Jeremy Fantl and Matthew McGrath
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550623
- eISBN:
- 9780191722684
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550623.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
This book is an exploration of the relation between knowledge, reasons, and justification. According to the primary argument of the book, you can rely on what you know in action and belief, because ...
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This book is an exploration of the relation between knowledge, reasons, and justification. According to the primary argument of the book, you can rely on what you know in action and belief, because what you know can be a reason you have and you can rely on the reasons you have. If knowledge doesn't allow for a chance of error — if it requires certainty — then this result is unsurprising. But if knowledge does allow for a chance of error — as seems required if we know much of anything at all — this result entails the denial of a received position in epistemology. Because any chance of error, if the stakes are high enough, can make a difference to what can be relied on, two subjects with the same evidence and generally the same strength of epistemic position for a proposition can differ with respect to whether they are in a position to know. This phenomenon has come to be known as ‘pragmatic encroachment’. All of the points above, it is argued, apply equally well to justification for believing. The results, then, have ramifications for and are borne on by debates about epistemological externalism and contextualism, the value and importance of knowledge, Wittgensteinian hinge propositions, Bayesianism, and the nature of belief.Less
This book is an exploration of the relation between knowledge, reasons, and justification. According to the primary argument of the book, you can rely on what you know in action and belief, because what you know can be a reason you have and you can rely on the reasons you have. If knowledge doesn't allow for a chance of error — if it requires certainty — then this result is unsurprising. But if knowledge does allow for a chance of error — as seems required if we know much of anything at all — this result entails the denial of a received position in epistemology. Because any chance of error, if the stakes are high enough, can make a difference to what can be relied on, two subjects with the same evidence and generally the same strength of epistemic position for a proposition can differ with respect to whether they are in a position to know. This phenomenon has come to be known as ‘pragmatic encroachment’. All of the points above, it is argued, apply equally well to justification for believing. The results, then, have ramifications for and are borne on by debates about epistemological externalism and contextualism, the value and importance of knowledge, Wittgensteinian hinge propositions, Bayesianism, and the nature of belief.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm should coordinate its advertising decisions with the other elements of the marketing mix such as price and promotion, especially when demand is uncertain. It shows how ...
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This chapter shows how the firm should coordinate its advertising decisions with the other elements of the marketing mix such as price and promotion, especially when demand is uncertain. It shows how the firm should vary its advertising spending over the product life cycle and the business cycle. In particular, it shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to maximize its long-run performance under uncertainty.Less
This chapter shows how the firm should coordinate its advertising decisions with the other elements of the marketing mix such as price and promotion, especially when demand is uncertain. It shows how the firm should vary its advertising spending over the product life cycle and the business cycle. In particular, it shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to maximize its long-run performance under uncertainty.
Penelope Maddy
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199273669
- eISBN:
- 9780191706264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273669.003.0022
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter summarizes the many empirical theories and methods involved in this second-philosophical account of logical truth: the KF-structuring of (much of) the world, the experimental paradigms ...
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This chapter summarizes the many empirical theories and methods involved in this second-philosophical account of logical truth: the KF-structuring of (much of) the world, the experimental paradigms underlying the research on infant and animal cognition, the treatment of mental representation, etc. All science is fallible, and any of these components might fail. This would be disheartening to a philosopher in search of certainty, but it is only to be expected by the Second Philosopher, who doesn't undertake to philosophize from a point of view more secure than that of science.Less
This chapter summarizes the many empirical theories and methods involved in this second-philosophical account of logical truth: the KF-structuring of (much of) the world, the experimental paradigms underlying the research on infant and animal cognition, the treatment of mental representation, etc. All science is fallible, and any of these components might fail. This would be disheartening to a philosopher in search of certainty, but it is only to be expected by the Second Philosopher, who doesn't undertake to philosophize from a point of view more secure than that of science.
Susan Schreiner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195313420
- eISBN:
- 9780199897292
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313420.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Theology
In present-day America, the topic of certitude is much debated. On one side, commentators like Charles Krauthammer urge us to achieve “moral clarity”. On the other, those like George Will contend ...
