Max. M Edling
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195148701
- eISBN:
- 9780199835096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195148703.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
It would be a fundamental mistake to assume a priori a complete correspondence between the historical sociology of state formation and the conceptual history of the “state,” or, in more general ...
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It would be a fundamental mistake to assume a priori a complete correspondence between the historical sociology of state formation and the conceptual history of the “state,” or, in more general terms, between institutional and intellectual development, and between political reality and political rhetoric. Equally, it would be a mistake to assume that there is no relation whatsoever, and it would have been remarkable if the great expansion of the fiscal and military capacity of central government in Britain in the early modern period had gone unnoticed by contemporaries, so as to leave no mark on historical, political, and social reflection. Shows that the European process of state formation had indeed influenced political commentary in giving rise to arguments analyzing and criticizing the growth of the state, and that these arguments found their way across the Atlantic from Britain to the American colonies in the form of “Country” thought, which gave rise to a complete vocabulary with which to respond to the growth of the British fiscal‐military state in the Anglo‐American world of political discourse. In fact, Antifederalism can be described as an expression of Country thought, although it cannot at the same time be claimed that Federalism was a repetition of the contrasting central Court defense of state expansion.Less
It would be a fundamental mistake to assume a priori a complete correspondence between the historical sociology of state formation and the conceptual history of the “state,” or, in more general terms, between institutional and intellectual development, and between political reality and political rhetoric. Equally, it would be a mistake to assume that there is no relation whatsoever, and it would have been remarkable if the great expansion of the fiscal and military capacity of central government in Britain in the early modern period had gone unnoticed by contemporaries, so as to leave no mark on historical, political, and social reflection. Shows that the European process of state formation had indeed influenced political commentary in giving rise to arguments analyzing and criticizing the growth of the state, and that these arguments found their way across the Atlantic from Britain to the American colonies in the form of “Country” thought, which gave rise to a complete vocabulary with which to respond to the growth of the British fiscal‐military state in the Anglo‐American world of political discourse. In fact, Antifederalism can be described as an expression of Country thought, although it cannot at the same time be claimed that Federalism was a repetition of the contrasting central Court defense of state expansion.
DOUGLAS NEWTON
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203148
- eISBN:
- 9780191675744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203148.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, European Modern History
The chapter discusses the willing attitude of Germany towards democracy and the various factors at work in the eventual British decision for armistice. The armistice was a premature suspension of ...
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The chapter discusses the willing attitude of Germany towards democracy and the various factors at work in the eventual British decision for armistice. The armistice was a premature suspension of hostilities that denied Allied arms and British arms in particular, in other words, an imminent ‘knock-out blow’. The chapter seeks to emphasize the importance of three factors, namely, domestic political preoccupations, entrenched hostility to Wilsonianism, and waning confidence in British military capabilities. These factors above all guided the British political elite during the making of the armistice. Moreover, the armistice was accepted not because of confidence in an overwhelming British military strength, but rather from fear of an imminent exposure of military weakness.Less
The chapter discusses the willing attitude of Germany towards democracy and the various factors at work in the eventual British decision for armistice. The armistice was a premature suspension of hostilities that denied Allied arms and British arms in particular, in other words, an imminent ‘knock-out blow’. The chapter seeks to emphasize the importance of three factors, namely, domestic political preoccupations, entrenched hostility to Wilsonianism, and waning confidence in British military capabilities. These factors above all guided the British political elite during the making of the armistice. Moreover, the armistice was accepted not because of confidence in an overwhelming British military strength, but rather from fear of an imminent exposure of military weakness.
Jim Beach
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748646272
- eISBN:
- 9780748684496
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748646272.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the historiography of British military intelligence and considers why it now has a low profile. It also surveys the current literature, in the hope that this may be helpful to ...
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This chapter examines the historiography of British military intelligence and considers why it now has a low profile. It also surveys the current literature, in the hope that this may be helpful to new scholars of the subject. This analysis focuses on the pre-1945 period. It suggests that, in order to get ‘better’, studies of British military intelligence will probably need to get ‘duller’.Less
This chapter examines the historiography of British military intelligence and considers why it now has a low profile. It also surveys the current literature, in the hope that this may be helpful to new scholars of the subject. This analysis focuses on the pre-1945 period. It suggests that, in order to get ‘better’, studies of British military intelligence will probably need to get ‘duller’.
