Charlotte A. Quinn and Frederick Quinn
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195063868
- eISBN:
- 9780199834587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195063864.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
South Africa's unique location helped shape the distinct character of Islam there, principally through contact with Asia, Egypt, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, allowing beleaguered South African ...
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South Africa's unique location helped shape the distinct character of Islam there, principally through contact with Asia, Egypt, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, allowing beleaguered South African Muslims to look beyond their borders for support. As early as 1626, Shaykh Yusuf, a Sufi saint brought from Indonesia by the Dutch East Indian Company, founded an active Muslim community. Later, Muslims from India came to Natal and the Transvaal, and differences between the communities remained pronounced over such issues as political activism, the place of women, and the use of Arabic. In recent times, Imam Abdullah Haron emerged as a martyr following his death at the hands of police in 1969. Extremist groups like Achmat Cassien's Qiblah and People Against Gangsters and Drugs (PAGAD) resorted to terrorism under the guise of Islam. Muslim numbers remain among the lowest in any country in Africa, and the historic split between ancients and moderns, conservatives and progressives, remains undiminished.Less
South Africa's unique location helped shape the distinct character of Islam there, principally through contact with Asia, Egypt, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, allowing beleaguered South African Muslims to look beyond their borders for support. As early as 1626, Shaykh Yusuf, a Sufi saint brought from Indonesia by the Dutch East Indian Company, founded an active Muslim community. Later, Muslims from India came to Natal and the Transvaal, and differences between the communities remained pronounced over such issues as political activism, the place of women, and the use of Arabic. In recent times, Imam Abdullah Haron emerged as a martyr following his death at the hands of police in 1969. Extremist groups like Achmat Cassien's Qiblah and People Against Gangsters and Drugs (PAGAD) resorted to terrorism under the guise of Islam. Muslim numbers remain among the lowest in any country in Africa, and the historic split between ancients and moderns, conservatives and progressives, remains undiminished.
Coleman Julie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567256
- eISBN:
- 9780191595073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567256.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Lexicography
In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing ...
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In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing with drug-users. Glossaries in this chapter engage in the debate about whether drug-users should be treated as victims or as criminals.Less
In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing with drug-users. Glossaries in this chapter engage in the debate about whether drug-users should be treated as victims or as criminals.
Catharine Cookson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195129441
- eISBN:
- 9780199834105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019512944X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The 1990 case of Employment Division v. Smith was decided against the defendants, but when analyzed using casuistry it is found to be an easy case for upholding their free exercise right. The state ...
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The 1990 case of Employment Division v. Smith was decided against the defendants, but when analyzed using casuistry it is found to be an easy case for upholding their free exercise right. The state lacked specific expert testimony and hard data against the use of sacramental peyote, while the evidence produced by the Native American Church's experts showed that the Native American Church was successful in fulfilling the paradigmatic goals of the War on Drugs (no addiction, productive lives, etc.) and that the nonaddictive sacramental peyote lacked the same social harms endemic to addictive drugs (illegal market traffic, gangs, etc.). The Court, however, ignored the particulars of the case and fixated solely on the illegality of the ingestion of peyote. Accordingly, the particulars are explored in great detail, placing the facts in their larger, societal contexts and highlighting the Court's conclusive presumption and radical deference to the state and total disregard of the facts and other particulars both of the defendants’ unemployment compensation context and of the Native American Church and its practices.Less
The 1990 case of Employment Division v. Smith was decided against the defendants, but when analyzed using casuistry it is found to be an easy case for upholding their free exercise right. The state lacked specific expert testimony and hard data against the use of sacramental peyote, while the evidence produced by the Native American Church's experts showed that the Native American Church was successful in fulfilling the paradigmatic goals of the War on Drugs (no addiction, productive lives, etc.) and that the nonaddictive sacramental peyote lacked the same social harms endemic to addictive drugs (illegal market traffic, gangs, etc.). The Court, however, ignored the particulars of the case and fixated solely on the illegality of the ingestion of peyote. Accordingly, the particulars are explored in great detail, placing the facts in their larger, societal contexts and highlighting the Court's conclusive presumption and radical deference to the state and total disregard of the facts and other particulars both of the defendants’ unemployment compensation context and of the Native American Church and its practices.
Paul Julian Smith
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781781383247
- eISBN:
- 9781786944054
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781383247.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
Over the last decade Spain and Mexico have both produced an extraordinary wealth of television drama and are among the leaders in their respective continents. The new dramas have high production ...
