Charlotte A. Quinn and Frederick Quinn
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195063868
- eISBN:
- 9780199834587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195063864.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
South Africa's unique location helped shape the distinct character of Islam there, principally through contact with Asia, Egypt, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, allowing beleaguered South African ...
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South Africa's unique location helped shape the distinct character of Islam there, principally through contact with Asia, Egypt, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, allowing beleaguered South African Muslims to look beyond their borders for support. As early as 1626, Shaykh Yusuf, a Sufi saint brought from Indonesia by the Dutch East Indian Company, founded an active Muslim community. Later, Muslims from India came to Natal and the Transvaal, and differences between the communities remained pronounced over such issues as political activism, the place of women, and the use of Arabic. In recent times, Imam Abdullah Haron emerged as a martyr following his death at the hands of police in 1969. Extremist groups like Achmat Cassien's Qiblah and People Against Gangsters and Drugs (PAGAD) resorted to terrorism under the guise of Islam. Muslim numbers remain among the lowest in any country in Africa, and the historic split between ancients and moderns, conservatives and progressives, remains undiminished.Less
South Africa's unique location helped shape the distinct character of Islam there, principally through contact with Asia, Egypt, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, allowing beleaguered South African Muslims to look beyond their borders for support. As early as 1626, Shaykh Yusuf, a Sufi saint brought from Indonesia by the Dutch East Indian Company, founded an active Muslim community. Later, Muslims from India came to Natal and the Transvaal, and differences between the communities remained pronounced over such issues as political activism, the place of women, and the use of Arabic. In recent times, Imam Abdullah Haron emerged as a martyr following his death at the hands of police in 1969. Extremist groups like Achmat Cassien's Qiblah and People Against Gangsters and Drugs (PAGAD) resorted to terrorism under the guise of Islam. Muslim numbers remain among the lowest in any country in Africa, and the historic split between ancients and moderns, conservatives and progressives, remains undiminished.
Coleman Julie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567256
- eISBN:
- 9780191595073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567256.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Lexicography
In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing ...
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In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing with drug-users. Glossaries in this chapter engage in the debate about whether drug-users should be treated as victims or as criminals.Less
In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing with drug-users. Glossaries in this chapter engage in the debate about whether drug-users should be treated as victims or as criminals.
Catharine Cookson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195129441
- eISBN:
- 9780199834105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019512944X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The 1990 case of Employment Division v. Smith was decided against the defendants, but when analyzed using casuistry it is found to be an easy case for upholding their free exercise right. The state ...
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The 1990 case of Employment Division v. Smith was decided against the defendants, but when analyzed using casuistry it is found to be an easy case for upholding their free exercise right. The state lacked specific expert testimony and hard data against the use of sacramental peyote, while the evidence produced by the Native American Church's experts showed that the Native American Church was successful in fulfilling the paradigmatic goals of the War on Drugs (no addiction, productive lives, etc.) and that the nonaddictive sacramental peyote lacked the same social harms endemic to addictive drugs (illegal market traffic, gangs, etc.). The Court, however, ignored the particulars of the case and fixated solely on the illegality of the ingestion of peyote. Accordingly, the particulars are explored in great detail, placing the facts in their larger, societal contexts and highlighting the Court's conclusive presumption and radical deference to the state and total disregard of the facts and other particulars both of the defendants’ unemployment compensation context and of the Native American Church and its practices.Less
The 1990 case of Employment Division v. Smith was decided against the defendants, but when analyzed using casuistry it is found to be an easy case for upholding their free exercise right. The state lacked specific expert testimony and hard data against the use of sacramental peyote, while the evidence produced by the Native American Church's experts showed that the Native American Church was successful in fulfilling the paradigmatic goals of the War on Drugs (no addiction, productive lives, etc.) and that the nonaddictive sacramental peyote lacked the same social harms endemic to addictive drugs (illegal market traffic, gangs, etc.). The Court, however, ignored the particulars of the case and fixated solely on the illegality of the ingestion of peyote. Accordingly, the particulars are explored in great detail, placing the facts in their larger, societal contexts and highlighting the Court's conclusive presumption and radical deference to the state and total disregard of the facts and other particulars both of the defendants’ unemployment compensation context and of the Native American Church and its practices.
