Richard Stoneman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300180077
- eISBN:
- 9780300216042
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300180077.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
Xerxes, Great King of the Persian Empire from 486–465 B.C., has gone down in history as an angry tyrant full of insane ambition. The stand of Leonidas and the 300 against his army at Thermopylae is a ...
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Xerxes, Great King of the Persian Empire from 486–465 B.C., has gone down in history as an angry tyrant full of insane ambition. The stand of Leonidas and the 300 against his army at Thermopylae is a byword for courage, while the failure of Xerxes's expedition has overshadowed all the other achievements of his twenty-two-year reign. This book shows how Xerxes, despite sympathetic treatment by the contemporary Greek writers Aeschylus and Herodotus, had his reputation destroyed by later Greek writers and by the propaganda of Alexander III of Macedon. The text draws on the latest research in Achaemenid studies and archaeology to present the ruler from the Persian perspective. This volume does not whitewash Xerxes's failings but sets against them such triumphs as the architectural splendor of Persepolis and a consideration of Xerxes's religious commitments. What emerges is a nuanced portrait of a man who ruled a vast and multicultural empire which the Greek communities of the West saw as the antithesis of their own values.Less
Xerxes, Great King of the Persian Empire from 486–465 B.C., has gone down in history as an angry tyrant full of insane ambition. The stand of Leonidas and the 300 against his army at Thermopylae is a byword for courage, while the failure of Xerxes's expedition has overshadowed all the other achievements of his twenty-two-year reign. This book shows how Xerxes, despite sympathetic treatment by the contemporary Greek writers Aeschylus and Herodotus, had his reputation destroyed by later Greek writers and by the propaganda of Alexander III of Macedon. The text draws on the latest research in Achaemenid studies and archaeology to present the ruler from the Persian perspective. This volume does not whitewash Xerxes's failings but sets against them such triumphs as the architectural splendor of Persepolis and a consideration of Xerxes's religious commitments. What emerges is a nuanced portrait of a man who ruled a vast and multicultural empire which the Greek communities of the West saw as the antithesis of their own values.
Keith Stringer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748632787
- eISBN:
- 9780748651405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748632787.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Tynedale has good claims to be regarded as one of the greatest liberties in the medieval British Isles, and it was certainly the largest and most privileged secular ‘franchise’ in the far North of ...
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Tynedale has good claims to be regarded as one of the greatest liberties in the medieval British Isles, and it was certainly the largest and most privileged secular ‘franchise’ in the far North of England. Its position as a liberty on the regional power-map was indeed second only to that of Durham; but its history is much less well known. This chapter attempts to put the liberty more firmly on the historical map of ‘Middle Britain’ in the thirteenth century, for most of which period Tynedale was held by William I (‘the Lion’) and his successors Alexander II (1214–49) and Alexander III (1249–86). It focuses on the liberty's fortunes under these Scots kings, though the concluding section takes matters down to the outbreak of the Wars of Independence in 1296. Before that happened, Tynedale was long a land of peace.Less
Tynedale has good claims to be regarded as one of the greatest liberties in the medieval British Isles, and it was certainly the largest and most privileged secular ‘franchise’ in the far North of England. Its position as a liberty on the regional power-map was indeed second only to that of Durham; but its history is much less well known. This chapter attempts to put the liberty more firmly on the historical map of ‘Middle Britain’ in the thirteenth century, for most of which period Tynedale was held by William I (‘the Lion’) and his successors Alexander II (1214–49) and Alexander III (1249–86). It focuses on the liberty's fortunes under these Scots kings, though the concluding section takes matters down to the outbreak of the Wars of Independence in 1296. Before that happened, Tynedale was long a land of peace.
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195156508
- eISBN:
- 9780199868230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156508.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the events that took place after the death of Nicholas I. It narrates that Nicholas I passed his throne to his son, Alexander II, and instructed him to liberate the serfs. It ...