Patrick H. Hase
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098992
- eISBN:
- 9789882207592
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098992.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
In 1899, a year after the Convention of Peking leased the New Territories to Britain, the British moved to establish control. This triggered resistance by some of the population of the New ...
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In 1899, a year after the Convention of Peking leased the New Territories to Britain, the British moved to establish control. This triggered resistance by some of the population of the New Territories. There ensued six days of fighting with heavy Chinese casualties. This forgotten war has been researched and recounted for the first time. After a brief discussion of British Imperialism in the 1890s and British military theory of that period on small wars, the heart of the book is a day-by-day account of the fighting and of the differences of opinion between the Governor of Hong Kong (Sir Henry Blake) and the Colonial Secretary (James Stewart Lockhart) as to how the war should be fought. The book uses knowledge of the people and the area to give a picture of the leaders and of the rank-and-file of the village fighters. New estimates of the casualties are provided, as are the implications of why these casualties are down-played in most British accounts.Less
In 1899, a year after the Convention of Peking leased the New Territories to Britain, the British moved to establish control. This triggered resistance by some of the population of the New Territories. There ensued six days of fighting with heavy Chinese casualties. This forgotten war has been researched and recounted for the first time. After a brief discussion of British Imperialism in the 1890s and British military theory of that period on small wars, the heart of the book is a day-by-day account of the fighting and of the differences of opinion between the Governor of Hong Kong (Sir Henry Blake) and the Colonial Secretary (James Stewart Lockhart) as to how the war should be fought. The book uses knowledge of the people and the area to give a picture of the leaders and of the rank-and-file of the village fighters. New estimates of the casualties are provided, as are the implications of why these casualties are down-played in most British accounts.
Alexander Zahar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199643288
- eISBN:
- 9780191749070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199643288.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter examines the war crimes process in Hong Kong. It uses three benchmarks of assessment: the degree of departure from the normally applicable court-martial procedure current at the time; ...
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This chapter examines the war crimes process in Hong Kong. It uses three benchmarks of assessment: the degree of departure from the normally applicable court-martial procedure current at the time; the degree to which the stated principles governing the trials were complied with in practice by the courts and the authorities associated with them; and the aftermath of the trials, in particular, the way that the military-court system was wound up. It is argued that the proceedings were summary, offering a standard that was not just highly problematic by the identified benchmarks, but also much lower than that which applied to British servicemen at the time.Less
This chapter examines the war crimes process in Hong Kong. It uses three benchmarks of assessment: the degree of departure from the normally applicable court-martial procedure current at the time; the degree to which the stated principles governing the trials were complied with in practice by the courts and the authorities associated with them; and the aftermath of the trials, in particular, the way that the military-court system was wound up. It is argued that the proceedings were summary, offering a standard that was not just highly problematic by the identified benchmarks, but also much lower than that which applied to British servicemen at the time.
Richard J. Reid
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199211883
- eISBN:
- 9780191725135
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211883.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter explores the nature and significance of the period of European colonial rule in the region, encompassing the Italian administration of Eritrea and Somalia, and the British Military ...
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This chapter explores the nature and significance of the period of European colonial rule in the region, encompassing the Italian administration of Eritrea and Somalia, and the British Military Administration in Eritrea. The tangible impact of European colonialism is examined, notably in terms of the hardening of perceived divisions and increasingly militarized identities; of particular importance is the impact of Italian rule in Eritrea in exacerbating extant ‘trans-Mereb’ patterns of violence and resistance, and creating certain new ones. Equally, the role of the British Military Administration (BMA) was important in creating conditions whereby identities might be more forcefully articulated than had been the case previously. Yet in many respects European colonial rule was co-opted into extant patterns of regional conflict. Alongside the shifta insurgency in Eritrea in the 1940s and the emergence of competing nationalisms, pro-independence and unionist, there is also discussion of the Somali ‘question’, and in particular of the Ogaden.Less
This chapter explores the nature and significance of the period of European colonial rule in the region, encompassing the Italian administration of Eritrea and Somalia, and the British Military Administration in Eritrea. The tangible impact of European colonialism is examined, notably in terms of the hardening of perceived divisions and increasingly militarized identities; of particular importance is the impact of Italian rule in Eritrea in exacerbating extant ‘trans-Mereb’ patterns of violence and resistance, and creating certain new ones. Equally, the role of the British Military Administration (BMA) was important in creating conditions whereby identities might be more forcefully articulated than had been the case previously. Yet in many respects European colonial rule was co-opted into extant patterns of regional conflict. Alongside the shifta insurgency in Eritrea in the 1940s and the emergence of competing nationalisms, pro-independence and unionist, there is also discussion of the Somali ‘question’, and in particular of the Ogaden.
