Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195175691
- eISBN:
- 9780199872060
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175691.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and ...
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With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and migrants, traders and mariners, Jews, Catholics, and the Marranos of mixed Judaic-Catholic culture. They formed a diasporic community known by contemporaries as the Portuguese Nation. By the early 17th century, this nation without a state had created a remarkable trading network that spanned the Atlantic, reached into the Indian Ocean and Asia, and generated millions of pesos that were used to bankroll the Spanish Empire. This book traces the story of the Portuguese Nation from its emergence in the late 15th century to its fragmentation in the middle of the 17th, and situates it in relation to the parallel expansion and crisis of Spanish imperial dominion in the Atlantic. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstitutes the rich inner life of a community based on movement, maritime trade, and cultural hybridity. We are introduced to mariners and traders in such disparate places as Lima, Seville and Amsterdam, their day-to-day interactions and understandings, their houses and domestic relations, private reflections and public arguments. This account reveals how the Portuguese Nation created a cohesive and meaningful community despite the mobility and dispersion of its members; how its forms of sociability fed into the development of robust transatlantic commercial networks; and how the day-to-day experience of trade was translated into the sphere of Spanish imperial politics as merchants of the Portuguese Nation took up the pen to advocate a program of commercial reform based on religious-ethnic toleration and the liberalization of trade.Less
With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and migrants, traders and mariners, Jews, Catholics, and the Marranos of mixed Judaic-Catholic culture. They formed a diasporic community known by contemporaries as the Portuguese Nation. By the early 17th century, this nation without a state had created a remarkable trading network that spanned the Atlantic, reached into the Indian Ocean and Asia, and generated millions of pesos that were used to bankroll the Spanish Empire. This book traces the story of the Portuguese Nation from its emergence in the late 15th century to its fragmentation in the middle of the 17th, and situates it in relation to the parallel expansion and crisis of Spanish imperial dominion in the Atlantic. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstitutes the rich inner life of a community based on movement, maritime trade, and cultural hybridity. We are introduced to mariners and traders in such disparate places as Lima, Seville and Amsterdam, their day-to-day interactions and understandings, their houses and domestic relations, private reflections and public arguments. This account reveals how the Portuguese Nation created a cohesive and meaningful community despite the mobility and dispersion of its members; how its forms of sociability fed into the development of robust transatlantic commercial networks; and how the day-to-day experience of trade was translated into the sphere of Spanish imperial politics as merchants of the Portuguese Nation took up the pen to advocate a program of commercial reform based on religious-ethnic toleration and the liberalization of trade.
Paloma Aguilar
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240906
- eISBN:
- 9780191598869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240906.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
In all processes of political change the emerging regime must face the difficult task of deciding what to do with the legacies of the former dictatorship, which people were working for the previous ...
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In all processes of political change the emerging regime must face the difficult task of deciding what to do with the legacies of the former dictatorship, which people were working for the previous civil and military administration preserve, and whether or not to put on trial those responsible for having violated human rights under the previous regime. This chapter analyses what was done, and what was deliberately put aside in the Spanish case. The Spanish transition to democracy has been praised as mainly exemplary, and as demonstrating success in the stabilization of the new democratic regime. However, the final positive result should not obscure the fact that, because of the correlation of forces of the transitional period, and also because of the traumatic collective memory of the Spanish civil war, the victims of the Francoist repression were not properly rehabilitated and the dictatorship was not condemned in the Spanish parliament until 2002. In fact, a very broad Amnesty Law was passed in 1977 that not only allowed all ETA prisoners to get out of jail, but also impeded the judicial revision of the dictatorial past. None of these limitations have impeded the consolidation of democracy in Spain, but some important sectors of society feel that justice has not been done, which explains the very recent political, social and even cultural initiatives to face the authoritarian past.Less
In all processes of political change the emerging regime must face the difficult task of deciding what to do with the legacies of the former dictatorship, which people were working for the previous civil and military administration preserve, and whether or not to put on trial those responsible for having violated human rights under the previous regime. This chapter analyses what was done, and what was deliberately put aside in the Spanish case. The Spanish transition to democracy has been praised as mainly exemplary, and as demonstrating success in the stabilization of the new democratic regime. However, the final positive result should not obscure the fact that, because of the correlation of forces of the transitional period, and also because of the traumatic collective memory of the Spanish civil war, the victims of the Francoist repression were not properly rehabilitated and the dictatorship was not condemned in the Spanish parliament until 2002. In fact, a very broad Amnesty Law was passed in 1977 that not only allowed all ETA prisoners to get out of jail, but also impeded the judicial revision of the dictatorial past. None of these limitations have impeded the consolidation of democracy in Spain, but some important sectors of society feel that justice has not been done, which explains the very recent political, social and even cultural initiatives to face the authoritarian past.