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This chapter discusses the events that took place after the death of Nicholas I. It narrates that Nicholas I passed his throne to his son, Alexander II, and instructed him to liberate the serfs. It defines Nihilism as concentrated on the individual, whom it promised to liberate from all the prejudices hemming human existence. It mentions some new populist writers who became important and influential. It discusses that Alexander III's reign experienced increased pressure on non-Orthodox denominations and a growth of the policy of Russification. Alexander III was often been described as the first nationalist on the Russian throne. It explains that Nicholas II, Alexander III's eldest son, became the autocratic ruler of Russia after his father's death in 1894.Less
This chapter discusses the events that took place after the death of Nicholas I. It narrates that Nicholas I passed his throne to his son, Alexander II, and instructed him to liberate the serfs. It defines Nihilism as concentrated on the individual, whom it promised to liberate from all the prejudices hemming human existence. It mentions some new populist writers who became important and influential. It discusses that Alexander III's reign experienced increased pressure on non-Orthodox denominations and a growth of the policy of Russification. Alexander III was often been described as the first nationalist on the Russian throne. It explains that Nicholas II, Alexander III's eldest son, became the autocratic ruler of Russia after his father's death in 1894.
D. L. d'Avray
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198208211
- eISBN:
- 9780191716690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208211.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
In the later Middle Ages there was a strange exception to the rule that marriages were indissoluble. A non-consummated marriage could be dissolved even if there were no question of impotence on ...
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In the later Middle Ages there was a strange exception to the rule that marriages were indissoluble. A non-consummated marriage could be dissolved even if there were no question of impotence on either side if the husband or wife chose to enter a religious order. From the 15th century on this developed into a papal power to dissolve unconsummated marriages for other reasons too. The intellectual origins of this development can be traced back to marriage symbolism: only a consummated marriage fully mirrors the passionate union of Christ and the Church, so that only a consummated marriage is fully indissoluble. The Carolingian marriage guru Hincmar of Reims played an early role in forming this doctrine. Alexander III in the 12th century made the ruling about entry into a religious order. Martin V may have been the first to dissolve valid but unconsummated marriages for other reasons. The practice developed further in the early modern period. The main contribution of the chapter is to show that this by-way of Canon Law is more relevant to social history than might be supposed. The evidence of the Apostolic Penitentiary Registers is one of the sources used to demonstrate this.Less
In the later Middle Ages there was a strange exception to the rule that marriages were indissoluble. A non-consummated marriage could be dissolved even if there were no question of impotence on either side if the husband or wife chose to enter a religious order. From the 15th century on this developed into a papal power to dissolve unconsummated marriages for other reasons too. The intellectual origins of this development can be traced back to marriage symbolism: only a consummated marriage fully mirrors the passionate union of Christ and the Church, so that only a consummated marriage is fully indissoluble. The Carolingian marriage guru Hincmar of Reims played an early role in forming this doctrine. Alexander III in the 12th century made the ruling about entry into a religious order. Martin V may have been the first to dissolve valid but unconsummated marriages for other reasons. The practice developed further in the early modern period. The main contribution of the chapter is to show that this by-way of Canon Law is more relevant to social history than might be supposed. The evidence of the Apostolic Penitentiary Registers is one of the sources used to demonstrate this.
Colin Morris
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269250
- eISBN:
- 9780191600708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269250.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
In principle, bishops were responsible for ecclesiastical revenues, but in practice other powers had secured vested rights over them. Tithes formed a basic part of the income of the church, while ...
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In principle, bishops were responsible for ecclesiastical revenues, but in practice other powers had secured vested rights over them. Tithes formed a basic part of the income of the church, while efficient bishops were committed to the restoration of alienated estates. The exemption of clergy from royal or civil courts was an issue of vigorous dispute. The formulation of canon law proceeded rapidly: a development against which some critics strongly protested.Less
In principle, bishops were responsible for ecclesiastical revenues, but in practice other powers had secured vested rights over them. Tithes formed a basic part of the income of the church, while efficient bishops were committed to the restoration of alienated estates. The exemption of clergy from royal or civil courts was an issue of vigorous dispute. The formulation of canon law proceeded rapidly: a development against which some critics strongly protested.
Michael Brown
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748612376
- eISBN:
- 9780748672301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748612376.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
On 13 July 1249, less than a week after the death of his father, a boy of almost eight years old was crowned king of Scots as Alexander III. Alan Durward, probably accompanied by others who had been ...