Nigel D. White
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199218592
- eISBN:
- 9780191705595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218592.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
The government's decisions to deploy troops since 1945 have been increasingly made within international institutional frameworks. The UK, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, and as an ...
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The government's decisions to deploy troops since 1945 have been increasingly made within international institutional frameworks. The UK, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, and as an original party to the NATO Treaty of 1949, is both a member of a deficient arguably idealist global security system (the UN), and party to a discretionary realist regional defence alliance (NATO) that has its historical roots in the 19th century balance-of-power system. The end of the Cold War saw both the re-vitalization of the UN system and the reinvention of NATO, so that both organizations now claim to operate within similar legal and political contexts. The changing functions of both organizations and Britain's role within them are key features examined in this chapter in that they are essential for understanding the decisions to go to war or to deploy troops under international authority.Less
The government's decisions to deploy troops since 1945 have been increasingly made within international institutional frameworks. The UK, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, and as an original party to the NATO Treaty of 1949, is both a member of a deficient arguably idealist global security system (the UN), and party to a discretionary realist regional defence alliance (NATO) that has its historical roots in the 19th century balance-of-power system. The end of the Cold War saw both the re-vitalization of the UN system and the reinvention of NATO, so that both organizations now claim to operate within similar legal and political contexts. The changing functions of both organizations and Britain's role within them are key features examined in this chapter in that they are essential for understanding the decisions to go to war or to deploy troops under international authority.
Theo Farrell and Tim Bird
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804763776
- eISBN:
- 9780804781800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804763776.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter investigates the development of the three elements of British military transformation: network-enabled capability (NEC), effects-based approach to operations (EBAO), and expeditionary ...
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This chapter investigates the development of the three elements of British military transformation: network-enabled capability (NEC), effects-based approach to operations (EBAO), and expeditionary warfare. Some general observations concerning the trajectory of British military transformation are also evaluated. Factors that are rooted in British military culture influenced the British approach to NEC. EBAO thinking also shaped British plans and operations. It is clearly shown that the major driver in the development of expeditionary capabilities was the changed strategic environment. The Future Rapid Effects System (FRES) was far less technologically ambitious than the next generation US medium-weight land platform, the Future Combat Systems (FCS). Even if FRES is postponed for many years, Britain will still have the best equipped and most experienced expeditionary army of any European state.Less
This chapter investigates the development of the three elements of British military transformation: network-enabled capability (NEC), effects-based approach to operations (EBAO), and expeditionary warfare. Some general observations concerning the trajectory of British military transformation are also evaluated. Factors that are rooted in British military culture influenced the British approach to NEC. EBAO thinking also shaped British plans and operations. It is clearly shown that the major driver in the development of expeditionary capabilities was the changed strategic environment. The Future Rapid Effects System (FRES) was far less technologically ambitious than the next generation US medium-weight land platform, the Future Combat Systems (FCS). Even if FRES is postponed for many years, Britain will still have the best equipped and most experienced expeditionary army of any European state.
Patrick H. Hase
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098992
- eISBN:
- 9789882207592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098992.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The Six-Day War cannot be seen as a shining example of British military genius. In fact, it was a “text-book case of how not to conduct a campaign”. The problems of poor military intelligence are ...