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Over the last decade Spain and Mexico have both produced an extraordinary wealth of television drama and are among the leaders in their respective continents. The new dramas have high production values (easily the equal of cinema), intricately plotted narratives, and compellingly ambivalent characters. They are thus clearly worthy of the close textual analysis they have not yet received. Drawing on both national practices of production and reception (based on archival research in Madrid and Mexico City) and international theories of textual analysis, this book offers the first study of contemporary quality TV drama in two countries where, unlike elsewhere, it is not yet recognized that television has displaced cinema as the creative medium that shapes the national narrative. As dramatized societies, Spain and Mexico are thus at once reflected and refracted by the new series on the small screen. Social issues treated include historical memory, youth, drugs, race, and gender.Less
Over the last decade Spain and Mexico have both produced an extraordinary wealth of television drama and are among the leaders in their respective continents. The new dramas have high production values (easily the equal of cinema), intricately plotted narratives, and compellingly ambivalent characters. They are thus clearly worthy of the close textual analysis they have not yet received. Drawing on both national practices of production and reception (based on archival research in Madrid and Mexico City) and international theories of textual analysis, this book offers the first study of contemporary quality TV drama in two countries where, unlike elsewhere, it is not yet recognized that television has displaced cinema as the creative medium that shapes the national narrative. As dramatized societies, Spain and Mexico are thus at once reflected and refracted by the new series on the small screen. Social issues treated include historical memory, youth, drugs, race, and gender.
Daniel Briggs and Rubén Monge Gamero
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447341680
- eISBN:
- 9781447341734
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447341680.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Welcome to the dead end of the city shadows in Valdemingómez on the outskirts of Madrid: a lawless landscape of drugs and violence where the third world meets the Wild West. Having had three national ...
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Welcome to the dead end of the city shadows in Valdemingómez on the outskirts of Madrid: a lawless landscape of drugs and violence where the third world meets the Wild West. Having had three national research proposals rejected, Briggs and Monge entered this area with no institutional support or formal funding. With only patience, some cigarettes and a mobile phone, they slowly gained the trust of those who live and visit one of Europe's most problematic ghettos, and collected images and testimonies from drug addicts, gypsies, residents, police, and harm-reduction staff. The result is this disturbing but moving account of how a forgotten population of people survive in a desolate misery having fallen casualty to various social, political and economic processes, and as a consequence, internalize and reproduce this suffering through destructive forms of drug use which compromises their own health and wellbeing. The text also charts how neoliberal governance and rampant corruption have produced this area of spatial inequality: a place which lacks infrastructure, decent public health and is controlled by oppressive urban social control structures which are charged with intervening on this haven for organised crime, drug dealing, and brutal forms of violence. Briggs and Monge two-year study use the words and photos from these peoples’ personal stymies and their work is testament to what is possible beyond the realms of increasingly bureacratised academic research structures and biased funding calls.Less
Welcome to the dead end of the city shadows in Valdemingómez on the outskirts of Madrid: a lawless landscape of drugs and violence where the third world meets the Wild West. Having had three national research proposals rejected, Briggs and Monge entered this area with no institutional support or formal funding. With only patience, some cigarettes and a mobile phone, they slowly gained the trust of those who live and visit one of Europe's most problematic ghettos, and collected images and testimonies from drug addicts, gypsies, residents, police, and harm-reduction staff. The result is this disturbing but moving account of how a forgotten population of people survive in a desolate misery having fallen casualty to various social, political and economic processes, and as a consequence, internalize and reproduce this suffering through destructive forms of drug use which compromises their own health and wellbeing. The text also charts how neoliberal governance and rampant corruption have produced this area of spatial inequality: a place which lacks infrastructure, decent public health and is controlled by oppressive urban social control structures which are charged with intervening on this haven for organised crime, drug dealing, and brutal forms of violence. Briggs and Monge two-year study use the words and photos from these peoples’ personal stymies and their work is testament to what is possible beyond the realms of increasingly bureacratised academic research structures and biased funding calls.
Mitch Earleywine (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195188028
- eISBN:
- 9780199893577
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188028.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Psychopharmacology
Marijuana use continues to attract interest and fuel controversy. Big, green pot leaves have adorned the covers of Time, National Review, and Forbes. Almost 100 million Americans have tried marijuana ...