Paul Julian Smith
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781781383247
- eISBN:
- 9781786944054
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781383247.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
Over the last decade Spain and Mexico have both produced an extraordinary wealth of television drama and are among the leaders in their respective continents. The new dramas have high production ...
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Over the last decade Spain and Mexico have both produced an extraordinary wealth of television drama and are among the leaders in their respective continents. The new dramas have high production values (easily the equal of cinema), intricately plotted narratives, and compellingly ambivalent characters. They are thus clearly worthy of the close textual analysis they have not yet received. Drawing on both national practices of production and reception (based on archival research in Madrid and Mexico City) and international theories of textual analysis, this book offers the first study of contemporary quality TV drama in two countries where, unlike elsewhere, it is not yet recognized that television has displaced cinema as the creative medium that shapes the national narrative. As dramatized societies, Spain and Mexico are thus at once reflected and refracted by the new series on the small screen. Social issues treated include historical memory, youth, drugs, race, and gender.Less
Over the last decade Spain and Mexico have both produced an extraordinary wealth of television drama and are among the leaders in their respective continents. The new dramas have high production values (easily the equal of cinema), intricately plotted narratives, and compellingly ambivalent characters. They are thus clearly worthy of the close textual analysis they have not yet received. Drawing on both national practices of production and reception (based on archival research in Madrid and Mexico City) and international theories of textual analysis, this book offers the first study of contemporary quality TV drama in two countries where, unlike elsewhere, it is not yet recognized that television has displaced cinema as the creative medium that shapes the national narrative. As dramatized societies, Spain and Mexico are thus at once reflected and refracted by the new series on the small screen. Social issues treated include historical memory, youth, drugs, race, and gender.
Mitch Earleywine (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195188028
- eISBN:
- 9780199893577
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188028.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Psychopharmacology
Marijuana use continues to attract interest and fuel controversy. Big, green pot leaves have adorned the covers of Time, National Review, and Forbes. Almost 100 million Americans have tried marijuana ...
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Marijuana use continues to attract interest and fuel controversy. Big, green pot leaves have adorned the covers of Time, National Review, and Forbes. Almost 100 million Americans have tried marijuana at least once. Groups such as The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana (NORML) and The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) have tens of thousands of members. Polls suggest that 70-80% of Americans support medicinal marijuana. At least 11 U.S. states have experimented with decriminalization and medical marijuana laws, with new initiatives appearing each year. Meanwhile, other groups such as Partnership for a Drug-Free America and Mothers Against Drugs protest legalization. Clearly, debate about marijuana policy shows no sign of abating. This collection of essays resulted from researchers, policy makers and citizens being asked to avoid oversimplification, to separate empirical findings from their interpretations, and to understand that some things may be neither good nor evil. The result is multiple perspectives from a variety of experts on an important problem with vast implications. The volume presents ethical, religious, economic, psychological and political arguments for cannabis policies that range from prohibition to unrestricted legalization. By presenting a unique perspective on overlapping issues, each chapter demonstrates how even recognized experts draw markedly different conclusions from the same data. Some contributors evaluate policy by weighing the costs and benefits of control while others eschew policy by presenting moral arguments against our attempts at control.Less
Marijuana use continues to attract interest and fuel controversy. Big, green pot leaves have adorned the covers of Time, National Review, and Forbes. Almost 100 million Americans have tried marijuana at least once. Groups such as The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana (NORML) and The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) have tens of thousands of members. Polls suggest that 70-80% of Americans support medicinal marijuana. At least 11 U.S. states have experimented with decriminalization and medical marijuana laws, with new initiatives appearing each year. Meanwhile, other groups such as Partnership for a Drug-Free America and Mothers Against Drugs protest legalization. Clearly, debate about marijuana policy shows no sign of abating. This collection of essays resulted from researchers, policy makers and citizens being asked to avoid oversimplification, to separate empirical findings from their interpretations, and to understand that some things may be neither good nor evil. The result is multiple perspectives from a variety of experts on an important problem with vast implications. The volume presents ethical, religious, economic, psychological and political arguments for cannabis policies that range from prohibition to unrestricted legalization. By presenting a unique perspective on overlapping issues, each chapter demonstrates how even recognized experts draw markedly different conclusions from the same data. Some contributors evaluate policy by weighing the costs and benefits of control while others eschew policy by presenting moral arguments against our attempts at control.