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In present-day America, the topic of certitude is much debated. On one side, commentators like Charles Krauthammer urge us to achieve “moral clarity”. On the other, those like George Will contend that the greatest present threat to civilization is an excess of certitude. This book points out that Europe in the 16th century was preoccupied with similar concerns. Both the desire for certainty, especially religious certainty, and warnings against certainty permeated this earlier era. The book analyzes the pervading questions about certitude and doubt in the terms and contexts of a wide variety of thinkers during this time of competing truths. The Protestant Reformation was the wellspring of this debate, which expressed itself in terms of questions about salvation, authority, the rise of skepticism, the outbreak of religious violence, the discernment of spirits, and the ambiguous relationship between appearance and reality. Repeatedly, the book says, we find the recurring fear of deception. It examines the history of theological polemics and debates as well as other genres to shed light on the progress of this controversy. Among the texts the book draws on are Montaigne's Essays, the mystical writings of Teresa of Avila, the diary, letters, and treatises of St. Ignatius, and the dramas of Shakespeare. The result is not a book about theology, but rather a book about the way in which the concern with certitude determined the theology, polemics, and literature of the age.Less
In present-day America, the topic of certitude is much debated. On one side, commentators like Charles Krauthammer urge us to achieve “moral clarity”. On the other, those like George Will contend that the greatest present threat to civilization is an excess of certitude. This book points out that Europe in the 16th century was preoccupied with similar concerns. Both the desire for certainty, especially religious certainty, and warnings against certainty permeated this earlier era. The book analyzes the pervading questions about certitude and doubt in the terms and contexts of a wide variety of thinkers during this time of competing truths. The Protestant Reformation was the wellspring of this debate, which expressed itself in terms of questions about salvation, authority, the rise of skepticism, the outbreak of religious violence, the discernment of spirits, and the ambiguous relationship between appearance and reality. Repeatedly, the book says, we find the recurring fear of deception. It examines the history of theological polemics and debates as well as other genres to shed light on the progress of this controversy. Among the texts the book draws on are Montaigne's Essays, the mystical writings of Teresa of Avila, the diary, letters, and treatises of St. Ignatius, and the dramas of Shakespeare. The result is not a book about theology, but rather a book about the way in which the concern with certitude determined the theology, polemics, and literature of the age.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for ...
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This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.Less
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0016
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm should design sales force compensation plans to maximize its performance. It distinguishes whether or not the firm can observe the salesperson's effort. It shows how ...
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This chapter shows how the firm should design sales force compensation plans to maximize its performance. It distinguishes whether or not the firm can observe the salesperson's effort. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to design compensation plans based on such factors as the firm's cost structure, cost and demand uncertainty, consumer satisfaction, the firm's cost of capital, and whether or not the firm delegates price-setting or sales call policy to the salesperson. It shows how the sales force compensation plan should allow for multiperiod effects and the impact of Internet advertising. In particular, it distinguishes different scenarios (e.g., whether Internet advertising and conventional advertising are substitutes or complements).Less
This chapter shows how the firm should design sales force compensation plans to maximize its performance. It distinguishes whether or not the firm can observe the salesperson's effort. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to design compensation plans based on such factors as the firm's cost structure, cost and demand uncertainty, consumer satisfaction, the firm's cost of capital, and whether or not the firm delegates price-setting or sales call policy to the salesperson. It shows how the sales force compensation plan should allow for multiperiod effects and the impact of Internet advertising. In particular, it distinguishes different scenarios (e.g., whether Internet advertising and conventional advertising are substitutes or complements).
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) ...
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This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) affect the firm's tradeoff between risk and return. It also distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions; in particular, it shows how privately and publicly held firms should coordinate their marketing and financial decisions under uncertainty.Less
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) affect the firm's tradeoff between risk and return. It also distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions; in particular, it shows how privately and publicly held firms should coordinate their marketing and financial decisions under uncertainty.
L. Jonathan Cohen
- Published in print:
- 1977
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198244127
- eISBN:
- 9780191680748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198244127.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Science
This chapter presents an elaboration on the difficulty about proof beyond reasonable doubt. It is more inclined to hold that a particular conclusion falls short of certainty because there is a ...
