Seiichiro Yonekura
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter argues that Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), whether fortuitously or otherwise, hit upon a strategy for the computer industry, which called for coordination ...
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This chapter argues that Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), whether fortuitously or otherwise, hit upon a strategy for the computer industry, which called for coordination between appropriate administrative guidance and intervention on the one hand, and allowed autonomy and self-determination for private companies on the other. By heeding the advice of industry and cooperating positively with private companies, MITI adopted either a ‘planned coordination’ approach or a ‘market coordination’ approach according to industry function. The intervention by function approach worked well for the computer industry.Less
This chapter argues that Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), whether fortuitously or otherwise, hit upon a strategy for the computer industry, which called for coordination between appropriate administrative guidance and intervention on the one hand, and allowed autonomy and self-determination for private companies on the other. By heeding the advice of industry and cooperating positively with private companies, MITI adopted either a ‘planned coordination’ approach or a ‘market coordination’ approach according to industry function. The intervention by function approach worked well for the computer industry.
Lawrence Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Protecting Free Trade is the story of a paradox that both limited and stimulated Hong Kong’s post-war economy. In order to preserve its access to open markets, Hong Kong was obligated by ...
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Protecting Free Trade is the story of a paradox that both limited and stimulated Hong Kong’s post-war economy. In order to preserve its access to open markets, Hong Kong was obligated by international agreements to accept restraints on its exports; and in order to sustain growth, Hong Kong had to subject its largest industry — textiles — to a massive network of restrictions. Protecting Free Trade examines how Hong Kong handled, by negotiation, attempts by developed economies to limit international trade through protective measures. The central argument is that, far from stifling Hong Kong’s industry, restrictive international trade agreements were the stimulus for economic success by creating a sellers’ market in which Hong Kong was the dominant supplier. Lawrence Mills was deeply involved in many of the critical economic issues that Hong Kong faced in the 50 years leading up to its return to China in 1997. In Protecting Free Trade he examines the constitutional paradox of Britain's international responsibility for, but different trading interests from, Hong Kong. He explains why, for the strategic defence of its interests, Hong Kong depended on international trade arrangements and bilateral restraint agreements. Protecting Free Trade also examines the role of the Commerce and Industry Department, which Mills headed, and of its principal advisory boards. It details the bureaucratic systems, including controversial quota controls, that were necessary to give Hong Kong’s businessmen stability and room for manoeuvre in fast-evolving markets.Less
Protecting Free Trade is the story of a paradox that both limited and stimulated Hong Kong’s post-war economy. In order to preserve its access to open markets, Hong Kong was obligated by international agreements to accept restraints on its exports; and in order to sustain growth, Hong Kong had to subject its largest industry — textiles — to a massive network of restrictions. Protecting Free Trade examines how Hong Kong handled, by negotiation, attempts by developed economies to limit international trade through protective measures. The central argument is that, far from stifling Hong Kong’s industry, restrictive international trade agreements were the stimulus for economic success by creating a sellers’ market in which Hong Kong was the dominant supplier. Lawrence Mills was deeply involved in many of the critical economic issues that Hong Kong faced in the 50 years leading up to its return to China in 1997. In Protecting Free Trade he examines the constitutional paradox of Britain's international responsibility for, but different trading interests from, Hong Kong. He explains why, for the strategic defence of its interests, Hong Kong depended on international trade arrangements and bilateral restraint agreements. Protecting Free Trade also examines the role of the Commerce and Industry Department, which Mills headed, and of its principal advisory boards. It details the bureaucratic systems, including controversial quota controls, that were necessary to give Hong Kong’s businessmen stability and room for manoeuvre in fast-evolving markets.
Kristyn Gorton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748624171
- eISBN:
- 9780748670956
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748624171.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
An engaging and original study of current research on television audiences and the concept of emotion, this book offers a unique approach to key issues within television studies. Topics discussed ...
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An engaging and original study of current research on television audiences and the concept of emotion, this book offers a unique approach to key issues within television studies. Topics discussed include: television branding; emotional qualities in television texts; audience reception models; fan cultures; 'quality' television; television aesthetics; reality television; individualism and its links to television consumption. The book is divided into two sections: the first covers theoretical work on the audience, fan cultures, global television, theorising emotion and affect in feminist theory and film and television studies. The second half offers a series of case studies on television programmes in order to explore how emotion is fashioned, constructed and valued in televisual texts. The final chapter features original material from interviews with industry professionals in the UK and Irish Soap industries along with advice for students on how to conduct their own small-scale ethnographic projects.Less
An engaging and original study of current research on television audiences and the concept of emotion, this book offers a unique approach to key issues within television studies. Topics discussed include: television branding; emotional qualities in television texts; audience reception models; fan cultures; 'quality' television; television aesthetics; reality television; individualism and its links to television consumption. The book is divided into two sections: the first covers theoretical work on the audience, fan cultures, global television, theorising emotion and affect in feminist theory and film and television studies. The second half offers a series of case studies on television programmes in order to explore how emotion is fashioned, constructed and valued in televisual texts. The final chapter features original material from interviews with industry professionals in the UK and Irish Soap industries along with advice for students on how to conduct their own small-scale ethnographic projects.
