therefore provides a new focus for comparisons of music and language cognition: while past research comparing music and language cognition has focused almost exclusively on perception of the two sound systems, the cognitive processes underlying the acquisition and production of music and language have not been systematically explored. Here, learning to improvise is compared with language acquisition, and improvised performance is compared with spontaneous speech from both theoretical and neurobiological perspectives.Less
The ability to improvise represents one of the highest levels of musical achievement. An improviser must master a musical language to such a degree as to be able spontaneously to invent stylistically idiomatic compositions in the moment. This feat is one of the pinnacles of human creativity, and yet its cognitive basis is poorly understood. What musical knowledge is required for improvisation? How does a musician learn to improvise? What are the neural correlates of improvised performance? This book explores these questions through an interdisciplinary approach that draws on the study of pedagogical treatises on improvisation, interviews with improvisers, musical analysis of improvised performances, and cognitive neuroscience. Findings from the treatises, interviews, and analyses are discussed from the perspective of cognitive psychological theories of learning, memory, and expertise, as well as data from functional brain imaging studies of improvisation. Pedagogy, learning, and performance in improvisation are explored in a cross-cultural context, demonstrating universal features across a wide variety of musical traditions. Though disparate, these sources provide a convergent picture of the improvising mind, suggesting that musical improvisation draws on some of the very same cognitive processes and neural resources as the more mundane but equally infinitely creative faculties of language and movement. Improvisation therefore provides a new focus for comparisons of music and language cognition: while past research comparing music and language cognition has focused almost exclusively on perception of the two sound systems, the cognitive processes underlying the acquisition and production of music and language have not been systematically explored. Here, learning to improvise is compared with language acquisition, and improvised performance is compared with spontaneous speech from both theoretical and neurobiological perspectives.
Khan L. Ali and M. Ramadan Hisham
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748641284
- eISBN:
- 9780748653256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748641284.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter discusses the classical era of ijtihad (632–875), a period marked by impressive jurisprudential research and creativity. This classical period emphasises the inherently dynamic and ...
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This chapter discusses the classical era of ijtihad (632–875), a period marked by impressive jurisprudential research and creativity. This classical period emphasises the inherently dynamic and diverse nature of the Islamic law, and also demonstrates that God's law animates the physical universe and systems of knowledge on a daily basis. It is also closely related to, but distinguished from, the period of prophecy during which the Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah was delivered, and is furthermore a period marked by the emergence of five madhabs. In this chapter, the discussions focus on: the Basic Code; the classical fiqh; and centuries of taqlid.Less
This chapter discusses the classical era of ijtihad (632–875), a period marked by impressive jurisprudential research and creativity. This classical period emphasises the inherently dynamic and diverse nature of the Islamic law, and also demonstrates that God's law animates the physical universe and systems of knowledge on a daily basis. It is also closely related to, but distinguished from, the period of prophecy during which the Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah was delivered, and is furthermore a period marked by the emergence of five madhabs. In this chapter, the discussions focus on: the Basic Code; the classical fiqh; and centuries of taqlid.
John S. Wilkins
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520260856
- eISBN:
- 9780520945074
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520260856.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses the history of the species concept and the philosophical foundations of classification. The species concept is divided into universal and biological taxonomic notions. The ...
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This chapter discusses the history of the species concept and the philosophical foundations of classification. The species concept is divided into universal and biological taxonomic notions. The universal taxonomy began with Plato and held that species are any distinguishable or naturally distinguished categories with an essence or definition. The biological taxonomy developed from this conception and recognizes the biological usage of species. The chapter examines the works of Aristotle and his student Theophrastus and philosophical treatments of the idea of division in living things during the classical period.Less
This chapter discusses the history of the species concept and the philosophical foundations of classification. The species concept is divided into universal and biological taxonomic notions. The universal taxonomy began with Plato and held that species are any distinguishable or naturally distinguished categories with an essence or definition. The biological taxonomy developed from this conception and recognizes the biological usage of species. The chapter examines the works of Aristotle and his student Theophrastus and philosophical treatments of the idea of division in living things during the classical period.
Arvind Sharma
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195676389
- eISBN:
- 9780199081974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195676389.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
The history of Hinduism can be demarcated into the pre-Vedic and Vedic period, the classical period, the medieval period, and the modern period. In order to gain a full understanding of the ...
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The history of Hinduism can be demarcated into the pre-Vedic and Vedic period, the classical period, the medieval period, and the modern period. In order to gain a full understanding of the intellectual currents that characterize modern Hindu thought, it would be necessary to keep in mind the historical situation in which this process was occurring. Certain components of the Western presence in India played an important role in providing the context for a reconfiguration of Hindu concepts, four of which proved particularly consequential–Christianity, science, and the question of social and political arrangements. During the classical period, Hindu thought flowed through the channels of various schools of philosophy such as Nyāya or Vedānta. During the medieval period, the personalities of the saint-poets of the Bhakti movement began to stand out. This trend towards individualism becomes more pronounced during the modern period when individual thinkers began to matter.Less
The history of Hinduism can be demarcated into the pre-Vedic and Vedic period, the classical period, the medieval period, and the modern period. In order to gain a full understanding of the intellectual currents that characterize modern Hindu thought, it would be necessary to keep in mind the historical situation in which this process was occurring. Certain components of the Western presence in India played an important role in providing the context for a reconfiguration of Hindu concepts, four of which proved particularly consequential–Christianity, science, and the question of social and political arrangements. During the classical period, Hindu thought flowed through the channels of various schools of philosophy such as Nyāya or Vedānta. During the medieval period, the personalities of the saint-poets of the Bhakti movement began to stand out. This trend towards individualism becomes more pronounced during the modern period when individual thinkers began to matter.