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This chapter presents an elaboration on the difficulty about proof beyond reasonable doubt. It is more inclined to hold that a particular conclusion falls short of certainty because there is a particular, specifiable reason for doubting it, than to hold that it is reasonable to doubt the conclusion because it falls short of certainty. Hence a scale of mathematical probability is used for assessing proof beyond reasonable doubt. What is needed instead is a list of all the points that have to be established in relation to each element in the crime. Not that a high statistical probability is necessarily useless; but it must enter into a proof as a fact from which to argue rather than as a measure of the extent to which a conclusion has been established, and its relevance must also be separately established.Less
This chapter presents an elaboration on the difficulty about proof beyond reasonable doubt. It is more inclined to hold that a particular conclusion falls short of certainty because there is a particular, specifiable reason for doubting it, than to hold that it is reasonable to doubt the conclusion because it falls short of certainty. Hence a scale of mathematical probability is used for assessing proof beyond reasonable doubt. What is needed instead is a list of all the points that have to be established in relation to each element in the crime. Not that a high statistical probability is necessarily useless; but it must enter into a proof as a fact from which to argue rather than as a measure of the extent to which a conclusion has been established, and its relevance must also be separately established.
Peter Unger
- Published in print:
- 1978
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198244172
- eISBN:
- 9780191711473
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198244177.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Argues for the thesis of universal ignorance, i.e., for the claim that nobody can ever know anything. To this effect, puts forward versions of the classical Cartesian argument for skepticism as well ...
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Argues for the thesis of universal ignorance, i.e., for the claim that nobody can ever know anything. To this effect, puts forward versions of the classical Cartesian argument for skepticism as well as novel arguments involving normative premises and the concept of certainty. Universal ignorance gives rise to further skeptical results: in order to be justified or reasonable in believing something, the subject must know something to be so. Likewise, many attitudes (e.g., being happy about or regretting something) and “illocutionary acts” (e.g., commanding, apologizing) require that the subject knows something. Since nobody can ever know anything, it follows that nobody can ever be justified or reasonable in believing anything, that nobody can ever be happy about or regret anything, and that nobody can ever command or apologize for anything. Finally, the book argues that not only is knowledge impossible, but so is truth. The remedy it suggests is a radical change in our language.Less
Argues for the thesis of universal ignorance, i.e., for the claim that nobody can ever know anything. To this effect, puts forward versions of the classical Cartesian argument for skepticism as well as novel arguments involving normative premises and the concept of certainty. Universal ignorance gives rise to further skeptical results: in order to be justified or reasonable in believing something, the subject must know something to be so. Likewise, many attitudes (e.g., being happy about or regretting something) and “illocutionary acts” (e.g., commanding, apologizing) require that the subject knows something. Since nobody can ever know anything, it follows that nobody can ever be justified or reasonable in believing anything, that nobody can ever be happy about or regret anything, and that nobody can ever command or apologize for anything. Finally, the book argues that not only is knowledge impossible, but so is truth. The remedy it suggests is a radical change in our language.
Terryl C. Givens
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167115
- eISBN:
- 9780199785599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167115.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Joseph built the church on the foundation of dialogic revelation, physical artifacts, testable historical claims, and the promise of spiritual certainty. Truth claims are absolute and categorical. At ...
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Joseph built the church on the foundation of dialogic revelation, physical artifacts, testable historical claims, and the promise of spiritual certainty. Truth claims are absolute and categorical. At the same time, Mormonism conceives of salvation as a process rather than event, tied to learning, knowledge acquisition, and growth in intelligence. Eternal progress and continuing revelation are key doctrines.Less
Joseph built the church on the foundation of dialogic revelation, physical artifacts, testable historical claims, and the promise of spiritual certainty. Truth claims are absolute and categorical. At the same time, Mormonism conceives of salvation as a process rather than event, tied to learning, knowledge acquisition, and growth in intelligence. Eternal progress and continuing revelation are key doctrines.
