Larry Carbone
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161960
- eISBN:
- 9780199790067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161960.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter examines the development of the profession of laboratory animal veterinary medicine. It argues that veterinarians have carved out a limited niche for themselves without impinging on the ...
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This chapter examines the development of the profession of laboratory animal veterinary medicine. It argues that veterinarians have carved out a limited niche for themselves without impinging on the liberty of researchers to use animals as they see fit. Veterinarians have consolidated their domain of animal care (as opposed to animal use) through their focus on controlling animal infections and disease, but their medicalized conception of animal welfare left them ill prepared for the conceptual shift in animal welfare policy in the 1980s, with its new focus on animal behavior, subjectivity, emotion, and psychological well-being.Less
This chapter examines the development of the profession of laboratory animal veterinary medicine. It argues that veterinarians have carved out a limited niche for themselves without impinging on the liberty of researchers to use animals as they see fit. Veterinarians have consolidated their domain of animal care (as opposed to animal use) through their focus on controlling animal infections and disease, but their medicalized conception of animal welfare left them ill prepared for the conceptual shift in animal welfare policy in the 1980s, with its new focus on animal behavior, subjectivity, emotion, and psychological well-being.
Etienne Save and Bruno Poucet
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195323245
- eISBN:
- 9780199869268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323245.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter reviews relevant data on the relationships between place cell firing and animals' spatial behavior. Evidence suggests that there is an interaction between place cells and behavior. Two ...
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This chapter reviews relevant data on the relationships between place cell firing and animals' spatial behavior. Evidence suggests that there is an interaction between place cells and behavior. Two complementary aspects of this interaction have emerged from these studies — namely, that place cells guide spatial behavior and, conversely, that behavior influences place cell firing.Less
This chapter reviews relevant data on the relationships between place cell firing and animals' spatial behavior. Evidence suggests that there is an interaction between place cells and behavior. Two complementary aspects of this interaction have emerged from these studies — namely, that place cells guide spatial behavior and, conversely, that behavior influences place cell firing.
Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198528272
- eISBN:
- 9780191689529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528272.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about animal rationality and mental processing in animals. This book discusses the ...
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This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about animal rationality and mental processing in animals. This book discusses the theoretical issues and distinctions that bear on attributions of rationality to animals and draws some contrasts between rationality and certain other traits of animals to determine the relationships between them. It explores the relations between behaviour and the processes that explain behaviour, and the senses in which animal behaviour might be rational in virtue of features other than classical reasoning processes on the human model.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about animal rationality and mental processing in animals. This book discusses the theoretical issues and distinctions that bear on attributions of rationality to animals and draws some contrasts between rationality and certain other traits of animals to determine the relationships between them. It explores the relations between behaviour and the processes that explain behaviour, and the senses in which animal behaviour might be rational in virtue of features other than classical reasoning processes on the human model.
Carl Ratner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195373547
- eISBN:
- 9780199918294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373547.003.0031
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The chapter explains unique human psychology as the outgrowth of unique properties of culture. Human psychology is cultural because it is selected by the cultural environment. This is a Darwinian ...
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The chapter explains unique human psychology as the outgrowth of unique properties of culture. Human psychology is cultural because it is selected by the cultural environment. This is a Darwinian argument. Human culture is socially constructed in fast-changing variable forms. It requires flexible psychological phenomena that can design and maintain and change these kinds of cultural factors. This is anathema to fixed, biologically programmed behavioral tendencies. Even human biology is socially formed. Examples of the unique, cultural formation of psychology are provided. Biological functions are shown to potentiate rather than determine psychology/behavior.Less
The chapter explains unique human psychology as the outgrowth of unique properties of culture. Human psychology is cultural because it is selected by the cultural environment. This is a Darwinian argument. Human culture is socially constructed in fast-changing variable forms. It requires flexible psychological phenomena that can design and maintain and change these kinds of cultural factors. This is anathema to fixed, biologically programmed behavioral tendencies. Even human biology is socially formed. Examples of the unique, cultural formation of psychology are provided. Biological functions are shown to potentiate rather than determine psychology/behavior.
Annabel S. Brett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141930
- eISBN:
- 9781400838622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141930.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter explores the concept of natural law, turning first to the Protestant milieu. Alterity—what would in the seventeenth century come to be theorized, and problematized, as “sociability”—is ...
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This chapter explores the concept of natural law, turning first to the Protestant milieu. Alterity—what would in the seventeenth century come to be theorized, and problematized, as “sociability”—is the dominant mood of the humanist and Protestant handling of natural law. It is there even in Thomas Hobbes, whose natural law coincides with moral philosophy and concerns the sphere of one's actions in respect of others. However, the Catholic scholastic tradition presents a very different framing of natural law, one that centers on individual agency and regulates the behavior of individual agents in their aspect as beings of a particular kind. While authors in this tradition grapple equally with the question of animal behavior in relation to law, they do not do so from the social perspective that characterizes Protestant humanist Aristotelians and jurists.Less
This chapter explores the concept of natural law, turning first to the Protestant milieu. Alterity—what would in the seventeenth century come to be theorized, and problematized, as “sociability”—is the dominant mood of the humanist and Protestant handling of natural law. It is there even in Thomas Hobbes, whose natural law coincides with moral philosophy and concerns the sphere of one's actions in respect of others. However, the Catholic scholastic tradition presents a very different framing of natural law, one that centers on individual agency and regulates the behavior of individual agents in their aspect as beings of a particular kind. While authors in this tradition grapple equally with the question of animal behavior in relation to law, they do not do so from the social perspective that characterizes Protestant humanist Aristotelians and jurists.