J. H. Burns
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202066
- eISBN:
- 9780191675133
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202066.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This is a study of the ideology of monarchy in late medieval Europe. In the 15th and early 16th centuries, European monarchies faced a series of crises and conflicts, which gave rise to intense ...
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This is a study of the ideology of monarchy in late medieval Europe. In the 15th and early 16th centuries, European monarchies faced a series of crises and conflicts, which gave rise to intense debate as to the nature and authority of monarchy in its various forms. From such debates and polemics emerged many of the ideas that were to sustain the later confrontation between ‘absolutism’ and ‘constitutionalism’. This book examines the ideas generated by various crises of monarchy in France, England, the Spanish kingdoms, and what still claimed to be the ‘universal’ monarchies of Empire and Papacy.Less
This is a study of the ideology of monarchy in late medieval Europe. In the 15th and early 16th centuries, European monarchies faced a series of crises and conflicts, which gave rise to intense debate as to the nature and authority of monarchy in its various forms. From such debates and polemics emerged many of the ideas that were to sustain the later confrontation between ‘absolutism’ and ‘constitutionalism’. This book examines the ideas generated by various crises of monarchy in France, England, the Spanish kingdoms, and what still claimed to be the ‘universal’ monarchies of Empire and Papacy.
D. R. M. Irving
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378269
- eISBN:
- 9780199864614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378269.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of ...
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This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of Manila, and the economic development of the colony (together with a consideration of the trans‐Pacific galleon trade), besides offering analyses of artistic representations of the Spanish Empire and Manila. In investigating the “contrapuntal” nature of the city's ethnically diverse society, it examines the social and political structures of the three principal ethnolinguistic groups: Filipinos, Chinese, and Spaniards. The presence of other diasporas in the metropolis is also discussed. Manila is described as a point of global convergence for travelers and migrants from Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, acting as an attractive destination for merchants, missionaries, exiles, and explorers.Less
This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of Manila, and the economic development of the colony (together with a consideration of the trans‐Pacific galleon trade), besides offering analyses of artistic representations of the Spanish Empire and Manila. In investigating the “contrapuntal” nature of the city's ethnically diverse society, it examines the social and political structures of the three principal ethnolinguistic groups: Filipinos, Chinese, and Spaniards. The presence of other diasporas in the metropolis is also discussed. Manila is described as a point of global convergence for travelers and migrants from Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, acting as an attractive destination for merchants, missionaries, exiles, and explorers.
Ian Clark
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199219193
- eISBN:
- 9780191717734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219193.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Utrecht settlement refers to the complex of treaties, signed in the period 1713-14, which brought an end to the wars of Spanish Succession. These treaties were devoted principally to the ...
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The Utrecht settlement refers to the complex of treaties, signed in the period 1713-14, which brought an end to the wars of Spanish Succession. These treaties were devoted principally to the conditions on which the members of the Grand Alliance secured future peace with Louis XIV's France, and separately, to the effective partition of the Spanish territories. This chapter explains what the settlement was about, why it has been regarded as significant by various historians and international relations scholars, and how it relates to the developing practices of legitimacy within international society. It shows how a traditionally dominant conception of rightful membership — through the principle of legitimate succession — was challenged and subordinated to international regulation, and in particular to a governing principle of the balance of power. It also explores the elaboration of various aspects of rightful conduct as manifested in the modalities of treaty-making, the articulation of a basic notion of consensus, and the self-conscious promotion of a societal norm of equilibrium. Finally, it reflects on the complex interrelationship between the extent of the consensus around the treaty and the then prevailing balance of power.Less
The Utrecht settlement refers to the complex of treaties, signed in the period 1713-14, which brought an end to the wars of Spanish Succession. These treaties were devoted principally to the conditions on which the members of the Grand Alliance secured future peace with Louis XIV's France, and separately, to the effective partition of the Spanish territories. This chapter explains what the settlement was about, why it has been regarded as significant by various historians and international relations scholars, and how it relates to the developing practices of legitimacy within international society. It shows how a traditionally dominant conception of rightful membership — through the principle of legitimate succession — was challenged and subordinated to international regulation, and in particular to a governing principle of the balance of power. It also explores the elaboration of various aspects of rightful conduct as manifested in the modalities of treaty-making, the articulation of a basic notion of consensus, and the self-conscious promotion of a societal norm of equilibrium. Finally, it reflects on the complex interrelationship between the extent of the consensus around the treaty and the then prevailing balance of power.
Gilles Boyé and Patricia Cabredo Hofherr
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264607
- eISBN:
- 9780191734366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264607.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter examines some particular types of defectiveness in French and Spanish verbs. In the cases considered herein, the gaps in the paradigm exhibit the same zones of stem suppletion patterns ...