Albert Casullo
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195115055
- eISBN:
- 9780199786190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195115058.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The leading arguments supporting the existence of a priori knowledge fall into three broad categories: conceptual arguments, which offer an analysis of the concept of a priori knowledge and maintain ...
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The leading arguments supporting the existence of a priori knowledge fall into three broad categories: conceptual arguments, which offer an analysis of the concept of a priori knowledge and maintain that some knowledge satisfies the conditions in the analysis; criterial arguments, which identify criteria of the a priori, such as necessity, certainty, and irrefutability, and maintain that some knowledge satisfies the criteria; and deficiency arguments, which allege that radical empiricist theories of knowledge are deficient in some respect, and that the only remedy for the deficiency is to embrace the a priori. This chapter contends that these arguments fail: the conceptual arguments involve implausible conceptions of a priori knowledge; the criterial arguments involve false epistemic premises; and the deficiency arguments fail because theories endorsing the a priori suffer from the same deficiencies alleged to plague radical empiricism.Less
The leading arguments supporting the existence of a priori knowledge fall into three broad categories: conceptual arguments, which offer an analysis of the concept of a priori knowledge and maintain that some knowledge satisfies the conditions in the analysis; criterial arguments, which identify criteria of the a priori, such as necessity, certainty, and irrefutability, and maintain that some knowledge satisfies the criteria; and deficiency arguments, which allege that radical empiricist theories of knowledge are deficient in some respect, and that the only remedy for the deficiency is to embrace the a priori. This chapter contends that these arguments fail: the conceptual arguments involve implausible conceptions of a priori knowledge; the criterial arguments involve false epistemic premises; and the deficiency arguments fail because theories endorsing the a priori suffer from the same deficiencies alleged to plague radical empiricism.
Benjamin D Koen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367744
- eISBN:
- 9780199867295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367744.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 1 sets a new paradigm of research and applied practice based on the ontology of oneness; introduces medical ethnomusicology; lays a foundation for the study of music, health, and healing ...
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Chapter 1 sets a new paradigm of research and applied practice based on the ontology of oneness; introduces medical ethnomusicology; lays a foundation for the study of music, health, and healing through the harmony of science and religion; introduces music-prayer-meditation dynamics, neuroplasticity, cognitive flexibility, entrainment, holistic embodiment (or embeingment), and the Human Certainty Principle as culture-transcendent processes and principles that undergird musical healing; challenges moral and cultural relativism, focusing on the importance of applied work to benefit the whole of humanity; introduces maddâh devotional music and the culture of Badakhshan, Tajikistan as the primary cultural example of musical healing. Core theoretical and philosophical frameworks are established that draw on local beliefs and practices, ethnomusicology, health science, neuro- and cognitive science, and quantum physics.Less
Chapter 1 sets a new paradigm of research and applied practice based on the ontology of oneness; introduces medical ethnomusicology; lays a foundation for the study of music, health, and healing through the harmony of science and religion; introduces music-prayer-meditation dynamics, neuroplasticity, cognitive flexibility, entrainment, holistic embodiment (or embeingment), and the Human Certainty Principle as culture-transcendent processes and principles that undergird musical healing; challenges moral and cultural relativism, focusing on the importance of applied work to benefit the whole of humanity; introduces maddâh devotional music and the culture of Badakhshan, Tajikistan as the primary cultural example of musical healing. Core theoretical and philosophical frameworks are established that draw on local beliefs and practices, ethnomusicology, health science, neuro- and cognitive science, and quantum physics.
Benjamin D Koen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367744
- eISBN:
- 9780199867295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367744.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 7 builds upon the concepts of unity and oneness, and the dynamics of balance and vibration, to frame the roles that music, sound, prayer, breath, movement, and meditation play in ...