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Marijuana use continues to attract interest and fuel controversy. Big, green pot leaves have adorned the covers of Time, National Review, and Forbes. Almost 100 million Americans have tried marijuana at least once. Groups such as The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana (NORML) and The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) have tens of thousands of members. Polls suggest that 70-80% of Americans support medicinal marijuana. At least 11 U.S. states have experimented with decriminalization and medical marijuana laws, with new initiatives appearing each year. Meanwhile, other groups such as Partnership for a Drug-Free America and Mothers Against Drugs protest legalization. Clearly, debate about marijuana policy shows no sign of abating. This collection of essays resulted from researchers, policy makers and citizens being asked to avoid oversimplification, to separate empirical findings from their interpretations, and to understand that some things may be neither good nor evil. The result is multiple perspectives from a variety of experts on an important problem with vast implications. The volume presents ethical, religious, economic, psychological and political arguments for cannabis policies that range from prohibition to unrestricted legalization. By presenting a unique perspective on overlapping issues, each chapter demonstrates how even recognized experts draw markedly different conclusions from the same data. Some contributors evaluate policy by weighing the costs and benefits of control while others eschew policy by presenting moral arguments against our attempts at control.Less
Marijuana use continues to attract interest and fuel controversy. Big, green pot leaves have adorned the covers of Time, National Review, and Forbes. Almost 100 million Americans have tried marijuana at least once. Groups such as The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana (NORML) and The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) have tens of thousands of members. Polls suggest that 70-80% of Americans support medicinal marijuana. At least 11 U.S. states have experimented with decriminalization and medical marijuana laws, with new initiatives appearing each year. Meanwhile, other groups such as Partnership for a Drug-Free America and Mothers Against Drugs protest legalization. Clearly, debate about marijuana policy shows no sign of abating. This collection of essays resulted from researchers, policy makers and citizens being asked to avoid oversimplification, to separate empirical findings from their interpretations, and to understand that some things may be neither good nor evil. The result is multiple perspectives from a variety of experts on an important problem with vast implications. The volume presents ethical, religious, economic, psychological and political arguments for cannabis policies that range from prohibition to unrestricted legalization. By presenting a unique perspective on overlapping issues, each chapter demonstrates how even recognized experts draw markedly different conclusions from the same data. Some contributors evaluate policy by weighing the costs and benefits of control while others eschew policy by presenting moral arguments against our attempts at control.
Miriam Boeri
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520293465
- eISBN:
- 9780520966710
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520293465.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Hurt: Chronicles of the Drug War Generation weaves engaging first-person accounts of baby boomer drug users, including the account of the author’s own brother, a heroin addict. The compelling stories ...
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Hurt: Chronicles of the Drug War Generation weaves engaging first-person accounts of baby boomer drug users, including the account of the author’s own brother, a heroin addict. The compelling stories are set in their historical context, from the cultural influence of sex, drugs, and rock ‘n' roll to the contemporary discourse that pegs drug addiction as a disease punished by incarceration. Boeri writes with penetrating insight and conscientious attention to the intersectionality of race, gender, and class as she analyzes the impact of an increasingly punitive War on Drugs on a hurting generation. The chapters narrate the life course of men and women who continued to use cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine after age thirty-five. They were supposed to stop drug use as they assumed adult roles in life—as the generation before them had—but the War on Drugs led to mass imprisonment of drug users, changing the social landscape of aging. As one former inmate hauntingly said, America’s drug policy left scars that may rival those of the slavery and genocide in America’s past. The findings call for new responses to drug use problems and strategies that go beyond coerced treatment programs and rehabilitation initiatives focused primarily on changing the person. Linking tales from the field with sociological perspectives, Boeri presents an exposé as disturbing as a dystopian dream, warning that future generations will have an even harder time maturing out of drug use if the War on Drugs is not stopped and social recovery efforts begun. The book ends with an appendix that details how the research was conducted, the data collected and analyzed, and the results were drawn. It describes the ethnographic methods, fieldwork, participant-recruitment strategies, and the innovative mixed method approach—a combination of data science techniques with qualitative data collection. It includes a description of the data visualization images used to illustrate each participant’s life and drug trajectory in graphic simplicity. This appendix offers insight into how to conduct careful quality control at each phase of data collection, team coding of the qualitative data, and why Boeri selected the stories to include in this book.Less
Hurt: Chronicles of the Drug War Generation weaves engaging first-person accounts of baby boomer drug users, including the account of the author’s own brother, a heroin addict. The compelling stories are set in their historical context, from the cultural influence of sex, drugs, and rock ‘n' roll to the contemporary discourse that pegs drug addiction as a disease punished by incarceration. Boeri writes with penetrating insight and conscientious attention to the intersectionality of race, gender, and class as she analyzes the impact of an increasingly punitive War on Drugs on a hurting generation. The chapters narrate the life course of men and women who continued to use cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine after age thirty-five. They were supposed to stop drug use as they assumed adult roles in life—as the generation before them had—but the War on Drugs led to mass imprisonment of drug users, changing the social landscape of aging. As one former inmate hauntingly said, America’s drug policy left scars that may rival those of the slavery and genocide in America’s past. The findings call for new responses to drug use problems and strategies that go beyond coerced treatment programs and rehabilitation initiatives focused primarily on changing the person. Linking tales from the field with sociological perspectives, Boeri presents an exposé as disturbing as a dystopian dream, warning that future generations will have an even harder time maturing out of drug use if the War on Drugs is not stopped and social recovery efforts begun. The book ends with an appendix that details how the research was conducted, the data collected and analyzed, and the results were drawn. It describes the ethnographic methods, fieldwork, participant-recruitment strategies, and the innovative mixed method approach—a combination of data science techniques with qualitative data collection. It includes a description of the data visualization images used to illustrate each participant’s life and drug trajectory in graphic simplicity. This appendix offers insight into how to conduct careful quality control at each phase of data collection, team coding of the qualitative data, and why Boeri selected the stories to include in this book.