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The Six-Day War cannot be seen as a shining example of British military genius. In fact, it was a “text-book case of how not to conduct a campaign”. The problems of poor military intelligence are covered. It also describes the logistical failures in supplies and transport. It then evaluates the problems of command and the inadequate reports. Capt. E.L.C. Berger's actions in the Six-Day War show his understanding of what a standard British colonial war should consist of: it was, in every respect, a copy-book example of a small-scale British military operation. At the same time, Military Headquarters in Hong Kong do not seem to have taken any of these late nineteenth century writers' advice to heart at all. Every error that could be committed was committed: all of Reginald Clare Hart's and Charles Callwell's maxims failed to be observed. It must be a matter of conjecture as to what Lord Roberts would have done with William Gascoigne if this campaign had come under his command, and if the facts of how it was managed had been drawn to his attention.Less
The Six-Day War cannot be seen as a shining example of British military genius. In fact, it was a “text-book case of how not to conduct a campaign”. The problems of poor military intelligence are covered. It also describes the logistical failures in supplies and transport. It then evaluates the problems of command and the inadequate reports. Capt. E.L.C. Berger's actions in the Six-Day War show his understanding of what a standard British colonial war should consist of: it was, in every respect, a copy-book example of a small-scale British military operation. At the same time, Military Headquarters in Hong Kong do not seem to have taken any of these late nineteenth century writers' advice to heart at all. Every error that could be committed was committed: all of Reginald Clare Hart's and Charles Callwell's maxims failed to be observed. It must be a matter of conjecture as to what Lord Roberts would have done with William Gascoigne if this campaign had come under his command, and if the facts of how it was managed had been drawn to his attention.
David Ucko and Robert Egnell
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231164276
- eISBN:
- 9780231535410
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164276.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This book provides a detailed account of the British army's involvement in the Basra and Helmand campaigns. It looks at the contributions and limitations of traditional tactics in such settings, and ...
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This book provides a detailed account of the British army's involvement in the Basra and Helmand campaigns. It looks at the contributions and limitations of traditional tactics in such settings, and exposes a disconcerting gap between ambitions and resources, intent and commitment. The book recounts how the British military, long considered the masters of counterinsurgency, has encountered significant problems in Iraq and Afghanistan when confronted with insurgent violence. It shows how, in its effort to apply the principles and doctrines of past campaigns, the British army has failed to prevent Basra and Helmand from descending into lawlessness, criminality, and violence. Building upon this detailed account of the Basra and Helmand campaigns, this volume provides an assessment of British military institutional adaptation in response to operations gone awry. It calls attention to the enduring effectiveness of insurgent methods and the threat posed by under-governed spaces. It underscores the need for military organizations to meet the irregular challenges of future wars in new ways.Less
This book provides a detailed account of the British army's involvement in the Basra and Helmand campaigns. It looks at the contributions and limitations of traditional tactics in such settings, and exposes a disconcerting gap between ambitions and resources, intent and commitment. The book recounts how the British military, long considered the masters of counterinsurgency, has encountered significant problems in Iraq and Afghanistan when confronted with insurgent violence. It shows how, in its effort to apply the principles and doctrines of past campaigns, the British army has failed to prevent Basra and Helmand from descending into lawlessness, criminality, and violence. Building upon this detailed account of the Basra and Helmand campaigns, this volume provides an assessment of British military institutional adaptation in response to operations gone awry. It calls attention to the enduring effectiveness of insurgent methods and the threat posed by under-governed spaces. It underscores the need for military organizations to meet the irregular challenges of future wars in new ways.
Daniel Ingram
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037974
- eISBN:
- 9780813042169
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037974.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This fascinating look at the cultural and military importance of British forts in the colonial era explains how these forts served as communities in Indian country more than as bastions of British ...