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Chapter 7 builds upon the concepts of unity and oneness, and the dynamics of balance and vibration, to frame the roles that music, sound, prayer, breath, movement, and meditation play in recalibrating one’s being from a state of imbalance or illness to one of health and vitality. Specifically, this chapter explores the physics and metaphysics of sound and music, linking the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to a dynamic coined as the Human Certainty Principle, which is a deep knowing that often accompanies and facilitates healing, and which relates to a confluence of issues among science, spirituality, and experience, including a flexibility of consciousness that can be understood as a transformation of brainwave states. These issues are explored through examples in Pamir, including dafsâz, and diverse experiences outside of Pamir, including marriage and family therapy counseling, and a drum circle with Babatunde Olatunji. The concept of spiritual cognition is explored throughout.Less
Chapter 7 builds upon the concepts of unity and oneness, and the dynamics of balance and vibration, to frame the roles that music, sound, prayer, breath, movement, and meditation play in recalibrating one’s being from a state of imbalance or illness to one of health and vitality. Specifically, this chapter explores the physics and metaphysics of sound and music, linking the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to a dynamic coined as the Human Certainty Principle, which is a deep knowing that often accompanies and facilitates healing, and which relates to a confluence of issues among science, spirituality, and experience, including a flexibility of consciousness that can be understood as a transformation of brainwave states. These issues are explored through examples in Pamir, including dafsâz, and diverse experiences outside of Pamir, including marriage and family therapy counseling, and a drum circle with Babatunde Olatunji. The concept of spiritual cognition is explored throughout.
Douglas John Casson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144740
- eISBN:
- 9781400836888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144740.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter considers how Locke's extensive attack on Robert Filmer in the First Treatise is just one part of his larger political project of recoining a language of probable judgment. The specific ...
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This chapter considers how Locke's extensive attack on Robert Filmer in the First Treatise is just one part of his larger political project of recoining a language of probable judgment. The specific arguments that Filmer advances are not as threatening to Locke as Filmer's general appeal to a type of divine certainty based on Scripture. Locke is eager to show that Filmerian certainty is both rationally groundless and politically disastrous. His sustained effort to discredit the patriarchal defense of absolutism is part of an attempt to supplant Filmer's method of justification with a new vocabulary of judgment. By insisting on the distance between the mind of God and the minds of men, Locke can transform Filmer's appeal to divine providence into a call for active and industrious application of limited human faculties.Less
This chapter considers how Locke's extensive attack on Robert Filmer in the First Treatise is just one part of his larger political project of recoining a language of probable judgment. The specific arguments that Filmer advances are not as threatening to Locke as Filmer's general appeal to a type of divine certainty based on Scripture. Locke is eager to show that Filmerian certainty is both rationally groundless and politically disastrous. His sustained effort to discredit the patriarchal defense of absolutism is part of an attempt to supplant Filmer's method of justification with a new vocabulary of judgment. By insisting on the distance between the mind of God and the minds of men, Locke can transform Filmer's appeal to divine providence into a call for active and industrious application of limited human faculties.
James K. Wellman Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195300116
- eISBN:
- 9780199868742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300116.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter presents the theory of moral worldviews of each subculture; moral worldviews are not instrumental but organic — more like onions than tools. Each moral worldview has multiple layers, ...
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This chapter presents the theory of moral worldviews of each subculture; moral worldviews are not instrumental but organic — more like onions than tools. Each moral worldview has multiple layers, beginning with core allegiances; followed by moral values; moral projects, and aesthetic tastes and preferences. The closer that layers are to the core the more absolute and certain they are held, the further away, the more negotiable they are. For evangelicals, a personal, intimate relationship to Jesus Christ is the core; for liberals, the core is more a principle of inclusiveness and hospitality, exemplified more by Jesus ministry and actions than by Jesus as a god object.Less
This chapter presents the theory of moral worldviews of each subculture; moral worldviews are not instrumental but organic — more like onions than tools. Each moral worldview has multiple layers, beginning with core allegiances; followed by moral values; moral projects, and aesthetic tastes and preferences. The closer that layers are to the core the more absolute and certain they are held, the further away, the more negotiable they are. For evangelicals, a personal, intimate relationship to Jesus Christ is the core; for liberals, the core is more a principle of inclusiveness and hospitality, exemplified more by Jesus ministry and actions than by Jesus as a god object.