Lewis A. Grossman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171182
- eISBN:
- 9780231540070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171182.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
Although as recently as the 1970s patients had virtually no voice in FDA’s regulation of drugs, today patient advocates regularly use various administrative mechanisms to influence and even directly ...
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Although as recently as the 1970s patients had virtually no voice in FDA’s regulation of drugs, today patient advocates regularly use various administrative mechanisms to influence and even directly advise the agency on issues regarding drug development, access, and approval. This chapter explores a constellation of trends and events that underlie this dramatic shift, examines the current role of patients in drug regulation, and considers the future of patient-focused drug development.Less
Although as recently as the 1970s patients had virtually no voice in FDA’s regulation of drugs, today patient advocates regularly use various administrative mechanisms to influence and even directly advise the agency on issues regarding drug development, access, and approval. This chapter explores a constellation of trends and events that underlie this dramatic shift, examines the current role of patients in drug regulation, and considers the future of patient-focused drug development.
Patrick Barr-Melej
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469632575
- eISBN:
- 9781469632599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632575.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book illuminates modern Chilean history with an unprecedented chronicle and reassessment of the sixties and seventies. During a period of tremendous political and social strife that saw the ...
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This book illuminates modern Chilean history with an unprecedented chronicle and reassessment of the sixties and seventies. During a period of tremendous political and social strife that saw the election of a Marxist president followed by the terror of a military coup in 1973, a youth-driven, transnationally connected counterculture smashed onto the scene. Contributing to a surging historiography of the era’s Latin American counterculture, Psychedelic Chile draws on media and firsthand interviews in documenting the intertwining of youth and counterculture with discourses rooted in class and party politics. Focusing on “hippismo” and an esoteric movement called Poder Joven, the study challenges a number of prevailing assumptions about culture, politics, and the Left under Salvador Allende's “Chilean Road to Socialism.” While countercultural attitudes toward recreational drug use, gender roles and sexuality, rock music, and consumerism influenced many youths on the Left, the preponderance of leftist leaders shared a more conservative cultural sensibility. This exposed, a degree of intergenerational dissonance within leftist ranks. And while the allure of new and heterodox cultural values and practices among young people grew, an array of constituencies from the Left to the Right berated counterculture in national media, speeches, schools, and other settings. This public discourse of contempt ultimately contributed to the fierce repression of nonconformist youth culture following the coup.Less
This book illuminates modern Chilean history with an unprecedented chronicle and reassessment of the sixties and seventies. During a period of tremendous political and social strife that saw the election of a Marxist president followed by the terror of a military coup in 1973, a youth-driven, transnationally connected counterculture smashed onto the scene. Contributing to a surging historiography of the era’s Latin American counterculture, Psychedelic Chile draws on media and firsthand interviews in documenting the intertwining of youth and counterculture with discourses rooted in class and party politics. Focusing on “hippismo” and an esoteric movement called Poder Joven, the study challenges a number of prevailing assumptions about culture, politics, and the Left under Salvador Allende's “Chilean Road to Socialism.” While countercultural attitudes toward recreational drug use, gender roles and sexuality, rock music, and consumerism influenced many youths on the Left, the preponderance of leftist leaders shared a more conservative cultural sensibility. This exposed, a degree of intergenerational dissonance within leftist ranks. And while the allure of new and heterodox cultural values and practices among young people grew, an array of constituencies from the Left to the Right berated counterculture in national media, speeches, schools, and other settings. This public discourse of contempt ultimately contributed to the fierce repression of nonconformist youth culture following the coup.
Ananda Rose
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199890934
- eISBN:
- 9780199949793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890934.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the murder of southern Arizonan rancher, Robter Krentz, and how it served as a political tipping point in the immigration debate in Arizona, leading to the passing of the ...
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This chapter examines the murder of southern Arizonan rancher, Robter Krentz, and how it served as a political tipping point in the immigration debate in Arizona, leading to the passing of the controversial immigration law known as Senate Bill 1070 (SB 1070). Amongst its tough anti-illegal immigrant measures, SB 1070 granted new sweeping powers to law enforcement agents to interrogate and arrest anyone suspected of being in the country illegally, causing some to say the law was drafted in a spirit of racism and xenophobia, while others claimed the law was a necessary and rational step in the effort to secure the border. The chapter looks at differing opinions of the bill, and the spirited debate that ensued across the nation in its wake, including a federal injunction to block the law, as a way to demonstrate how the U.S. is deeply divided over the issue of immigration. It also looks at the need for comprehensive immigration reform at the federal level, and at the many interconnected reasons that such reform has proven difficult, including a brief philosophical discussion of the existential dilemmas inherent in the self-other encounter.Less
This chapter examines the murder of southern Arizonan rancher, Robter Krentz, and how it served as a political tipping point in the immigration debate in Arizona, leading to the passing of the controversial immigration law known as Senate Bill 1070 (SB 1070). Amongst its tough anti-illegal immigrant measures, SB 1070 granted new sweeping powers to law enforcement agents to interrogate and arrest anyone suspected of being in the country illegally, causing some to say the law was drafted in a spirit of racism and xenophobia, while others claimed the law was a necessary and rational step in the effort to secure the border. The chapter looks at differing opinions of the bill, and the spirited debate that ensued across the nation in its wake, including a federal injunction to block the law, as a way to demonstrate how the U.S. is deeply divided over the issue of immigration. It also looks at the need for comprehensive immigration reform at the federal level, and at the many interconnected reasons that such reform has proven difficult, including a brief philosophical discussion of the existential dilemmas inherent in the self-other encounter.