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This fascinating look at the cultural and military importance of British forts in the colonial era explains how these forts served as communities in Indian country more than as bastions of British imperial power. Their security depended on maintaining good relations with the local Native Americans, who incorporated the forts into their economic and social life as well as into their strategies. This book uses official British records, traveler accounts, archaeological findings, and ethnographic information to reveal native contributions to the forts' stories. Based on in-depth research at five different forts, the book considers features that seemed to arise from Native American culture rather than British imperial culture. The book's perspective reveals that British fort culture was heavily influenced, and in some cases guided, by the very people these outposts of empire were meant to impress and subdue. The book recaptures the significance of small-scale encounters as vital features of the colonial American story, without arguing their importance in larger imperial frameworks. It specifically seeks to reorient the meaning of British military and provincial backcountry forts away from their customary roles as harbingers of European imperial domination.Less
This fascinating look at the cultural and military importance of British forts in the colonial era explains how these forts served as communities in Indian country more than as bastions of British imperial power. Their security depended on maintaining good relations with the local Native Americans, who incorporated the forts into their economic and social life as well as into their strategies. This book uses official British records, traveler accounts, archaeological findings, and ethnographic information to reveal native contributions to the forts' stories. Based on in-depth research at five different forts, the book considers features that seemed to arise from Native American culture rather than British imperial culture. The book's perspective reveals that British fort culture was heavily influenced, and in some cases guided, by the very people these outposts of empire were meant to impress and subdue. The book recaptures the significance of small-scale encounters as vital features of the colonial American story, without arguing their importance in larger imperial frameworks. It specifically seeks to reorient the meaning of British military and provincial backcountry forts away from their customary roles as harbingers of European imperial domination.
Suzannah Linton (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199643288
- eISBN:
- 9780191749070
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199643288.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British military held forty-six trials in Hong Kong in which 123 defendants, from Japan and Formosa (Taiwan), were tried for war crimes. This book ...
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In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British military held forty-six trials in Hong Kong in which 123 defendants, from Japan and Formosa (Taiwan), were tried for war crimes. This book provides a legal analysis of these trials. The subject matter of the trials spanned war crimes committed during the fall of Hong Kong, its occupation, and in the period after the capitulation following the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but before the formal surrender. They included killings of hors de combat, abuses in prisoner-of-war camps, abuse and murder of civilians during the military occupation, forced labour, and offences on the High Seas. The events adjudicated included those from Hong Kong, China, Japan, the High Seas, and Formosa (Taiwan). Taking place in the same historical period as the more famous Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, the Hong Kong war crimes trials provide key insights into events of the time, and the development of international criminal law and procedure in this period. The book examines these trials in detail, placing them in their historical context, investigating how the courts conducted their proceedings and adjudicated acts alleged to be war crimes, and evaluating the extent to which the Hong Kong trials contributed to the development of contemporary issues, such as joint criminal enterprise and superior orders. There is also comparative analysis with contemporaneous proceedings, such as the Australian War Crimes trials, trials in China, and those conducted by the British in Singapore and Germany, placing them within the wider history of international justice.Less
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British military held forty-six trials in Hong Kong in which 123 defendants, from Japan and Formosa (Taiwan), were tried for war crimes. This book provides a legal analysis of these trials. The subject matter of the trials spanned war crimes committed during the fall of Hong Kong, its occupation, and in the period after the capitulation following the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but before the formal surrender. They included killings of hors de combat, abuses in prisoner-of-war camps, abuse and murder of civilians during the military occupation, forced labour, and offences on the High Seas. The events adjudicated included those from Hong Kong, China, Japan, the High Seas, and Formosa (Taiwan). Taking place in the same historical period as the more famous Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, the Hong Kong war crimes trials provide key insights into events of the time, and the development of international criminal law and procedure in this period. The book examines these trials in detail, placing them in their historical context, investigating how the courts conducted their proceedings and adjudicated acts alleged to be war crimes, and evaluating the extent to which the Hong Kong trials contributed to the development of contemporary issues, such as joint criminal enterprise and superior orders. There is also comparative analysis with contemporaneous proceedings, such as the Australian War Crimes trials, trials in China, and those conducted by the British in Singapore and Germany, placing them within the wider history of international justice.
Greg Winston
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813042404
- eISBN:
- 9780813043470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813042404.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter considers the connection between militarism and athleticism by tracing the rise of school sports as a training ground for soldiering in both colonial and anti-colonial contexts. The ...