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On 13 July 1249, less than a week after the death of his father, a boy of almost eight years old was crowned king of Scots as Alexander III. Alan Durward, probably accompanied by others who had been with Alexander II in Argyll, deserted the corpse of his dead lord and sped east to be at the inauguration of the new king. The young king was knighted and crowned with full ceremony in an atmosphere of hastily-restored peace — a peace that was kept during the next eighteen months. Alexander probably remained in the household of his mother, Queen Marie, while royal government was in the hands of a council of lords and prelates. However, beneath this harmony lurked rivalry, insecurity and faction. For the first time in living memory Scotland lacked an adult ruler. During 1250 and 1251 anxiety and ambition combined to create new alliances and intensify old rivalries and centred on the figures of Alan Durward and Walter Comyn.Less
On 13 July 1249, less than a week after the death of his father, a boy of almost eight years old was crowned king of Scots as Alexander III. Alan Durward, probably accompanied by others who had been with Alexander II in Argyll, deserted the corpse of his dead lord and sped east to be at the inauguration of the new king. The young king was knighted and crowned with full ceremony in an atmosphere of hastily-restored peace — a peace that was kept during the next eighteen months. Alexander probably remained in the household of his mother, Queen Marie, while royal government was in the hands of a council of lords and prelates. However, beneath this harmony lurked rivalry, insecurity and faction. For the first time in living memory Scotland lacked an adult ruler. During 1250 and 1251 anxiety and ambition combined to create new alliances and intensify old rivalries and centred on the figures of Alan Durward and Walter Comyn.
Dauvit Broun
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623600
- eISBN:
- 9780748653416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623600.003.0026
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This chapter traces the changing perspective on the Scottish kingdom through the bishopric of Glasgow, albeit in a more learned and less certain context. It argues that the see which had been so keen ...
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This chapter traces the changing perspective on the Scottish kingdom through the bishopric of Glasgow, albeit in a more learned and less certain context. It argues that the see which had been so keen to preserve its freedom came, by the 1260s, to base its aspirations on a new conception of Scotland's ancient territorial integrity which embraced the diocese of Glasgow, rather than on an idea that Glasgow was not part of ‘Scotland’. It examines the inauguration of Alexander III on 13 July 1249 and argues that it can be regarded as the earliest extended expression of the claim that Scotland was a sovereign realm.Less
This chapter traces the changing perspective on the Scottish kingdom through the bishopric of Glasgow, albeit in a more learned and less certain context. It argues that the see which had been so keen to preserve its freedom came, by the 1260s, to base its aspirations on a new conception of Scotland's ancient territorial integrity which embraced the diocese of Glasgow, rather than on an idea that Glasgow was not part of ‘Scotland’. It examines the inauguration of Alexander III on 13 July 1249 and argues that it can be regarded as the earliest extended expression of the claim that Scotland was a sovereign realm.
Jan P. Stronk
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474414258
- eISBN:
- 9781474430975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474414258.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
After discussing the rise to power of Darius III, Diodorus extensively relates the first stages of the war between Alexander III the Great of Macedon and Darius III up to the Battle of Gaugamela. ...
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After discussing the rise to power of Darius III, Diodorus extensively relates the first stages of the war between Alexander III the Great of Macedon and Darius III up to the Battle of Gaugamela. Subsequently Alexander’s crossing into Asia and his performance at Troy, the Battle of the Granicus and its aftermath, the Battle of Issus, the siege of Tyre, the invasion of Egypt, and the Battle of Gaugamela come to the fore, followed by Alexander’s entry into Persepolis and the fate of this city.Less
After discussing the rise to power of Darius III, Diodorus extensively relates the first stages of the war between Alexander III the Great of Macedon and Darius III up to the Battle of Gaugamela. Subsequently Alexander’s crossing into Asia and his performance at Troy, the Battle of the Granicus and its aftermath, the Battle of Issus, the siege of Tyre, the invasion of Egypt, and the Battle of Gaugamela come to the fore, followed by Alexander’s entry into Persepolis and the fate of this city.
Francis Wcislo
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199543564
- eISBN:
- 9780191725104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543564.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This chapter examines Witte's visions of empire. Appointed to the ministerial state in 1888 and by 1892 Minister of Finances to Tsar Alexander III, Witte reached the height of his personal and public ...