Franz Neumann
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134130
- eISBN:
- 9781400846467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134130.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter focuses on cartels and cartel-like organizations in Nazi Germany. The report explains German industrial organization is dominated by large vertical combines. Cartels and other ...
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This chapter focuses on cartels and cartel-like organizations in Nazi Germany. The report explains German industrial organization is dominated by large vertical combines. Cartels and other associations of business, a common fixture of the German economy, have been used by the combines as means for the domination of industry and are in part a reflection of the degree of concentration of German industry. The prototypes of the combines are those within so-called heavy industry. The chapter first considers the role of cartels and cartel-like organizations in Germany before offering a number of recommendations relating to denazification, administration, cartels, Reichsvereinigungen, the Chambers of Industry and Commerce, and the main committees and rings.Less
This chapter focuses on cartels and cartel-like organizations in Nazi Germany. The report explains German industrial organization is dominated by large vertical combines. Cartels and other associations of business, a common fixture of the German economy, have been used by the combines as means for the domination of industry and are in part a reflection of the degree of concentration of German industry. The prototypes of the combines are those within so-called heavy industry. The chapter first considers the role of cartels and cartel-like organizations in Germany before offering a number of recommendations relating to denazification, administration, cartels, Reichsvereinigungen, the Chambers of Industry and Commerce, and the main committees and rings.
Helena Chance
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784993009
- eISBN:
- 9781526124043
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784993009.001.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
From the 1880s, a new type of designed green space appeared in the industrial landscape in Britain and the USA, the factory pleasure garden and recreation park, and some companies opened allotment ...
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From the 1880s, a new type of designed green space appeared in the industrial landscape in Britain and the USA, the factory pleasure garden and recreation park, and some companies opened allotment gardens for local children. Initially inspired by the landscapes of industrial villages in the UK, progressive American and British industrialists employed landscape and garden architects to improve the advantages and aesthetic of their factories. In the US, these landscapes were created at a time of the USA’s ascendancy as the world’s leading industrial nation. The factory garden and park movement flourished between the Wars, driven by the belief in the value of gardens and parks to employee welfare and to recruitment and retention. Arguably above all, in an age of burgeoning mass media, factory landscaping represented calculated exercises in public relations, materially contributing to advertising and the development of attractive corporate identities. Following the Second World War the Americans led the way in corporate landscaping as suburban office campuses, estates and parks multiplied. In the twenty-first century a refreshed approach brings designs closer in spirit to pioneering early twentieth century factory landscapes. This book gives the first comprehensive and comparative account of the contribution of gardens, gardening and sports to the history of responsible capitalism and ethical working practices from multiple critical perspectives and draws together the existing literature with key primary material from some of the most innovative and best documented of the corporate landscapes; Cadbury, the National Cash Register Company, Shredded Wheat and Spirella Corsets.Less
From the 1880s, a new type of designed green space appeared in the industrial landscape in Britain and the USA, the factory pleasure garden and recreation park, and some companies opened allotment gardens for local children. Initially inspired by the landscapes of industrial villages in the UK, progressive American and British industrialists employed landscape and garden architects to improve the advantages and aesthetic of their factories. In the US, these landscapes were created at a time of the USA’s ascendancy as the world’s leading industrial nation. The factory garden and park movement flourished between the Wars, driven by the belief in the value of gardens and parks to employee welfare and to recruitment and retention. Arguably above all, in an age of burgeoning mass media, factory landscaping represented calculated exercises in public relations, materially contributing to advertising and the development of attractive corporate identities. Following the Second World War the Americans led the way in corporate landscaping as suburban office campuses, estates and parks multiplied. In the twenty-first century a refreshed approach brings designs closer in spirit to pioneering early twentieth century factory landscapes. This book gives the first comprehensive and comparative account of the contribution of gardens, gardening and sports to the history of responsible capitalism and ethical working practices from multiple critical perspectives and draws together the existing literature with key primary material from some of the most innovative and best documented of the corporate landscapes; Cadbury, the National Cash Register Company, Shredded Wheat and Spirella Corsets.
Martin Fransman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289357
- eISBN:
- 9780191596261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198289359.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The chapter begins with a summary of the innovation process in Japanese companies, paying particular attention to several distinctive Japanese forms of organization, such as the lifetime employment ...