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This chapter considers the connection between militarism and athleticism by tracing the rise of school sports as a training ground for soldiering in both colonial and anti-colonial contexts. The so-called garrison games of British public-school origin and the native Irish sports of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) alike impressed on young practitioners distinct political perspectives and cultural values. Joyce's references to football, hurling, boxing, and other sports point to the politics of masculine and national identity at stake in the process of militarization.Less
This chapter considers the connection between militarism and athleticism by tracing the rise of school sports as a training ground for soldiering in both colonial and anti-colonial contexts. The so-called garrison games of British public-school origin and the native Irish sports of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) alike impressed on young practitioners distinct political perspectives and cultural values. Joyce's references to football, hurling, boxing, and other sports point to the politics of masculine and national identity at stake in the process of militarization.
Peter Speiser
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040160
- eISBN:
- 9780252098369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040160.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter traces the development of the BAOR in Germany during the Cold War in terms of size and organization, before analyzing its role in British policy toward Germany. When considering British ...
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This chapter traces the development of the BAOR in Germany during the Cold War in terms of size and organization, before analyzing its role in British policy toward Germany. When considering British occupation policy and the German reaction to it, both British and German publications cover the period between 1945 and 1949 generally in far more detail than they do the first half of the 1950s. The chapter also examines the broader context of the Cold War, British military strategy, and the BAOR's role. Despite the obvious importance of Anglo-German relations in the context of the making of postwar Europe, the coverage of the bilateral political and cultural cooperation between 1948 and 1957 is relatively sketchy and has only recently begun to attract wider scholarly attention.Less
This chapter traces the development of the BAOR in Germany during the Cold War in terms of size and organization, before analyzing its role in British policy toward Germany. When considering British occupation policy and the German reaction to it, both British and German publications cover the period between 1945 and 1949 generally in far more detail than they do the first half of the 1950s. The chapter also examines the broader context of the Cold War, British military strategy, and the BAOR's role. Despite the obvious importance of Anglo-German relations in the context of the making of postwar Europe, the coverage of the bilateral political and cultural cooperation between 1948 and 1957 is relatively sketchy and has only recently begun to attract wider scholarly attention.
Kaushik Roy
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199463534
- eISBN:
- 9780199087181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463534.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The very absence of large-scale mutinies in the Indian armed forces between 1939 and 1945 indicates that Indian soldiery was quite content with British military service. Moreover, there were no overt ...
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The very absence of large-scale mutinies in the Indian armed forces between 1939 and 1945 indicates that Indian soldiery was quite content with British military service. Moreover, there were no overt hostile communal feelings among different religious communities within the Indian Army despite the rise of Hindu–Muslim animosity in the ‘greater’ society. How, in the absence of a nationalist ideology, the Indian soldiers were motivated to fight and die in the age of total war is a puzzle which this chapter attempts to resolve. The British could separate the soldiery from the host society by providing tangible and non-tangible incentives to the jawans. Military discipline further converted the agricultural labourers in the ranks into automatons of sorts, while racial/ethnic pride partly enabled the Indian soldiery to encounter the brutal ‘face of battle’.Less
The very absence of large-scale mutinies in the Indian armed forces between 1939 and 1945 indicates that Indian soldiery was quite content with British military service. Moreover, there were no overt hostile communal feelings among different religious communities within the Indian Army despite the rise of Hindu–Muslim animosity in the ‘greater’ society. How, in the absence of a nationalist ideology, the Indian soldiers were motivated to fight and die in the age of total war is a puzzle which this chapter attempts to resolve. The British could separate the soldiery from the host society by providing tangible and non-tangible incentives to the jawans. Military discipline further converted the agricultural labourers in the ranks into automatons of sorts, while racial/ethnic pride partly enabled the Indian soldiery to encounter the brutal ‘face of battle’.
Rachel Simon
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037516
- eISBN:
- 9780813042107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037516.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
The tumultuous atmosphere clouding Muslim–Jewish coexistence in Libya was especially pronounced during Italian colonization (1911–43), during the British Military Administration (1943–52), and in ...