Lewis A. Grossman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171182
- eISBN:
- 9780231540070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171182.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
Although as recently as the 1970s patients had virtually no voice in FDA’s regulation of drugs, today patient advocates regularly use various administrative mechanisms to influence and even directly ...
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Although as recently as the 1970s patients had virtually no voice in FDA’s regulation of drugs, today patient advocates regularly use various administrative mechanisms to influence and even directly advise the agency on issues regarding drug development, access, and approval. This chapter explores a constellation of trends and events that underlie this dramatic shift, examines the current role of patients in drug regulation, and considers the future of patient-focused drug development.Less
Although as recently as the 1970s patients had virtually no voice in FDA’s regulation of drugs, today patient advocates regularly use various administrative mechanisms to influence and even directly advise the agency on issues regarding drug development, access, and approval. This chapter explores a constellation of trends and events that underlie this dramatic shift, examines the current role of patients in drug regulation, and considers the future of patient-focused drug development.
Patrick Barr-Melej
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469632575
- eISBN:
- 9781469632599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632575.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book illuminates modern Chilean history with an unprecedented chronicle and reassessment of the sixties and seventies. During a period of tremendous political and social strife that saw the ...
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This book illuminates modern Chilean history with an unprecedented chronicle and reassessment of the sixties and seventies. During a period of tremendous political and social strife that saw the election of a Marxist president followed by the terror of a military coup in 1973, a youth-driven, transnationally connected counterculture smashed onto the scene. Contributing to a surging historiography of the era’s Latin American counterculture, Psychedelic Chile draws on media and firsthand interviews in documenting the intertwining of youth and counterculture with discourses rooted in class and party politics. Focusing on “hippismo” and an esoteric movement called Poder Joven, the study challenges a number of prevailing assumptions about culture, politics, and the Left under Salvador Allende's “Chilean Road to Socialism.” While countercultural attitudes toward recreational drug use, gender roles and sexuality, rock music, and consumerism influenced many youths on the Left, the preponderance of leftist leaders shared a more conservative cultural sensibility. This exposed, a degree of intergenerational dissonance within leftist ranks. And while the allure of new and heterodox cultural values and practices among young people grew, an array of constituencies from the Left to the Right berated counterculture in national media, speeches, schools, and other settings. This public discourse of contempt ultimately contributed to the fierce repression of nonconformist youth culture following the coup.Less
This book illuminates modern Chilean history with an unprecedented chronicle and reassessment of the sixties and seventies. During a period of tremendous political and social strife that saw the election of a Marxist president followed by the terror of a military coup in 1973, a youth-driven, transnationally connected counterculture smashed onto the scene. Contributing to a surging historiography of the era’s Latin American counterculture, Psychedelic Chile draws on media and firsthand interviews in documenting the intertwining of youth and counterculture with discourses rooted in class and party politics. Focusing on “hippismo” and an esoteric movement called Poder Joven, the study challenges a number of prevailing assumptions about culture, politics, and the Left under Salvador Allende's “Chilean Road to Socialism.” While countercultural attitudes toward recreational drug use, gender roles and sexuality, rock music, and consumerism influenced many youths on the Left, the preponderance of leftist leaders shared a more conservative cultural sensibility. This exposed, a degree of intergenerational dissonance within leftist ranks. And while the allure of new and heterodox cultural values and practices among young people grew, an array of constituencies from the Left to the Right berated counterculture in national media, speeches, schools, and other settings. This public discourse of contempt ultimately contributed to the fierce repression of nonconformist youth culture following the coup.