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This chapter examines some particular types of defectiveness in French and Spanish verbs. In the cases considered herein, the gaps in the paradigm exhibit the same zones of stem suppletion patterns prevalent in irregular verbs. The defective paradigms of the French and Spanish verbs which are assumed to be associated to the level of the stem are examined through stem suppletion and through the lexicalization of the gaps in the stem space. Discussed herein are: the three kinds of defectiveness that can be found in verbal paradigms; the morphology of the defective verbs in French and Spanish; and the analysis of the Spanish verb morphology according to Boyé and Cabredo Hoffer. This analysis suggests that each zone of the systematic co-variation in the verbal paradigm corresponds to the forms built on the same stem. Stems are generally organized by a graph that presents the links between stems which define implicative relations. Regular verbs only need one stem to be specified while irregular verbs need more than one stem to be specified. Included as well is a discussion on how the zones of defectiveness identified in the French and Spanish verbs coincide with the independently established zones of stem suppletion in the study of irregular verbs. The chapter concludes with the three ways that can lead to defectiveness, stem indeterminacy, stem gaps, and stem avoidance.Less
This chapter examines some particular types of defectiveness in French and Spanish verbs. In the cases considered herein, the gaps in the paradigm exhibit the same zones of stem suppletion patterns prevalent in irregular verbs. The defective paradigms of the French and Spanish verbs which are assumed to be associated to the level of the stem are examined through stem suppletion and through the lexicalization of the gaps in the stem space. Discussed herein are: the three kinds of defectiveness that can be found in verbal paradigms; the morphology of the defective verbs in French and Spanish; and the analysis of the Spanish verb morphology according to Boyé and Cabredo Hoffer. This analysis suggests that each zone of the systematic co-variation in the verbal paradigm corresponds to the forms built on the same stem. Stems are generally organized by a graph that presents the links between stems which define implicative relations. Regular verbs only need one stem to be specified while irregular verbs need more than one stem to be specified. Included as well is a discussion on how the zones of defectiveness identified in the French and Spanish verbs coincide with the independently established zones of stem suppletion in the study of irregular verbs. The chapter concludes with the three ways that can lead to defectiveness, stem indeterminacy, stem gaps, and stem avoidance.
Martin Maiden and Paul O’neill
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264607
- eISBN:
- 9780191734366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264607.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses the overall paradigmatic distribution of gaps in the Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. It revisits the Spanish data from a historical and comparative perspective, ...
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This chapter discusses the overall paradigmatic distribution of gaps in the Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. It revisits the Spanish data from a historical and comparative perspective, considering the closely related language, Portuguese. Ibero-Romance paradigm gaps are determined by the lexical rarity and the morphemic patterning. Paradigm gaps are also affected by ‘low speaker confidence’. This behaviour defines the avoidance of allomorphy even in the absence of reasonable grounds to expect the occurrence of allomorphy. Such behaviour is triggered by the speaker's sensitivity to a major distributional pattern of root allomorphy in Spanish and Portuguese such as that in non-first conjunction verbs, the first person singular present indicative together with all persons and numbers of the present subjunctive in shared root allomorph. In addition to determining the defectiveness in the Ibero-Romance languages, the chapter also provides a discussion on the general domains and determinants of defectiveness.Less
This chapter discusses the overall paradigmatic distribution of gaps in the Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. It revisits the Spanish data from a historical and comparative perspective, considering the closely related language, Portuguese. Ibero-Romance paradigm gaps are determined by the lexical rarity and the morphemic patterning. Paradigm gaps are also affected by ‘low speaker confidence’. This behaviour defines the avoidance of allomorphy even in the absence of reasonable grounds to expect the occurrence of allomorphy. Such behaviour is triggered by the speaker's sensitivity to a major distributional pattern of root allomorphy in Spanish and Portuguese such as that in non-first conjunction verbs, the first person singular present indicative together with all persons and numbers of the present subjunctive in shared root allomorph. In addition to determining the defectiveness in the Ibero-Romance languages, the chapter also provides a discussion on the general domains and determinants of defectiveness.
Ricardo Bermúdez-otero
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264102
- eISBN:
- 9780191734380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264102.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses Spanish pseudoplurals. It begins by presenting evidence for distinguishing between pseudoplural nouns and non-pseudoplural nouns with athematic stems in /s/. Some ...