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The tumultuous atmosphere clouding Muslim–Jewish coexistence in Libya was especially pronounced during Italian colonization (1911–43), during the British Military Administration (1943–52), and in independent Libya. Under Italy, Jews benefited from modernization; the more successful ones slowly adapted to Italian language and culture. Nonetheless, as Italy promoted fascist ideologies, the Jews, more than the Muslims, became vulnerable to sanctions that in 1938 included anti-Semitic racial legislation. Temporary Italian-German control of Libya from 1940 to 1943 exposed Jews there to dangers almost as severe as those facing European Jewry at the time. While the British Military Administration eliminated these dangers, the tenuous circumstances of the Jews were revived in November 1945 and June 1948. On both occasions—driven by economic, nationalist, and religious factors, as well as the intensification of the Arab–Israeli conflict—Muslim-inspired anti-Jewish violence erupted into pogroms, and by 1952, most Jews had left Libya. Though unharmed, those who remained there between 1952 and the beginning of the June 1967 War were marginalized and denied Libyan citizenship. The 1967 War revived anti-Jewish violence that led to the departure of most of the remaining Jews to Italy and Israel.Less
The tumultuous atmosphere clouding Muslim–Jewish coexistence in Libya was especially pronounced during Italian colonization (1911–43), during the British Military Administration (1943–52), and in independent Libya. Under Italy, Jews benefited from modernization; the more successful ones slowly adapted to Italian language and culture. Nonetheless, as Italy promoted fascist ideologies, the Jews, more than the Muslims, became vulnerable to sanctions that in 1938 included anti-Semitic racial legislation. Temporary Italian-German control of Libya from 1940 to 1943 exposed Jews there to dangers almost as severe as those facing European Jewry at the time. While the British Military Administration eliminated these dangers, the tenuous circumstances of the Jews were revived in November 1945 and June 1948. On both occasions—driven by economic, nationalist, and religious factors, as well as the intensification of the Arab–Israeli conflict—Muslim-inspired anti-Jewish violence erupted into pogroms, and by 1952, most Jews had left Libya. Though unharmed, those who remained there between 1952 and the beginning of the June 1967 War were marginalized and denied Libyan citizenship. The 1967 War revived anti-Jewish violence that led to the departure of most of the remaining Jews to Italy and Israel.
Murray Pittock
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627561
- eISBN:
- 9780748653461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627561.003.0011
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This chapter examines the composition of the Jacobite armies in detail, reinforcing the demonstrably Lowland character of many of their troops as identified by Daniel Szechi, Christopher Duffy, and ...
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This chapter examines the composition of the Jacobite armies in detail, reinforcing the demonstrably Lowland character of many of their troops as identified by Daniel Szechi, Christopher Duffy, and Frank McLynn. It observes that accounts of the Jacobite Risings which portray them as marginal ‘Highland’ affairs have an evident interest in minimising the size of the forces raised by the Jacobites in Scotland in 1715 and 1745, as well as rendering them atypical in other ways: for example, in respect of recruitment, training, organisation, or military equipment. It notes that the Myth of the Jacobite Clans sustains itself by ‘othering’ all these aspects of the Jacobite war machine, setting them up as marginal and oppositional to traditional British military practice and, therefore, making them appear outmoded, amateurish, or barbarous.Less
This chapter examines the composition of the Jacobite armies in detail, reinforcing the demonstrably Lowland character of many of their troops as identified by Daniel Szechi, Christopher Duffy, and Frank McLynn. It observes that accounts of the Jacobite Risings which portray them as marginal ‘Highland’ affairs have an evident interest in minimising the size of the forces raised by the Jacobites in Scotland in 1715 and 1745, as well as rendering them atypical in other ways: for example, in respect of recruitment, training, organisation, or military equipment. It notes that the Myth of the Jacobite Clans sustains itself by ‘othering’ all these aspects of the Jacobite war machine, setting them up as marginal and oppositional to traditional British military practice and, therefore, making them appear outmoded, amateurish, or barbarous.
Gavin J. Bailey
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748647477
- eISBN:
- 9780748693801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748647477.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses the changes in British defence policy from 1938–40. It shows that during this period, Britain grappled with the challenge of maintaining a great Fleet and an immense Air Force ...