Ananda Rose
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199890934
- eISBN:
- 9780199949793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890934.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the murder of southern Arizonan rancher, Robter Krentz, and how it served as a political tipping point in the immigration debate in Arizona, leading to the passing of the ...
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This chapter examines the murder of southern Arizonan rancher, Robter Krentz, and how it served as a political tipping point in the immigration debate in Arizona, leading to the passing of the controversial immigration law known as Senate Bill 1070 (SB 1070). Amongst its tough anti-illegal immigrant measures, SB 1070 granted new sweeping powers to law enforcement agents to interrogate and arrest anyone suspected of being in the country illegally, causing some to say the law was drafted in a spirit of racism and xenophobia, while others claimed the law was a necessary and rational step in the effort to secure the border. The chapter looks at differing opinions of the bill, and the spirited debate that ensued across the nation in its wake, including a federal injunction to block the law, as a way to demonstrate how the U.S. is deeply divided over the issue of immigration. It also looks at the need for comprehensive immigration reform at the federal level, and at the many interconnected reasons that such reform has proven difficult, including a brief philosophical discussion of the existential dilemmas inherent in the self-other encounter.Less
This chapter examines the murder of southern Arizonan rancher, Robter Krentz, and how it served as a political tipping point in the immigration debate in Arizona, leading to the passing of the controversial immigration law known as Senate Bill 1070 (SB 1070). Amongst its tough anti-illegal immigrant measures, SB 1070 granted new sweeping powers to law enforcement agents to interrogate and arrest anyone suspected of being in the country illegally, causing some to say the law was drafted in a spirit of racism and xenophobia, while others claimed the law was a necessary and rational step in the effort to secure the border. The chapter looks at differing opinions of the bill, and the spirited debate that ensued across the nation in its wake, including a federal injunction to block the law, as a way to demonstrate how the U.S. is deeply divided over the issue of immigration. It also looks at the need for comprehensive immigration reform at the federal level, and at the many interconnected reasons that such reform has proven difficult, including a brief philosophical discussion of the existential dilemmas inherent in the self-other encounter.
Kevin R. Reitz (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190203542
- eISBN:
- 9780190203566
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190203542.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The idea of American exceptionalism has made frequent appearances in discussions of criminal justice policies—as it has in many other areas—to help portray or explain problems that are especially ...
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The idea of American exceptionalism has made frequent appearances in discussions of criminal justice policies—as it has in many other areas—to help portray or explain problems that are especially acute in the United States, including mass incarceration, retention of the death penalty, racial and ethnic disparities in punishment, and the War on Drugs. While scholars do not universally agree that it is an apt or useful framework, there is no question that the United States is an outlier compared with other industrialized democracies in its punitive and exclusionary criminal justice policies. This book deepens the debate on American exceptionalism in crime and punishment through comparative political, economic, and historical analyses, working toward forward-looking prescriptions for American law, policy, and institutions of government. The chapters expand the existing American Exceptionalism literature to neglected areas such as community supervision, economic penalties, parole release, and collateral consequences of conviction; explore claims of causation, in particular that the history of slavery and racial inequality has been a primary driver of crime policy; examine arguments that the framework of multiple governments and localized crime control, populist style of democracy, and laissez-faire economy are implicated in problems of both crime and punishment; and assess theories that cultural values are the most salient predictors of penal severity and violent crime. The book asserts that the largest problems of crime and justice cannot be brought into focus from the perspective of a single jurisdiction and that comparative inquiries are necessary for an understanding of the current predicament in the United States.Less
The idea of American exceptionalism has made frequent appearances in discussions of criminal justice policies—as it has in many other areas—to help portray or explain problems that are especially acute in the United States, including mass incarceration, retention of the death penalty, racial and ethnic disparities in punishment, and the War on Drugs. While scholars do not universally agree that it is an apt or useful framework, there is no question that the United States is an outlier compared with other industrialized democracies in its punitive and exclusionary criminal justice policies. This book deepens the debate on American exceptionalism in crime and punishment through comparative political, economic, and historical analyses, working toward forward-looking prescriptions for American law, policy, and institutions of government. The chapters expand the existing American Exceptionalism literature to neglected areas such as community supervision, economic penalties, parole release, and collateral consequences of conviction; explore claims of causation, in particular that the history of slavery and racial inequality has been a primary driver of crime policy; examine arguments that the framework of multiple governments and localized crime control, populist style of democracy, and laissez-faire economy are implicated in problems of both crime and punishment; and assess theories that cultural values are the most salient predictors of penal severity and violent crime. The book asserts that the largest problems of crime and justice cannot be brought into focus from the perspective of a single jurisdiction and that comparative inquiries are necessary for an understanding of the current predicament in the United States.