Pamela Grundy
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469636078
- eISBN:
- 9781469636092
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636078.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Covers the rise of Ronald Reagan and a more conservative, individualistic approach to government and society that would have far-reaching effects on Charlotte schools.Explores persisting obstacles to ...
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Covers the rise of Ronald Reagan and a more conservative, individualistic approach to government and society that would have far-reaching effects on Charlotte schools.Explores persisting obstacles to racial advancement, including shifts in job markets, housing patterns and political priorities that perpetuated income and homeownership gaps into the 1980s and 1990s, and sharpened distinctions between struggling central-city neighborhoods and increasingly prosperous suburban communities. Traces the national shift in education priorities from promoting integration to a concern with test scores and an interest in "choice," which led Charlotte's business leaders to promote a desegregation plan focused around magnet schools instead of race-based busing. Examines growing concerns about the performance of African American students in desegregated schools, and about the challenges faced by young black men in urban neighborhoods. Follows the Capacchione lawsuit, which challenged the use of race in student assignment and brought an end to Charlotte's busing plan.Less
Covers the rise of Ronald Reagan and a more conservative, individualistic approach to government and society that would have far-reaching effects on Charlotte schools.Explores persisting obstacles to racial advancement, including shifts in job markets, housing patterns and political priorities that perpetuated income and homeownership gaps into the 1980s and 1990s, and sharpened distinctions between struggling central-city neighborhoods and increasingly prosperous suburban communities. Traces the national shift in education priorities from promoting integration to a concern with test scores and an interest in "choice," which led Charlotte's business leaders to promote a desegregation plan focused around magnet schools instead of race-based busing. Examines growing concerns about the performance of African American students in desegregated schools, and about the challenges faced by young black men in urban neighborhoods. Follows the Capacchione lawsuit, which challenged the use of race in student assignment and brought an end to Charlotte's busing plan.
Kevin R. Reitz (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190203542
- eISBN:
- 9780190203566
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190203542.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The idea of American exceptionalism has made frequent appearances in discussions of criminal justice policies—as it has in many other areas—to help portray or explain problems that are especially ...
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The idea of American exceptionalism has made frequent appearances in discussions of criminal justice policies—as it has in many other areas—to help portray or explain problems that are especially acute in the United States, including mass incarceration, retention of the death penalty, racial and ethnic disparities in punishment, and the War on Drugs. While scholars do not universally agree that it is an apt or useful framework, there is no question that the United States is an outlier compared with other industrialized democracies in its punitive and exclusionary criminal justice policies. This book deepens the debate on American exceptionalism in crime and punishment through comparative political, economic, and historical analyses, working toward forward-looking prescriptions for American law, policy, and institutions of government. The chapters expand the existing American Exceptionalism literature to neglected areas such as community supervision, economic penalties, parole release, and collateral consequences of conviction; explore claims of causation, in particular that the history of slavery and racial inequality has been a primary driver of crime policy; examine arguments that the framework of multiple governments and localized crime control, populist style of democracy, and laissez-faire economy are implicated in problems of both crime and punishment; and assess theories that cultural values are the most salient predictors of penal severity and violent crime. The book asserts that the largest problems of crime and justice cannot be brought into focus from the perspective of a single jurisdiction and that comparative inquiries are necessary for an understanding of the current predicament in the United States.Less
The idea of American exceptionalism has made frequent appearances in discussions of criminal justice policies—as it has in many other areas—to help portray or explain problems that are especially acute in the United States, including mass incarceration, retention of the death penalty, racial and ethnic disparities in punishment, and the War on Drugs. While scholars do not universally agree that it is an apt or useful framework, there is no question that the United States is an outlier compared with other industrialized democracies in its punitive and exclusionary criminal justice policies. This book deepens the debate on American exceptionalism in crime and punishment through comparative political, economic, and historical analyses, working toward forward-looking prescriptions for American law, policy, and institutions of government. The chapters expand the existing American Exceptionalism literature to neglected areas such as community supervision, economic penalties, parole release, and collateral consequences of conviction; explore claims of causation, in particular that the history of slavery and racial inequality has been a primary driver of crime policy; examine arguments that the framework of multiple governments and localized crime control, populist style of democracy, and laissez-faire economy are implicated in problems of both crime and punishment; and assess theories that cultural values are the most salient predictors of penal severity and violent crime. The book asserts that the largest problems of crime and justice cannot be brought into focus from the perspective of a single jurisdiction and that comparative inquiries are necessary for an understanding of the current predicament in the United States.