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The chapter begins with a summary of the innovation process in Japanese companies, paying particular attention to several distinctive Japanese forms of organization, such as the lifetime employment system (referred to in the Japanese context as the assumption of no exit) and the importance of committed shareholders; the effects of these forms of organization on the innovation process are examined. The influence of the Japanese government on the innovation process is then analysed, and it is argued that while the ‘engine’ of innovation is located in Japanese companies, organs of the Japanese government have played an important supportive role in facilitating the innovation process. Attention is then turned to the part played by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). While it has often been argued that MITI is the most important organ of the Japanese government in terms of impact on the process of industrial innovation, MITI's expenditure on research and development (R&D) is dwarfed by that of the Ministry of Education and the Science and Technology Agency; this paradox is explained in terms of MITI's location at the centre of a vast information processing network. Finally, attention is turned briefly to the role of universities in the Japanese Innovation System, and it is argued that although Japanese universities are often weaker than their leading counterparts in the other major industrialized countries (in terms of their contribution to frontier research), the Japanese university system nevertheless makes an important contribution to the innovation process.Less
The chapter begins with a summary of the innovation process in Japanese companies, paying particular attention to several distinctive Japanese forms of organization, such as the lifetime employment system (referred to in the Japanese context as the assumption of no exit) and the importance of committed shareholders; the effects of these forms of organization on the innovation process are examined. The influence of the Japanese government on the innovation process is then analysed, and it is argued that while the ‘engine’ of innovation is located in Japanese companies, organs of the Japanese government have played an important supportive role in facilitating the innovation process. Attention is then turned to the part played by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). While it has often been argued that MITI is the most important organ of the Japanese government in terms of impact on the process of industrial innovation, MITI's expenditure on research and development (R&D) is dwarfed by that of the Ministry of Education and the Science and Technology Agency; this paradox is explained in terms of MITI's location at the centre of a vast information processing network. Finally, attention is turned briefly to the role of universities in the Japanese Innovation System, and it is argued that although Japanese universities are often weaker than their leading counterparts in the other major industrialized countries (in terms of their contribution to frontier research), the Japanese university system nevertheless makes an important contribution to the innovation process.
Martin Fransman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289357
- eISBN:
- 9780191596261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198289359.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War ...
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The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War II period. It then goes on to examine a corollary that has been derived from this hypothesis: that national technology policy has become obsolete. The globalization of the Japanese economy and science and technology system is then documented on the basis of several selected indicators, including international imitation, international strategic technology alliances, the international movement of researchers and engineers, direct foreign investment, foreign research laboratories in Japan, technology trade, and internationally co‐authored science and technology papers. The role of the Japanese government in science and technology is then considered, beginning with an account of the rationale given by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for its involvement in the science and technology area; this is followed by a detailed account of MITI's response to globalization, which reveals the vision that guides MITI's policy‐makers in their interventions in the field of science and technology within the context of the globalizing Japanese and world economies. The implications of the Japanese response to globalization for other large Western countries are then examined and, finally, the sources of MITI's influence in the Japanese economy are analysed.Less
The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War II period. It then goes on to examine a corollary that has been derived from this hypothesis: that national technology policy has become obsolete. The globalization of the Japanese economy and science and technology system is then documented on the basis of several selected indicators, including international imitation, international strategic technology alliances, the international movement of researchers and engineers, direct foreign investment, foreign research laboratories in Japan, technology trade, and internationally co‐authored science and technology papers. The role of the Japanese government in science and technology is then considered, beginning with an account of the rationale given by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for its involvement in the science and technology area; this is followed by a detailed account of MITI's response to globalization, which reveals the vision that guides MITI's policy‐makers in their interventions in the field of science and technology within the context of the globalizing Japanese and world economies. The implications of the Japanese response to globalization for other large Western countries are then examined and, finally, the sources of MITI's influence in the Japanese economy are analysed.
Martin Fransman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289357
- eISBN:
- 9780191596261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198289359.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
An outline is first given of several influential views regarding the role of the Japanese government and universities in the area of biotechnology. The role of the Japanese Ministry of International ...
