Jonathan Karam Skaff
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199734139
- eISBN:
- 9780199950195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734139.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter presents a comparison of the Sui-Tan elite perceptions of the borderlands with the complications of interethnic relations in frontier regions. It describes the attitudes of the Sui-Tang ...
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This chapter presents a comparison of the Sui-Tan elite perceptions of the borderlands with the complications of interethnic relations in frontier regions. It describes the attitudes of the Sui-Tang elites towards the Turko-Mongols and discusses Confucian ideology and record-keeping practices that influenced premodern historiography to overlook the Turko-Mongols and other borderland inhabitants living within the empires. This chapter also assesses the Sui-Tang elite, the role of Turko-Mongols, and the China-Inner Asian borderlands.Less
This chapter presents a comparison of the Sui-Tan elite perceptions of the borderlands with the complications of interethnic relations in frontier regions. It describes the attitudes of the Sui-Tang elites towards the Turko-Mongols and discusses Confucian ideology and record-keeping practices that influenced premodern historiography to overlook the Turko-Mongols and other borderland inhabitants living within the empires. This chapter also assesses the Sui-Tang elite, the role of Turko-Mongols, and the China-Inner Asian borderlands.
Dingxin Zhao
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199351732
- eISBN:
- 9780199351756
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199351732.003.0013
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter focuses on two crucial developments in Song China: the rise of Neo-Confucianism and the expansion of the civil-service examination. These developments led to the disappearance of the ...
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This chapter focuses on two crucial developments in Song China: the rise of Neo-Confucianism and the expansion of the civil-service examination. These developments led to the disappearance of the “great family” aristocratic tradition; the sustained dominance in politics of civilian officials selected for merit; the emergence of a Confucian gentry class; the rise of a Confucianized religious ecology; and the penetration of Confucian ideology and institutions into local society and people’s daily lives. Together, they contributed to the perpetuation of the Confucian-Legalist political system in China until it was forced to embark on a “modernization project” in the nineteenth century due to the pressure of the Western imperialism.Less
This chapter focuses on two crucial developments in Song China: the rise of Neo-Confucianism and the expansion of the civil-service examination. These developments led to the disappearance of the “great family” aristocratic tradition; the sustained dominance in politics of civilian officials selected for merit; the emergence of a Confucian gentry class; the rise of a Confucianized religious ecology; and the penetration of Confucian ideology and institutions into local society and people’s daily lives. Together, they contributed to the perpetuation of the Confucian-Legalist political system in China until it was forced to embark on a “modernization project” in the nineteenth century due to the pressure of the Western imperialism.
Edward J. M. Rhoads
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028863
- eISBN:
- 9789882207424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028863.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
When the Chinese Educational Mission (CEM) students went back to China, most of them had difficulties understanding their native language, and reading and writing posed an even greater difficulty. ...
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When the Chinese Educational Mission (CEM) students went back to China, most of them had difficulties understanding their native language, and reading and writing posed an even greater difficulty. The country the CEM students returned to had not changed very much in their absence. The Chinese socio-political order in the 1880s and into the early 1890s was still dominated by Confucian ideology, the Confucian-based civil service examination system, and the scholar-official elite that the examinations produced. They endured a chilly reception, to judge by what happened to the forty-nine members in the second group. The Shanghai officials were hostile toward the returning students because the earlier batch set a bad example on their arrival to China by hiding themselves among the city's large foreign population. These students never regained the stature and influence that they had all too briefly during the last decade of the Manchu rule.Less
When the Chinese Educational Mission (CEM) students went back to China, most of them had difficulties understanding their native language, and reading and writing posed an even greater difficulty. The country the CEM students returned to had not changed very much in their absence. The Chinese socio-political order in the 1880s and into the early 1890s was still dominated by Confucian ideology, the Confucian-based civil service examination system, and the scholar-official elite that the examinations produced. They endured a chilly reception, to judge by what happened to the forty-nine members in the second group. The Shanghai officials were hostile toward the returning students because the earlier batch set a bad example on their arrival to China by hiding themselves among the city's large foreign population. These students never regained the stature and influence that they had all too briefly during the last decade of the Manchu rule.