Peter Anderson, Fleur Braddick, Patricia J. Conrod, Antoni Gual, Matilda Hellman, Silvia Matrai, David Miller, David Nutt, Jürgen Rehm, Jillian Reynolds, and Tamyko Ysa
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198759836
- eISBN:
- 9780191820809
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759836.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Legal and illegal drugs are responsible for 18 per cent of all years lost due to ill health and premature death in Europe, imposing economic burdens of 2.5 per cent of gross domestic product. No one ...
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Legal and illegal drugs are responsible for 18 per cent of all years lost due to ill health and premature death in Europe, imposing economic burdens of 2.5 per cent of gross domestic product. No one country has yet got it right in terms of policies to reduce the harm done by drugs. This book, based on a five-year European reframing addictions project, proposes a nine-point plan to redesign addictions governance: (1) heavy use over time should be the replacement descriptor for concepts and terms such as dependence; (2) policies should address and reduce the social stigma linked to addictive drugs; (3) drug policies should be based on a sound understanding of evolutionary behaviour, with humans having evolved to be active and functional, rather than passive and vulnerable, with respect to drug-taking; (4) addiction policies should be assessed for their impact on a range of societal well-being outcomes beyond physical and mental health; (5) drug policies should be monitored by toxicology-based margins of exposure (MOE) analyses, with no policy resulting in a MOE of under 10 for individual daily drug consumption; (6) addiction policies should be judged for their impact in reducing heavy use; (7) smart addiction policies require whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches; (8) government policy-making for addictive drugs and behaviours should be free of the influence of relevant producer and service provider companies; and (9) a health footprint should be used as the accountability tool to apportion the ill health and premature death due to drugs across both public and private sectors.Less
Legal and illegal drugs are responsible for 18 per cent of all years lost due to ill health and premature death in Europe, imposing economic burdens of 2.5 per cent of gross domestic product. No one country has yet got it right in terms of policies to reduce the harm done by drugs. This book, based on a five-year European reframing addictions project, proposes a nine-point plan to redesign addictions governance: (1) heavy use over time should be the replacement descriptor for concepts and terms such as dependence; (2) policies should address and reduce the social stigma linked to addictive drugs; (3) drug policies should be based on a sound understanding of evolutionary behaviour, with humans having evolved to be active and functional, rather than passive and vulnerable, with respect to drug-taking; (4) addiction policies should be assessed for their impact on a range of societal well-being outcomes beyond physical and mental health; (5) drug policies should be monitored by toxicology-based margins of exposure (MOE) analyses, with no policy resulting in a MOE of under 10 for individual daily drug consumption; (6) addiction policies should be judged for their impact in reducing heavy use; (7) smart addiction policies require whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches; (8) government policy-making for addictive drugs and behaviours should be free of the influence of relevant producer and service provider companies; and (9) a health footprint should be used as the accountability tool to apportion the ill health and premature death due to drugs across both public and private sectors.
Holly M. Karibo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625201
- eISBN:
- 9781469625225
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625201.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Sin City North examines the history of illicit economies in the Detroit-Windsor borderland during the post-World War II period. Karibo uncovers a thriving illegal border culture in the bars, ...
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Sin City North examines the history of illicit economies in the Detroit-Windsor borderland during the post-World War II period. Karibo uncovers a thriving illegal border culture in the bars, brothels, dance halls, and jazz clubs that emerged around the busiest crossing point between the United States and Canada. Prostitution and illegal drug economies gained renewed importance at a time when suburbanization, industrial decline, and racial segregation were re-shaping the region. For many residents, vice industries provided much-needed income in the fledgling labor market. Yet, the increasing visibility of illicit economies on city streets—and the growing number of African American and French Canadian women working in illegal trades—provoked strong reactions from moral reformers. Framing their efforts within the context of the Cold War, these interest groups worked together across the border in order to eliminate so-called immoral outsiders from their communities. This critical study demonstrates that struggles over the meaning of vice evolved into much more than defining the legal status of particular activities; they were also crucial avenues through which men and women attempted to define productive citizenship and community in the postwar urban borderland.Less
Sin City North examines the history of illicit economies in the Detroit-Windsor borderland during the post-World War II period. Karibo uncovers a thriving illegal border culture in the bars, brothels, dance halls, and jazz clubs that emerged around the busiest crossing point between the United States and Canada. Prostitution and illegal drug economies gained renewed importance at a time when suburbanization, industrial decline, and racial segregation were re-shaping the region. For many residents, vice industries provided much-needed income in the fledgling labor market. Yet, the increasing visibility of illicit economies on city streets—and the growing number of African American and French Canadian women working in illegal trades—provoked strong reactions from moral reformers. Framing their efforts within the context of the Cold War, these interest groups worked together across the border in order to eliminate so-called immoral outsiders from their communities. This critical study demonstrates that struggles over the meaning of vice evolved into much more than defining the legal status of particular activities; they were also crucial avenues through which men and women attempted to define productive citizenship and community in the postwar urban borderland.