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This chapter examines Witte's visions of empire. Appointed to the ministerial state in 1888 and by 1892 Minister of Finances to Tsar Alexander III, Witte reached the height of his personal and public powers in the equally triumphant gilded age of the 1890s. He oversaw the construction of a Eurasian transcontinental railroad across Siberia to the Pacific, began to effect the renovation of imperial commercial-industrial life, expanded Russian industrial investment significantly, and brought his modernizing influence to bear throughout the imperial state. His was a vision grounded in the objective economic reality of international capitalism. Economic historians both old and new share the view that Russia's gilded age saw a commercial and industrial expansion of the imperial economy that became self-sustaining. Its motive power, in Witte's always somehow neo-mercantilist mind, derived from the international capitalist order of which the empire was a constituent element; the international circulation of capital, commodities, and labor that coursed through it; and finally, through the instrument of the state, the attraction of capital investment to the imperial economy, and thus the intensification of the movement of goods, capital, and labor that created wealth and power within it.Less
This chapter examines Witte's visions of empire. Appointed to the ministerial state in 1888 and by 1892 Minister of Finances to Tsar Alexander III, Witte reached the height of his personal and public powers in the equally triumphant gilded age of the 1890s. He oversaw the construction of a Eurasian transcontinental railroad across Siberia to the Pacific, began to effect the renovation of imperial commercial-industrial life, expanded Russian industrial investment significantly, and brought his modernizing influence to bear throughout the imperial state. His was a vision grounded in the objective economic reality of international capitalism. Economic historians both old and new share the view that Russia's gilded age saw a commercial and industrial expansion of the imperial economy that became self-sustaining. Its motive power, in Witte's always somehow neo-mercantilist mind, derived from the international capitalist order of which the empire was a constituent element; the international circulation of capital, commodities, and labor that coursed through it; and finally, through the instrument of the state, the attraction of capital investment to the imperial economy, and thus the intensification of the movement of goods, capital, and labor that created wealth and power within it.
G.W.S. Barrow
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748620227
- eISBN:
- 9780748672189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748620227.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter considers the effects of the death of Alexander III 18 March 1286 on the Scottish kingdom. It provides an overview of the main features of Scotland and its people in the later thirteenth ...
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This chapter considers the effects of the death of Alexander III 18 March 1286 on the Scottish kingdom. It provides an overview of the main features of Scotland and its people in the later thirteenth century, rejecting the traditional view of Scotland as a ‘Celtic’ country and instead stressing its mixture of ethnic origins; even so. Celtic traditions had an important part to play in defining aspects of Scottish identity. Scotland's inhabitants spoke a mixture of languages, though by the end of the thirteenth century Gaelic was on the wane on the eastern Scottish seaboard north of the Forth, and north sea trade helped Scotland to build up a wide range of international contacts. The landowning classes, linked across apparent ethnic divides by intermarriage over generations, had a strong political interest in overseeing the succession to the throne and appointed representatives (the ‘Guardians’) to rule the country.Less
This chapter considers the effects of the death of Alexander III 18 March 1286 on the Scottish kingdom. It provides an overview of the main features of Scotland and its people in the later thirteenth century, rejecting the traditional view of Scotland as a ‘Celtic’ country and instead stressing its mixture of ethnic origins; even so. Celtic traditions had an important part to play in defining aspects of Scottish identity. Scotland's inhabitants spoke a mixture of languages, though by the end of the thirteenth century Gaelic was on the wane on the eastern Scottish seaboard north of the Forth, and north sea trade helped Scotland to build up a wide range of international contacts. The landowning classes, linked across apparent ethnic divides by intermarriage over generations, had a strong political interest in overseeing the succession to the throne and appointed representatives (the ‘Guardians’) to rule the country.
Jan P. Stronk
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474414258
- eISBN:
- 9781474430975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474414258.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
Having learned that King Darius was murdered by his relative Bessus, who himself subsequently proclaimed to be the rightful Achaemenid king, Alexander III the Great started the pursuit of Bessus. ...