Peter Anderson, Fleur Braddick, Patricia J. Conrod, Antoni Gual, Matilda Hellman, Silvia Matrai, David Miller, David Nutt, Jürgen Rehm, Jillian Reynolds, and Tamyko Ysa
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198759836
- eISBN:
- 9780191820809
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759836.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Legal and illegal drugs are responsible for 18 per cent of all years lost due to ill health and premature death in Europe, imposing economic burdens of 2.5 per cent of gross domestic product. No one ...
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Legal and illegal drugs are responsible for 18 per cent of all years lost due to ill health and premature death in Europe, imposing economic burdens of 2.5 per cent of gross domestic product. No one country has yet got it right in terms of policies to reduce the harm done by drugs. This book, based on a five-year European reframing addictions project, proposes a nine-point plan to redesign addictions governance: (1) heavy use over time should be the replacement descriptor for concepts and terms such as dependence; (2) policies should address and reduce the social stigma linked to addictive drugs; (3) drug policies should be based on a sound understanding of evolutionary behaviour, with humans having evolved to be active and functional, rather than passive and vulnerable, with respect to drug-taking; (4) addiction policies should be assessed for their impact on a range of societal well-being outcomes beyond physical and mental health; (5) drug policies should be monitored by toxicology-based margins of exposure (MOE) analyses, with no policy resulting in a MOE of under 10 for individual daily drug consumption; (6) addiction policies should be judged for their impact in reducing heavy use; (7) smart addiction policies require whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches; (8) government policy-making for addictive drugs and behaviours should be free of the influence of relevant producer and service provider companies; and (9) a health footprint should be used as the accountability tool to apportion the ill health and premature death due to drugs across both public and private sectors.Less
Legal and illegal drugs are responsible for 18 per cent of all years lost due to ill health and premature death in Europe, imposing economic burdens of 2.5 per cent of gross domestic product. No one country has yet got it right in terms of policies to reduce the harm done by drugs. This book, based on a five-year European reframing addictions project, proposes a nine-point plan to redesign addictions governance: (1) heavy use over time should be the replacement descriptor for concepts and terms such as dependence; (2) policies should address and reduce the social stigma linked to addictive drugs; (3) drug policies should be based on a sound understanding of evolutionary behaviour, with humans having evolved to be active and functional, rather than passive and vulnerable, with respect to drug-taking; (4) addiction policies should be assessed for their impact on a range of societal well-being outcomes beyond physical and mental health; (5) drug policies should be monitored by toxicology-based margins of exposure (MOE) analyses, with no policy resulting in a MOE of under 10 for individual daily drug consumption; (6) addiction policies should be judged for their impact in reducing heavy use; (7) smart addiction policies require whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches; (8) government policy-making for addictive drugs and behaviours should be free of the influence of relevant producer and service provider companies; and (9) a health footprint should be used as the accountability tool to apportion the ill health and premature death due to drugs across both public and private sectors.