Mark Monaghan
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447310747
- eISBN:
- 9781447310778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447310747.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
A central premise of the drug strategies developed by successive governments over recent years is that so-called problematic drug users (PDUs) are responsible for large amounts of criminal activity ...
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A central premise of the drug strategies developed by successive governments over recent years is that so-called problematic drug users (PDUs) are responsible for large amounts of criminal activity in society. The main thrust of policy developments has been that if drug users could be treated either voluntarily or through compulsion then crime rates would decline. This represents a line of continuity over recent years in national drug policy formulation. Alongside this there have, however, been a number of recognisable changes, which relate primarily to the methods and means proposed for tackling the problem of drug-related crime. This chapter charts this development looking at what this means for current drug policy. As this is so, it is organised in the following way. The first section takes a critical look at the drugs-crime link that underpins contemporary drug policy, focusing on the political background to its realisation and the policies developed thereon. Moving on, discussion turns to the early drug strategy of New Labour and their crime-driven, but treatment-led policy and its accompanying promotion of methadone maintenance treatment. After this, a closer look at contemporary drug policy from New Labour to the Coalition is undertaken, paying close attention to how changes in drug policy are linked to broader changes in contemporary social policies, which in turn need to be considered alongside criminal justice policies to get a rounded view of the contemporary direction of UK drugs policy.Less
A central premise of the drug strategies developed by successive governments over recent years is that so-called problematic drug users (PDUs) are responsible for large amounts of criminal activity in society. The main thrust of policy developments has been that if drug users could be treated either voluntarily or through compulsion then crime rates would decline. This represents a line of continuity over recent years in national drug policy formulation. Alongside this there have, however, been a number of recognisable changes, which relate primarily to the methods and means proposed for tackling the problem of drug-related crime. This chapter charts this development looking at what this means for current drug policy. As this is so, it is organised in the following way. The first section takes a critical look at the drugs-crime link that underpins contemporary drug policy, focusing on the political background to its realisation and the policies developed thereon. Moving on, discussion turns to the early drug strategy of New Labour and their crime-driven, but treatment-led policy and its accompanying promotion of methadone maintenance treatment. After this, a closer look at contemporary drug policy from New Labour to the Coalition is undertaken, paying close attention to how changes in drug policy are linked to broader changes in contemporary social policies, which in turn need to be considered alongside criminal justice policies to get a rounded view of the contemporary direction of UK drugs policy.
Ann Hagell, Judith Aldridge, Petra Meier, Tim Millar, Jennifer Symonds, and Michael Donmall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781447301042
- eISBN:
- 9781447307242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447301042.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of ...
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One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of illegal substances has increased and is now a conspicuous part of the social landscape. We know that using substances is associated with a range of poor outcomes. The UK has a high level of adolescent alcohol consumption and problem use. What are the implications? The literature is rarely focused on the more specifically developmental aspects of use in adolescence, and preliminary evidence suggests that indeed there may be links between the rising trends in both substance use and mental health outcomes.Less
One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of illegal substances has increased and is now a conspicuous part of the social landscape. We know that using substances is associated with a range of poor outcomes. The UK has a high level of adolescent alcohol consumption and problem use. What are the implications? The literature is rarely focused on the more specifically developmental aspects of use in adolescence, and preliminary evidence suggests that indeed there may be links between the rising trends in both substance use and mental health outcomes.
David F. Musto and Pamela Korsmeyer
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300090369
- eISBN:
- 9780300137842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300090369.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses drug use during President Lyndon Johnson's term. It notes that by the end of Johnson's presidency, several measures that would soon form a response to drug use were already in ...
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This chapter discusses drug use during President Lyndon Johnson's term. It notes that by the end of Johnson's presidency, several measures that would soon form a response to drug use were already in place. It looks at the confusion and concern of the public over the issue and examines the “marihuana consensus.” The chapter then takes a look at the three areas that Johnson's staffers focused on, namely the rationalization and reform of the entire body of current drug law, the creation of the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control and the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, and the improvement of access to treatment for noncriminal and criminal drug users alike. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and the Narcotics Addict Rehabilitation Act are also covered.Less
This chapter discusses drug use during President Lyndon Johnson's term. It notes that by the end of Johnson's presidency, several measures that would soon form a response to drug use were already in place. It looks at the confusion and concern of the public over the issue and examines the “marihuana consensus.” The chapter then takes a look at the three areas that Johnson's staffers focused on, namely the rationalization and reform of the entire body of current drug law, the creation of the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control and the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, and the improvement of access to treatment for noncriminal and criminal drug users alike. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and the Narcotics Addict Rehabilitation Act are also covered.