James K. Wellman Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195300116
- eISBN:
- 9780199868742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300116.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
In this chapter the natural history of religious ideology is examined relative to each groups' view on Jesus Christ, the Bible, and epistemology. Ideology is a neutral term meaning the way in which ...
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In this chapter the natural history of religious ideology is examined relative to each groups' view on Jesus Christ, the Bible, and epistemology. Ideology is a neutral term meaning the way in which cultural processes are used to shape and guide social and political behavior. For evangelicals Jesus Christ saves one from sin and nurtures one in love; for liberals Jesus Christ exemplifies the way of compassion, hospitality, and justice. For evangelicals truth is absolute, given by scripture, relatively static though deeply personal and persuasive; for liberals truth is love, justice in a dynamic spiritual journey that deepens one's perception of what is means to live out these principles in the world.Less
In this chapter the natural history of religious ideology is examined relative to each groups' view on Jesus Christ, the Bible, and epistemology. Ideology is a neutral term meaning the way in which cultural processes are used to shape and guide social and political behavior. For evangelicals Jesus Christ saves one from sin and nurtures one in love; for liberals Jesus Christ exemplifies the way of compassion, hospitality, and justice. For evangelicals truth is absolute, given by scripture, relatively static though deeply personal and persuasive; for liberals truth is love, justice in a dynamic spiritual journey that deepens one's perception of what is means to live out these principles in the world.
Stephen E. Lahey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183313
- eISBN:
- 9780199870349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183313.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Wyclif’s philosophical thought followed a period of remarkable innovation in the history of medieval philosophy, when the Ockhamist movement challenged the Aristotelian synthesis of Thomist and ...
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Wyclif’s philosophical thought followed a period of remarkable innovation in the history of medieval philosophy, when the Ockhamist movement challenged the Aristotelian synthesis of Thomist and Scotist theologians. From the 1320s, Oxford thinkers like Thomas Bradwardine and the Mertonian Calculators had developed a rigorous logical method of analysis for the exploration of semantics and Aristotelian physics. Their analytic approach, in part inspired by Ockham’s logic, characterized Oxford philosophy and theology well into the 1370s. This chapter explores the relation of Wyclif’s epistemology, with attention to his fondness for analogy to the science of optics, to his understanding of the nature of science in the context of his predecessors in Oxford’s “Golden Age of Theology.” Foremost among these predecessors are Adam Wodeham, William Crathorn, Robert Holcot, and Richard Fitzralph.Less
Wyclif’s philosophical thought followed a period of remarkable innovation in the history of medieval philosophy, when the Ockhamist movement challenged the Aristotelian synthesis of Thomist and Scotist theologians. From the 1320s, Oxford thinkers like Thomas Bradwardine and the Mertonian Calculators had developed a rigorous logical method of analysis for the exploration of semantics and Aristotelian physics. Their analytic approach, in part inspired by Ockham’s logic, characterized Oxford philosophy and theology well into the 1370s. This chapter explores the relation of Wyclif’s epistemology, with attention to his fondness for analogy to the science of optics, to his understanding of the nature of science in the context of his predecessors in Oxford’s “Golden Age of Theology.” Foremost among these predecessors are Adam Wodeham, William Crathorn, Robert Holcot, and Richard Fitzralph.
Javier Díaz‐Giménez
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199248278
- eISBN:
- 9780191596605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199248273.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This is a brief introduction to dynamic programming and the method of using linear quadratic (LQ) approximations to the return function; the method is an approximation because it computes the ...