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Having learned that King Darius was murdered by his relative Bessus, who himself subsequently proclaimed to be the rightful Achaemenid king, Alexander III the Great started the pursuit of Bessus. After Bessus’ death, Alexander marched further east, entering ‘India’, in fact the Punjab. After an encounter with one of the kings of this region, King Porus, Alexander moved south over the River Indus to the Indian Ocean. From there he finally returned to Babylon (overcoming many hardships) and died there, either from natural causes or due to having been poisoned.Less
Having learned that King Darius was murdered by his relative Bessus, who himself subsequently proclaimed to be the rightful Achaemenid king, Alexander III the Great started the pursuit of Bessus. After Bessus’ death, Alexander marched further east, entering ‘India’, in fact the Punjab. After an encounter with one of the kings of this region, King Porus, Alexander moved south over the River Indus to the Indian Ocean. From there he finally returned to Babylon (overcoming many hardships) and died there, either from natural causes or due to having been poisoned.
John B. Freed
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300122763
- eISBN:
- 9780300221169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300122763.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter details events following Frederick's successful second Italian campaign. Frederick left Italy in late August 1162 confident after his victory that he would be able to persuade Louis VII ...
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This chapter details events following Frederick's successful second Italian campaign. Frederick left Italy in late August 1162 confident after his victory that he would be able to persuade Louis VII at St. Jean-de-Losne, on the border between their realms in Burgundy, to recognize Victor IV as the rightful pontiff. The aborted meeting turned, instead, into a major diplomatic defeat; and Frederick spent the next five years shuttling back and forth between Germany and Italy in a fruitless pursuit of Alexander III, by both military and diplomatic means, that ended with the annihilation of his army. The discussions cover the punishment of Mainz for the murder of Archbishop Arnold on 24 June 1160; the third Italian campaign; the imperial administration's tyrannical rule during Frederick's absence from Italy between 1164 and 1166; the election of Cardinal Guido of Crema as Paschal III in 1164; the Würzburg assembly of 1165; the canonization of Charlemagne; the fourth Italian campaign; and the epidemic that struck the army and city of Rome after a torrential downpour in the early afternoon of 2 August 1167.Less
This chapter details events following Frederick's successful second Italian campaign. Frederick left Italy in late August 1162 confident after his victory that he would be able to persuade Louis VII at St. Jean-de-Losne, on the border between their realms in Burgundy, to recognize Victor IV as the rightful pontiff. The aborted meeting turned, instead, into a major diplomatic defeat; and Frederick spent the next five years shuttling back and forth between Germany and Italy in a fruitless pursuit of Alexander III, by both military and diplomatic means, that ended with the annihilation of his army. The discussions cover the punishment of Mainz for the murder of Archbishop Arnold on 24 June 1160; the third Italian campaign; the imperial administration's tyrannical rule during Frederick's absence from Italy between 1164 and 1166; the election of Cardinal Guido of Crema as Paschal III in 1164; the Würzburg assembly of 1165; the canonization of Charlemagne; the fourth Italian campaign; and the epidemic that struck the army and city of Rome after a torrential downpour in the early afternoon of 2 August 1167.
Philipp W. Rosemann
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195155440
- eISBN:
- 9780199849871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195155440.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter examines Book III of the Peter Lombard's Book of Sentences. The purpose of this chapter is not a historical study of the controversies that surrounded the Book of Sentences before it ...
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This chapter examines Book III of the Peter Lombard's Book of Sentences. The purpose of this chapter is not a historical study of the controversies that surrounded the Book of Sentences before it became the standard textbook of theology in the Christian West, but to examine the strange doctrine that seemed to have marred the Christology of the Sentences. It explains how several contemporary authors have followed Baltzer in his judgment concerning the flawed structure of Book III of the Sentences. It is especially the inclusion of the virtues in Christology that has met with the disapproval of historians of theology. Pope Alexander III condemned Peter's Christology by calling it vicious doctrine. Despite the condemnation, Lombard's Christology did not detract from the esteem in which the Lombard's theology was held.Less
This chapter examines Book III of the Peter Lombard's Book of Sentences. The purpose of this chapter is not a historical study of the controversies that surrounded the Book of Sentences before it became the standard textbook of theology in the Christian West, but to examine the strange doctrine that seemed to have marred the Christology of the Sentences. It explains how several contemporary authors have followed Baltzer in his judgment concerning the flawed structure of Book III of the Sentences. It is especially the inclusion of the virtues in Christology that has met with the disapproval of historians of theology. Pope Alexander III condemned Peter's Christology by calling it vicious doctrine. Despite the condemnation, Lombard's Christology did not detract from the esteem in which the Lombard's theology was held.