Dave Boothroyd
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719055980
- eISBN:
- 9781781700921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719055980.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter examines Jacques Derrida's pharmaceutical thinking, which is a form of philosophy on drugs, and the conceptual authoritarianism that attempts to control drugs and all matters relating to ...
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This chapter examines Jacques Derrida's pharmaceutical thinking, which is a form of philosophy on drugs, and the conceptual authoritarianism that attempts to control drugs and all matters relating to them, which it questions. It analyses Derrida's The Rhetoric of Drugs and suggests that Derrida clearly rejected the role of drugs in any notion of the passage to ‘the other side’, and has, in many contexts, sought to expose the mystical and scientific claims to the truth. The chapter also considers the ancient concept of Medusa's blood.Less
This chapter examines Jacques Derrida's pharmaceutical thinking, which is a form of philosophy on drugs, and the conceptual authoritarianism that attempts to control drugs and all matters relating to them, which it questions. It analyses Derrida's The Rhetoric of Drugs and suggests that Derrida clearly rejected the role of drugs in any notion of the passage to ‘the other side’, and has, in many contexts, sought to expose the mystical and scientific claims to the truth. The chapter also considers the ancient concept of Medusa's blood.
Nancy Tomes
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469622774
- eISBN:
- 9781469622798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469622774.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter examines the end of “free trade” in doctoring in the late 1800s and the rise of modern consumer capitalism in the nineteenth century that transformed patients into consumers. It first ...
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This chapter examines the end of “free trade” in doctoring in the late 1800s and the rise of modern consumer capitalism in the nineteenth century that transformed patients into consumers. It first provides a background on how the free trade in doctoring operated and how it began to be curtailed in the late 1800s. It then looks at the 1906 passage of the Pure Food and Drugs Act that allowed the federal government to get involved in consumer protection. It also explores institutional reforms implemented gradually after the American Civil War that laid the foundation for a much more confident medical professionalism; the emergence of the so-called “pioneers of novelties” that manufacture proprietary drugs; and how medicine figured in the postwar consumption economy. Finally, it reflects on how developments such as the new health dangers posed by prosperity and the increasingly rich variety of information and advertising surrounding every aspect of health fueled the growing expectation that ordinary Americans become more skilled at making medical choices.Less
This chapter examines the end of “free trade” in doctoring in the late 1800s and the rise of modern consumer capitalism in the nineteenth century that transformed patients into consumers. It first provides a background on how the free trade in doctoring operated and how it began to be curtailed in the late 1800s. It then looks at the 1906 passage of the Pure Food and Drugs Act that allowed the federal government to get involved in consumer protection. It also explores institutional reforms implemented gradually after the American Civil War that laid the foundation for a much more confident medical professionalism; the emergence of the so-called “pioneers of novelties” that manufacture proprietary drugs; and how medicine figured in the postwar consumption economy. Finally, it reflects on how developments such as the new health dangers posed by prosperity and the increasingly rich variety of information and advertising surrounding every aspect of health fueled the growing expectation that ordinary Americans become more skilled at making medical choices.
Angela J. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195384734
- eISBN:
- 9780199852369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384734.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter concentrates on federal prosecutions and the unique issues and problems they present. It begins by presenting the role of the federal prosecutor. The extent to which federal prosecutors ...
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This chapter concentrates on federal prosecutions and the unique issues and problems they present. It begins by presenting the role of the federal prosecutor. The extent to which federal prosecutors in individual offices follow the policies and procedures in the U.S. attorneys' manual depends largely on the U.S. attorney in charge of each office. In sum, although the U.S. attorneys' manual seems to establish meaningful policies governing a broad range of criminal issues, its unenforceability renders it largely ineffective as a means of regulating prosecutorial power and discretion. There is no phenomenon better that illustrates the dire consequences of the exercise of federal prosecutorial discretion than the “War on Drugs”. Moreover, the influence of Booker on prosecutorial power is addressed. In addition, the chapter examines some of the decisions made by Richard Thornburgh and John Ashcroft.Less
This chapter concentrates on federal prosecutions and the unique issues and problems they present. It begins by presenting the role of the federal prosecutor. The extent to which federal prosecutors in individual offices follow the policies and procedures in the U.S. attorneys' manual depends largely on the U.S. attorney in charge of each office. In sum, although the U.S. attorneys' manual seems to establish meaningful policies governing a broad range of criminal issues, its unenforceability renders it largely ineffective as a means of regulating prosecutorial power and discretion. There is no phenomenon better that illustrates the dire consequences of the exercise of federal prosecutorial discretion than the “War on Drugs”. Moreover, the influence of Booker on prosecutorial power is addressed. In addition, the chapter examines some of the decisions made by Richard Thornburgh and John Ashcroft.