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An outline is first given of several influential views regarding the role of the Japanese government and universities in the area of biotechnology. The role of the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in biotechnology is then examined in detail, focusing attention on some of the major cooperative research programmes initiated by MITI in the field of biotechnology and the outcomes of these programmes; some of the biotechnology projects undertaken under the auspices of the Science and Technology Agency (STA) are then analysed and evaluated. Questions of policy‐making and influences on this are tackled next through an examination of the relationships between business, bureaucrats, and politicians in Japan, and the role of some of the other Japanese ministries involved in biotechnology is then discussed, including conflicts between ministries that have arisen in this area. The role of Japanese universities in biotechnology is analysed, including evidence from a study on the importance of research in Japanese universities for some of the leading Japanese biotechnology companies, as well as a case study of a leading biotechnology research laboratory at Tokyo University. The next question examined, on the basis of a study of patents in biotechnology‐related pharmaceuticals, is how advanced research in biotechnology in Japan is distributed between company laboratories and universities, and whether this pattern of distribution differs from that in the major Western countries. The chapter ends with a summary of some of the main features of the Japanese system in biotechnology.Less
An outline is first given of several influential views regarding the role of the Japanese government and universities in the area of biotechnology. The role of the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in biotechnology is then examined in detail, focusing attention on some of the major cooperative research programmes initiated by MITI in the field of biotechnology and the outcomes of these programmes; some of the biotechnology projects undertaken under the auspices of the Science and Technology Agency (STA) are then analysed and evaluated. Questions of policy‐making and influences on this are tackled next through an examination of the relationships between business, bureaucrats, and politicians in Japan, and the role of some of the other Japanese ministries involved in biotechnology is then discussed, including conflicts between ministries that have arisen in this area. The role of Japanese universities in biotechnology is analysed, including evidence from a study on the importance of research in Japanese universities for some of the leading Japanese biotechnology companies, as well as a case study of a leading biotechnology research laboratory at Tokyo University. The next question examined, on the basis of a study of patents in biotechnology‐related pharmaceuticals, is how advanced research in biotechnology in Japan is distributed between company laboratories and universities, and whether this pattern of distribution differs from that in the major Western countries. The chapter ends with a summary of some of the main features of the Japanese system in biotechnology.
Sean O'Connell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199263318
- eISBN:
- 9780191718793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263318.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter rejects the notion that low-income consumers were feckless. Such statements emanated from a model of the rational middle-class consumer and frequently made little sense in the context of ...
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This chapter rejects the notion that low-income consumers were feckless. Such statements emanated from a model of the rational middle-class consumer and frequently made little sense in the context of the choices available to the working-classes. The extent to which low-income consumers demonstrated agency is highlighted. It is noted that the operational model of Victorian tallymen continues to work for modern doorstep moneylenders. This is despite recent accusations, by the New Economics Foundation, that their business was amongst the worst excesses of the free market. However, the Department and Trade and Industry concluded that their existence limited the scale of the illegal sector, which is much larger in France and Germany (where interest rate ceilings have prevented the development of a legal sub-prime sector). Different European approaches to sub-prime lending are discussed, as is the possibility of an effective not for profit mutual engagement with low-income borrowers.Less
This chapter rejects the notion that low-income consumers were feckless. Such statements emanated from a model of the rational middle-class consumer and frequently made little sense in the context of the choices available to the working-classes. The extent to which low-income consumers demonstrated agency is highlighted. It is noted that the operational model of Victorian tallymen continues to work for modern doorstep moneylenders. This is despite recent accusations, by the New Economics Foundation, that their business was amongst the worst excesses of the free market. However, the Department and Trade and Industry concluded that their existence limited the scale of the illegal sector, which is much larger in France and Germany (where interest rate ceilings have prevented the development of a legal sub-prime sector). Different European approaches to sub-prime lending are discussed, as is the possibility of an effective not for profit mutual engagement with low-income borrowers.
P. J. Cain
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198203902
- eISBN:
- 9780191719141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203902.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter demonstrates that Hobson's radicalism was not inherited, but something he had to learn after he came to London in the mid-1880s and began writing ‘A London Letter’ for his father's ...
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This chapter demonstrates that Hobson's radicalism was not inherited, but something he had to learn after he came to London in the mid-1880s and began writing ‘A London Letter’ for his father's newspaper in Derby. During this period, he wrote his books, The Physiology of Industry and Evolution of Modern Capitalism. The chapter also investigates the links between Hobson's New Liberal stance and traditional radical thinking from Paine onwards, with special reference to the way that he developed the concept of unearned income as handed down from John Stuart Mill. His famous doctrines of underconsumption and oversaving were directly linked to his concern with the ‘unearned increment’, a concern that reached its climax in the Edwardian period with his most elaborate statement of the concept of surplus in the Industrial System.Less
This chapter demonstrates that Hobson's radicalism was not inherited, but something he had to learn after he came to London in the mid-1880s and began writing ‘A London Letter’ for his father's newspaper in Derby. During this period, he wrote his books, The Physiology of Industry and Evolution of Modern Capitalism. The chapter also investigates the links between Hobson's New Liberal stance and traditional radical thinking from Paine onwards, with special reference to the way that he developed the concept of unearned income as handed down from John Stuart Mill. His famous doctrines of underconsumption and oversaving were directly linked to his concern with the ‘unearned increment’, a concern that reached its climax in the Edwardian period with his most elaborate statement of the concept of surplus in the Industrial System.