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This chapter discusses Spanish pseudoplurals. It begins by presenting evidence for distinguishing between pseudoplural nouns and non-pseudoplural nouns with athematic stems in /s/. Some misconceptions about athematic stems in /s/ are clarified in the next section. The chapter then charts the acquisition path that shows Spanish learners the contrast between pseudoplural nouns and non-deponent nouns with athematic stems in /s/. The last section of the chapter is devoted to a survey of the general implications of the findings.Less
This chapter discusses Spanish pseudoplurals. It begins by presenting evidence for distinguishing between pseudoplural nouns and non-pseudoplural nouns with athematic stems in /s/. Some misconceptions about athematic stems in /s/ are clarified in the next section. The chapter then charts the acquisition path that shows Spanish learners the contrast between pseudoplural nouns and non-deponent nouns with athematic stems in /s/. The last section of the chapter is devoted to a survey of the general implications of the findings.
John McWhorter
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195309805
- eISBN:
- 9780199788378
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309805.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
Foreigners often say that the English language is “easy”. A language like Spanish is challenging in its variety of verb endings and gender for nouns, whereas English is more straightforward. But ...
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Foreigners often say that the English language is “easy”. A language like Spanish is challenging in its variety of verb endings and gender for nouns, whereas English is more straightforward. But linguists generally deny claims that certain languages are ‘easier’ than others, since it is assumed that all languages are complex to the same degree. For example, they will point to English's use of the word “do” — Do you know French? This usage is counter-intuitive and difficult for non-native speakers. This book agrees that all languages are complex, but questions whether or not they are all equally complex. The topic of complexity has become an area of great debate in recent years, particularly in creole studies, historical linguistics, and language contact. This book describes when languages came into contact (when French-speakers ruled the English for a few centuries, or the Vikings invaded England), a large number of speakers are forced to learn a new language quickly and thus came up with a simplified version, a pidgin. When this ultimately turns into a “real” language, a creole, the result is still simpler and less complex than a “non-interrupted” language that has been around for a long time. This book makes the case that this kind of simplification happens by degrees, and criticizes linguists who are reluctant to say that, for example, English is simpler than Spanish for socio-historical reasons. It analyzes how various languages that seem simple but are not creoles, actually are simpler than they would be if they had not been broken down by large numbers of adult learners. In addition to English, the book looks at Mandarin Chinese, Persian, Malay, and some Arabic varieties.Less
Foreigners often say that the English language is “easy”. A language like Spanish is challenging in its variety of verb endings and gender for nouns, whereas English is more straightforward. But linguists generally deny claims that certain languages are ‘easier’ than others, since it is assumed that all languages are complex to the same degree. For example, they will point to English's use of the word “do” — Do you know French? This usage is counter-intuitive and difficult for non-native speakers. This book agrees that all languages are complex, but questions whether or not they are all equally complex. The topic of complexity has become an area of great debate in recent years, particularly in creole studies, historical linguistics, and language contact. This book describes when languages came into contact (when French-speakers ruled the English for a few centuries, or the Vikings invaded England), a large number of speakers are forced to learn a new language quickly and thus came up with a simplified version, a pidgin. When this ultimately turns into a “real” language, a creole, the result is still simpler and less complex than a “non-interrupted” language that has been around for a long time. This book makes the case that this kind of simplification happens by degrees, and criticizes linguists who are reluctant to say that, for example, English is simpler than Spanish for socio-historical reasons. It analyzes how various languages that seem simple but are not creoles, actually are simpler than they would be if they had not been broken down by large numbers of adult learners. In addition to English, the book looks at Mandarin Chinese, Persian, Malay, and some Arabic varieties.
Owen Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269229
- eISBN:
- 9780191600456
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269226.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Spain was closely identified historically with Catholicism, but some regions were also strongly anti‐clerical, and religion was a divisive factor in Spanish politics and society throughout the ...
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Spain was closely identified historically with Catholicism, but some regions were also strongly anti‐clerical, and religion was a divisive factor in Spanish politics and society throughout the nineteenth century. The Carlist Wars, the Concordat of 1844, and the religious policy of Queen Isabella and her confidant Father Claret all served to identify Catholicism with extreme conservatism. The result was that under liberal regimes religious houses were dissolved and episodes of violent anti‐clericalism became common. Civil wars and persecution also divided the Church into integrist and liberal wings. Standards in seminaries were low and priests paid little attention to preaching, but the religious orders revived in the late nineteenth century. Spanish Protestants remained few in number, but faced extreme hostility from the Church hierarchy.Less
Spain was closely identified historically with Catholicism, but some regions were also strongly anti‐clerical, and religion was a divisive factor in Spanish politics and society throughout the nineteenth century. The Carlist Wars, the Concordat of 1844, and the religious policy of Queen Isabella and her confidant Father Claret all served to identify Catholicism with extreme conservatism. The result was that under liberal regimes religious houses were dissolved and episodes of violent anti‐clericalism became common. Civil wars and persecution also divided the Church into integrist and liberal wings. Standards in seminaries were low and priests paid little attention to preaching, but the religious orders revived in the late nineteenth century. Spanish Protestants remained few in number, but faced extreme hostility from the Church hierarchy.