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This chapter discusses the changes in British defence policy from 1938–40. It shows that during this period, Britain grappled with the challenge of maintaining a great Fleet and an immense Air Force to sustain the dislocation of continued bombardment from the air, to provide munitions at a rate contemplated for Allies, while at the same time fighting with an unlimited Army on the continent backed by an unlimited supply of materials.Less
This chapter discusses the changes in British defence policy from 1938–40. It shows that during this period, Britain grappled with the challenge of maintaining a great Fleet and an immense Air Force to sustain the dislocation of continued bombardment from the air, to provide munitions at a rate contemplated for Allies, while at the same time fighting with an unlimited Army on the continent backed by an unlimited supply of materials.
Graham Dominy
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040047
- eISBN:
- 9780252098246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040047.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the influence of the British military garrison at Fort Napier by tracing the history of the organization from whence the garrison came: the British Army. During the Victorian ...
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This chapter examines the influence of the British military garrison at Fort Napier by tracing the history of the organization from whence the garrison came: the British Army. During the Victorian era, the British Army was a pillar of the established order. Its main function was to defend the realm in the United Kingdom, the Indian Empire, and the colonies, as well as the monarchy. In the period before the establishment of an organized police force, the army maintained internal stability in Britain and, even more significantly, in Ireland. The chapter first provides an overview of the administration and reform of the British Army before considering the “inherent” qualities that were inculcated into future army officers, along with the “other ranks” of the army. It shows that the Victorian-era army reflected and magnified the class structure of the society from whence it came, citing its emphasis on the concept of masculinity.Less
This chapter examines the influence of the British military garrison at Fort Napier by tracing the history of the organization from whence the garrison came: the British Army. During the Victorian era, the British Army was a pillar of the established order. Its main function was to defend the realm in the United Kingdom, the Indian Empire, and the colonies, as well as the monarchy. In the period before the establishment of an organized police force, the army maintained internal stability in Britain and, even more significantly, in Ireland. The chapter first provides an overview of the administration and reform of the British Army before considering the “inherent” qualities that were inculcated into future army officers, along with the “other ranks” of the army. It shows that the Victorian-era army reflected and magnified the class structure of the society from whence it came, citing its emphasis on the concept of masculinity.
Yuma Totani
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199643288
- eISBN:
- 9780191749070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199643288.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter examines British courts' findings on the responsibility of Japanese military and civilian authorities for the mistreatment of POWs. The analysis focuses on five trials: the trial of ...
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This chapter examines British courts' findings on the responsibility of Japanese military and civilian authorities for the mistreatment of POWs. The analysis focuses on five trials: the trial of Colonel Tokunaga Isao, who served as commandant of all POW camps in Hong Kong for almost the entire period of the Pacific War (January 1942–August 1945); the trial of Colonel Nakano Jun'ichi, the first of the three Japanese officers to serve as commandant of all POW camps in colonial Taiwan (July 1942–June 1943); the trial of Colonel Sazawa Hideo, successor of Nakano (July 1943–March 1945); the trial of Major Uete Taichii, successor of Colonel Sazawa (March–September 1945); and the trial of Toda Mitsugu, General Manager of the Japan Mining Company at Kinkaseki, Taiwan, during the Pacific War — Toda and eight company employees were accused of collaborating with the Army in making unlawful and criminal use of POW labour.Less
This chapter examines British courts' findings on the responsibility of Japanese military and civilian authorities for the mistreatment of POWs. The analysis focuses on five trials: the trial of Colonel Tokunaga Isao, who served as commandant of all POW camps in Hong Kong for almost the entire period of the Pacific War (January 1942–August 1945); the trial of Colonel Nakano Jun'ichi, the first of the three Japanese officers to serve as commandant of all POW camps in colonial Taiwan (July 1942–June 1943); the trial of Colonel Sazawa Hideo, successor of Nakano (July 1943–March 1945); the trial of Major Uete Taichii, successor of Colonel Sazawa (March–September 1945); and the trial of Toda Mitsugu, General Manager of the Japan Mining Company at Kinkaseki, Taiwan, during the Pacific War — Toda and eight company employees were accused of collaborating with the Army in making unlawful and criminal use of POW labour.