Lynn Kwiatkowski
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190238360
- eISBN:
- 9780190615208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
Kwiatkowski’s analysis is based on fieldwork in northern Vietnam in two communities in Hà Nội and in a counseling center for women. She explores the emerging cultural discourses surrounding marital ...
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Kwiatkowski’s analysis is based on fieldwork in northern Vietnam in two communities in Hà Nội and in a counseling center for women. She explores the emerging cultural discourses surrounding marital sexual violence and the structural vulnerability of women subject to such violence. The emerging laws, discourses, and practices surrounding the prevention of domestic violence do conceptualize it as a social problem. Nevertheless, women who experience sexual violence in marriage are considered individually responsible to speak publicly about their abuse to stop it. While this is understandable in the cultural context of muted responses to sexual concerns found in northern Việt Nam, this chapter argues that this misplaced responsibility contradicts the state’s intention of addressing domestic violence. Increased support for abused women along with a recognition that husbands also are responsible for the Vietnamese cultural value of happy family are needed to address the problem of sexual violence in marriage.Less
Kwiatkowski’s analysis is based on fieldwork in northern Vietnam in two communities in Hà Nội and in a counseling center for women. She explores the emerging cultural discourses surrounding marital sexual violence and the structural vulnerability of women subject to such violence. The emerging laws, discourses, and practices surrounding the prevention of domestic violence do conceptualize it as a social problem. Nevertheless, women who experience sexual violence in marriage are considered individually responsible to speak publicly about their abuse to stop it. While this is understandable in the cultural context of muted responses to sexual concerns found in northern Việt Nam, this chapter argues that this misplaced responsibility contradicts the state’s intention of addressing domestic violence. Increased support for abused women along with a recognition that husbands also are responsible for the Vietnamese cultural value of happy family are needed to address the problem of sexual violence in marriage.
Norman Rothschild
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231169387
- eISBN:
- 9780231539180
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231169387.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book looks at the reign of Wu Zhao (624–705), better known as Wu Zetian or Empress Wu, the only woman to have ruled China over the course of its 5,000-year history. It asks how she rose to power ...
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This book looks at the reign of Wu Zhao (624–705), better known as Wu Zetian or Empress Wu, the only woman to have ruled China over the course of its 5,000-year history. It asks how she rose to power and why she was never overthrown. The book explores a mystery that has confounded scholars for centuries and suggests that Wu Zhao drew on China's rich pantheon of female divinities and eminent women to aid in her reign. The book explains that, although Wu Zhao could not obtain political authority through conventional channels, she could afford to ignore norms and traditions. It shows that she deployed language, symbols, and ideology to harness the cultural resonance, maternal force, divine energy, and historical weight of Buddhist devis, Confucian exemplars, Daoist immortals, and mythic goddesses, so establishing legitimacy within and beyond the confines of Confucian ideology. It describes how Wu Zhao tapped into deep, powerful, subterranean reservoirs of female power to build a pantheon of female divinities carefully calibrated to meet her needs at court. The book details how the Empress' pageant was promoted in scripted rhetoric, reinforced through poetry, celebrated in theatrical productions and inscribed on steles. It concludes that her strategy is a model of political brilliance and proof that medieval Chinese women enjoyed a more complex social status than previously known.Less
This book looks at the reign of Wu Zhao (624–705), better known as Wu Zetian or Empress Wu, the only woman to have ruled China over the course of its 5,000-year history. It asks how she rose to power and why she was never overthrown. The book explores a mystery that has confounded scholars for centuries and suggests that Wu Zhao drew on China's rich pantheon of female divinities and eminent women to aid in her reign. The book explains that, although Wu Zhao could not obtain political authority through conventional channels, she could afford to ignore norms and traditions. It shows that she deployed language, symbols, and ideology to harness the cultural resonance, maternal force, divine energy, and historical weight of Buddhist devis, Confucian exemplars, Daoist immortals, and mythic goddesses, so establishing legitimacy within and beyond the confines of Confucian ideology. It describes how Wu Zhao tapped into deep, powerful, subterranean reservoirs of female power to build a pantheon of female divinities carefully calibrated to meet her needs at court. The book details how the Empress' pageant was promoted in scripted rhetoric, reinforced through poetry, celebrated in theatrical productions and inscribed on steles. It concludes that her strategy is a model of political brilliance and proof that medieval Chinese women enjoyed a more complex social status than previously known.