Louis Rawlings
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719056574
- eISBN:
- 9781781700839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719056574.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume, which is about developments in warfare in Greece from the Late Bronze Age to the end of the classical period. It explains that it was ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume, which is about developments in warfare in Greece from the Late Bronze Age to the end of the classical period. It explains that it was usually the citizens who both assembled to take the decision to march out and armed themselves for the undertaking when city-state like Athens and Sparta went to war. This volume considers the role of religion, the nature of the economy and the relationship between the individual and his or her community, before, during and after wars.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume, which is about developments in warfare in Greece from the Late Bronze Age to the end of the classical period. It explains that it was usually the citizens who both assembled to take the decision to march out and armed themselves for the undertaking when city-state like Athens and Sparta went to war. This volume considers the role of religion, the nature of the economy and the relationship between the individual and his or her community, before, during and after wars.
A. Raghuramaraju
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195699364
- eISBN:
- 9780199080533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195699364.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This introduction first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to discuss to an important aspect of absence that has precedents in history. It raises the question as to why there have been no ...
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This introduction first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to discuss to an important aspect of absence that has precedents in history. It raises the question as to why there have been no significant new philosophical texts or systems emanating from the contemporary context in the Indian subcontinent since the last few centuries when they were present in the classical times. The chapter then discusses the nature and reason for absences and philosophical activity during the post-classical period. In order to understand the nature of the philosophical activity during this time, it is necessary to recognize two types of philosophical activity. One type of philosophical activity was the analysis of available systems, the other, building a system or laying groundwork to build a new system. Philosophical activity in India during colonialism is more akin to the second type.Less
This introduction first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to discuss to an important aspect of absence that has precedents in history. It raises the question as to why there have been no significant new philosophical texts or systems emanating from the contemporary context in the Indian subcontinent since the last few centuries when they were present in the classical times. The chapter then discusses the nature and reason for absences and philosophical activity during the post-classical period. In order to understand the nature of the philosophical activity during this time, it is necessary to recognize two types of philosophical activity. One type of philosophical activity was the analysis of available systems, the other, building a system or laying groundwork to build a new system. Philosophical activity in India during colonialism is more akin to the second type.
Edmund Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198747260
- eISBN:
- 9780191809392
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198747260.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Plays and Playwrights: Classical, Early, and Medieval, European History: BCE to 500CE
This work is one of the first full studies of the dissemination of Greek tragedy in the archaic and classical periods. Drawing on recent research in network theory, it seeks to reinterpret classical ...
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This work is one of the first full studies of the dissemination of Greek tragedy in the archaic and classical periods. Drawing on recent research in network theory, it seeks to reinterpret classical tragedy as a Panhellenic art form. It thereby offers a radically new perspective on the interpretation of the extant tragic texts, which have often been seen as the product of the fifth-century Athenian democracy. Tragedy grew out of, and became part of, a common Greek (or Panhellenic) culture, which was itself sustained by frequent travel and exchange. This book shows how Athens was a major Panhellenic centre within a wider and, by the fifth century, well-established network of festivals and patrons. The part played by non-Athenians in the festival culture of Attica is fully reassessed and it is estimated that as much as a quarter of all tragic poets who produced plays in Athens during the classical period were non-citizens. In addition, the book re-examines the evidence for tragedies that were probably or certainly performed outside Athens and shows how and why they were calculated to appeal to a broad Panhellenic audience. The stories they contained were themselves tales of travel. Together the works of the tragedians told and reworked the history of the Greek peoples and showed how they were connected through the wanderings of their ancestors. Tragedy, like the poets and their creations, was meant to travel and this is the first full study of tragedy on the move in the archaic and classical periods.Less
This work is one of the first full studies of the dissemination of Greek tragedy in the archaic and classical periods. Drawing on recent research in network theory, it seeks to reinterpret classical tragedy as a Panhellenic art form. It thereby offers a radically new perspective on the interpretation of the extant tragic texts, which have often been seen as the product of the fifth-century Athenian democracy. Tragedy grew out of, and became part of, a common Greek (or Panhellenic) culture, which was itself sustained by frequent travel and exchange. This book shows how Athens was a major Panhellenic centre within a wider and, by the fifth century, well-established network of festivals and patrons. The part played by non-Athenians in the festival culture of Attica is fully reassessed and it is estimated that as much as a quarter of all tragic poets who produced plays in Athens during the classical period were non-citizens. In addition, the book re-examines the evidence for tragedies that were probably or certainly performed outside Athens and shows how and why they were calculated to appeal to a broad Panhellenic audience. The stories they contained were themselves tales of travel. Together the works of the tragedians told and reworked the history of the Greek peoples and showed how they were connected through the wanderings of their ancestors. Tragedy, like the poets and their creations, was meant to travel and this is the first full study of tragedy on the move in the archaic and classical periods.