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This is a brief introduction to dynamic programming and the method of using linear quadratic (LQ) approximations to the return function; the method is an approximation because it computes the solution to a quadratic expansion of the utility function about the steady state or the stable growth path of model economies. The main purpose of the chapter is to review the theoretical basis for the LQ approximation and to illustrate its use with a detailed example (social planning). The author demonstrates that, using the LQ approximation approach and the certainty equivalence principle, solving for the value function is a relatively easy task. The different sections of the chapter describe the standard neoclassical growth model, present a social planner problem that can be used to solve the model, give a recursive formulation of the social planner's problem, and describe an LQ approximation to this problem. Exercises are included throughout, and an appendix presents a MATLAB program to illustrate the LQ method.Less
This is a brief introduction to dynamic programming and the method of using linear quadratic (LQ) approximations to the return function; the method is an approximation because it computes the solution to a quadratic expansion of the utility function about the steady state or the stable growth path of model economies. The main purpose of the chapter is to review the theoretical basis for the LQ approximation and to illustrate its use with a detailed example (social planning). The author demonstrates that, using the LQ approximation approach and the certainty equivalence principle, solving for the value function is a relatively easy task. The different sections of the chapter describe the standard neoclassical growth model, present a social planner problem that can be used to solve the model, give a recursive formulation of the social planner's problem, and describe an LQ approximation to this problem. Exercises are included throughout, and an appendix presents a MATLAB program to illustrate the LQ method.
Edwin Curley
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195075519
- eISBN:
- 9780199853052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195075519.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter examines Peter Markie's book, “Descartes Gambit,” Edwin Curley's work titled “Descartes Against the Skeptics” and the exchange of criticisms between the two works. The “gambit” Markie ...
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This chapter examines Peter Markie's book, “Descartes Gambit,” Edwin Curley's work titled “Descartes Against the Skeptics” and the exchange of criticisms between the two works. The “gambit” Markie refers to in his title is Descartes' attempt to deduce a metaphysical theory of the self from premises about his knowledge of himself. The epistemological premises are that “I am certain that I think”, that “I am certain that I exist”, and that “I am uncertain that I have a body.” The metaphysical theory of the self derived from these premises is, roughly, that I am a thinking, nonextended substance capable of existing apart from its body. Markie maintains that Descartes himself held that these metaphysical conclusions could be deduced from these epistemological premises without establishing God's existence and veracity. The point of contention between the two works is on the definition and relationship of three species of Cartesian certainty— psychological, moral, and metaphysical.Less
This chapter examines Peter Markie's book, “Descartes Gambit,” Edwin Curley's work titled “Descartes Against the Skeptics” and the exchange of criticisms between the two works. The “gambit” Markie refers to in his title is Descartes' attempt to deduce a metaphysical theory of the self from premises about his knowledge of himself. The epistemological premises are that “I am certain that I think”, that “I am certain that I exist”, and that “I am uncertain that I have a body.” The metaphysical theory of the self derived from these premises is, roughly, that I am a thinking, nonextended substance capable of existing apart from its body. Markie maintains that Descartes himself held that these metaphysical conclusions could be deduced from these epistemological premises without establishing God's existence and veracity. The point of contention between the two works is on the definition and relationship of three species of Cartesian certainty— psychological, moral, and metaphysical.
Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077336
- eISBN:
- 9780199081530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077336.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter discusses the concept of free will and the idea of causa noumenon, which is an individual with free will. It notes that it is the concept of the free self that makes up the basis of ...
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This chapter discusses the concept of free will and the idea of causa noumenon, which is an individual with free will. It notes that it is the concept of the free self that makes up the basis of Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya's interpretation of Kant. The first sections of the chapter focus on the concept of ‘action’, which is defined as the result of a notion of doing. It identifies two kinds of knowledge on actions, and then examines the mutual dependency that exists between the certainty of autonomous action and the certainty about the ought. The rest of the chapter discusses other concepts of willing and duty, including autonomous willing, the three certainties - autonomous agency of the self, immortality of the self and existence of God, and the transnatural reality - and contemplative certainty. The chapter also discusses the concept of aesthetic contemplation.Less
This chapter discusses the concept of free will and the idea of causa noumenon, which is an individual with free will. It notes that it is the concept of the free self that makes up the basis of Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya's interpretation of Kant. The first sections of the chapter focus on the concept of ‘action’, which is defined as the result of a notion of doing. It identifies two kinds of knowledge on actions, and then examines the mutual dependency that exists between the certainty of autonomous action and the certainty about the ought. The rest of the chapter discusses other concepts of willing and duty, including autonomous willing, the three certainties - autonomous agency of the self, immortality of the self and existence of God, and the transnatural reality - and contemplative certainty. The chapter also discusses the concept of aesthetic contemplation.