David F. Armstrong and Sherman E. Wilcox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195163483
- eISBN:
- 9780199867523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195163483.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents evidence from several signed languages for the emergence of grammar from the words (signs) of these languages. It details how signed words develop out of non-words — out of ...
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This chapter presents evidence from several signed languages for the emergence of grammar from the words (signs) of these languages. It details how signed words develop out of non-words — out of gesture by the same fundamental processes. This is the advantage that the study of signed languages uniquely offers — one can observe as new languages actually emerge, as, for example, in the case of Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL). The emergence of language is linked to a process long studied in the evolution of animal behaviour — the process of ritualization.Less
This chapter presents evidence from several signed languages for the emergence of grammar from the words (signs) of these languages. It details how signed words develop out of non-words — out of gesture by the same fundamental processes. This is the advantage that the study of signed languages uniquely offers — one can observe as new languages actually emerge, as, for example, in the case of Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL). The emergence of language is linked to a process long studied in the evolution of animal behaviour — the process of ritualization.
Carl N. Degler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195077070
- eISBN:
- 9780199853991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195077070.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This chapter examines social scientists' use of biology in the study of human behavior. The conundrum of the roots of the incest taboo among human beings is surely the most elaborate example of the ...
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This chapter examines social scientists' use of biology in the study of human behavior. The conundrum of the roots of the incest taboo among human beings is surely the most elaborate example of the way biological knowledge has been drawn upon by social scientists. Another application of biology was in the discovery that among some animal species individuals in a group situation arranged themselves in a hierarchical pattern of relations. This study took place during the 1920s.Less
This chapter examines social scientists' use of biology in the study of human behavior. The conundrum of the roots of the incest taboo among human beings is surely the most elaborate example of the way biological knowledge has been drawn upon by social scientists. Another application of biology was in the discovery that among some animal species individuals in a group situation arranged themselves in a hierarchical pattern of relations. This study took place during the 1920s.
Philippe N. Tobler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0022
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter reviews the extracellular studies of dopamine neurons in behaving animals. Topics covered include motor functions of dopamine neurons, reward functions of dopamine neurons, reward ...
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This chapter reviews the extracellular studies of dopamine neurons in behaving animals. Topics covered include motor functions of dopamine neurons, reward functions of dopamine neurons, reward learning functions of dopamine neurons, economic value functions of dopamine neurons, and attention and novelty functions of dopamine neurons.Less
This chapter reviews the extracellular studies of dopamine neurons in behaving animals. Topics covered include motor functions of dopamine neurons, reward functions of dopamine neurons, reward learning functions of dopamine neurons, economic value functions of dopamine neurons, and attention and novelty functions of dopamine neurons.
Richard Firn
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566839
- eISBN:
- 9780191721700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566839.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter focuses on the important role of Natural Products in determining the interactions between individuals (of the same or of different species) that cohabit an area. The interactions between ...
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This chapter focuses on the important role of Natural Products in determining the interactions between individuals (of the same or of different species) that cohabit an area. The interactions between plants and animals provide examples of the way in which NPs play a role in interspecies interactions. In many animals, the key senses of taste and smell have evolved to be acute sensors of a very few NPs, but most NPs are quite possibly never sensed by any organism. However, given that NPs evolved billions of years ago, and terrestrial animals and plants only about 400 million years ago, there is a very large hole in our understanding of the selection forces in microbes that drove the evolution of NPs for the majority of evolutionary time.Less
This chapter focuses on the important role of Natural Products in determining the interactions between individuals (of the same or of different species) that cohabit an area. The interactions between plants and animals provide examples of the way in which NPs play a role in interspecies interactions. In many animals, the key senses of taste and smell have evolved to be acute sensors of a very few NPs, but most NPs are quite possibly never sensed by any organism. However, given that NPs evolved billions of years ago, and terrestrial animals and plants only about 400 million years ago, there is a very large hole in our understanding of the selection forces in microbes that drove the evolution of NPs for the majority of evolutionary time.
Jose Luis Bermudez
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195159691
- eISBN:
- 9780199849598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159691.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter outlines the different types of question posed by the forms of psychological explanations of the behavior of nonlinguistic creatures given in various parts of the cognitive and ...
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This chapter outlines the different types of question posed by the forms of psychological explanations of the behavior of nonlinguistic creatures given in various parts of the cognitive and behavioral sciences. Due to the cognitive turn in the behavioral and cognitive sciences in the modern age, high-level cognitive abilities are being investigated in an ever-increasing number of species and at earliest stages of human development. This chapter explores the development in the scientific study of human characteristics and animal behavior. The new discipline of cognitive ethology is essential in the study of the mental states of animals and of how those mental states manifest themselves in behavior. The three areas of cognitive ethology, developmental, psychological, and cognitive archaeology are becoming ever more closely integrated. Research into animal cognition is now employing the dishabituation paradigm.Less
This chapter outlines the different types of question posed by the forms of psychological explanations of the behavior of nonlinguistic creatures given in various parts of the cognitive and behavioral sciences. Due to the cognitive turn in the behavioral and cognitive sciences in the modern age, high-level cognitive abilities are being investigated in an ever-increasing number of species and at earliest stages of human development. This chapter explores the development in the scientific study of human characteristics and animal behavior. The new discipline of cognitive ethology is essential in the study of the mental states of animals and of how those mental states manifest themselves in behavior. The three areas of cognitive ethology, developmental, psychological, and cognitive archaeology are becoming ever more closely integrated. Research into animal cognition is now employing the dishabituation paradigm.