Michael Brown
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748612376
- eISBN:
- 9780748672301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748612376.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
On 29 March 1286 the funeral of Alexander III was held at Dunfermline Abbey. Alexander's sudden death had brought to an end the male line of the royal dynasty that had ruled Scotland for two ...
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On 29 March 1286 the funeral of Alexander III was held at Dunfermline Abbey. Alexander's sudden death had brought to an end the male line of the royal dynasty that had ruled Scotland for two centuries. His funeral was the setting for the first of a series of councils during the spring of 1286. At these meetings the Scottish political class gathered to seek ways of filling the political vacuum left at the heart of the kingdom by Alexander's death. This issue of the succession would turn from a short-term crisis into a drawn-out military and political struggle, and the next three generations of Scots would face the issues raised by this sustained crisis. At the centre of this would be the search for the kind of widely-accepted royal lordship exercised by Alexander III and his forebears, but the course of the struggle would transform the structure and character of the thirteenth-century kingdom and threaten its survival. The threat to the survival of the Scottish realm would come from the kings of England.Less
On 29 March 1286 the funeral of Alexander III was held at Dunfermline Abbey. Alexander's sudden death had brought to an end the male line of the royal dynasty that had ruled Scotland for two centuries. His funeral was the setting for the first of a series of councils during the spring of 1286. At these meetings the Scottish political class gathered to seek ways of filling the political vacuum left at the heart of the kingdom by Alexander's death. This issue of the succession would turn from a short-term crisis into a drawn-out military and political struggle, and the next three generations of Scots would face the issues raised by this sustained crisis. At the centre of this would be the search for the kind of widely-accepted royal lordship exercised by Alexander III and his forebears, but the course of the struggle would transform the structure and character of the thirteenth-century kingdom and threaten its survival. The threat to the survival of the Scottish realm would come from the kings of England.
Konstantin Akinsha, Grigorij Kozlov, and Sylvia Hochfield
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300110272
- eISBN:
- 9780300144970
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300110272.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This book surveys two centuries of Russian history through a succession of ambitious architectural projects designed for a single construction site in central Moscow. Czars, Bolshevik rulers, and ...
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This book surveys two centuries of Russian history through a succession of ambitious architectural projects designed for a single construction site in central Moscow. Czars, Bolshevik rulers, and contemporary Russian leaders alike have dreamed of glorious monuments to themselves and their ideologies on this site. The history of their efforts reflects the story of the nation itself and its repeated attempts to construct or reconstruct its identity and to repudiate or resuscitate emblems of the past. In the nineteenth century, Czar Alexander I began to construct the largest cathedral (and the largest building) in the world at the time. His successor, Nicholas I, changed both the site and the project. Completed by Alexander III, the cathedral was demolished by Stalin in the 1930s to make way for the tallest building in the world, the Palace of Soviets, but that project was ended by the war. During the Khrushchev years the excavation pit was transformed into an outdoor heated swimming pool—the world's largest, of course—and under Yeltsin's direction the pool was replaced with a reconstruction of the destroyed cathedral. The book explores each project intended for this ideologically-charged site and documents with 60 illustrations the grand projects that were built as well as those that were only dreamed.Less
This book surveys two centuries of Russian history through a succession of ambitious architectural projects designed for a single construction site in central Moscow. Czars, Bolshevik rulers, and contemporary Russian leaders alike have dreamed of glorious monuments to themselves and their ideologies on this site. The history of their efforts reflects the story of the nation itself and its repeated attempts to construct or reconstruct its identity and to repudiate or resuscitate emblems of the past. In the nineteenth century, Czar Alexander I began to construct the largest cathedral (and the largest building) in the world at the time. His successor, Nicholas I, changed both the site and the project. Completed by Alexander III, the cathedral was demolished by Stalin in the 1930s to make way for the tallest building in the world, the Palace of Soviets, but that project was ended by the war. During the Khrushchev years the excavation pit was transformed into an outdoor heated swimming pool—the world's largest, of course—and under Yeltsin's direction the pool was replaced with a reconstruction of the destroyed cathedral. The book explores each project intended for this ideologically-charged site and documents with 60 illustrations the grand projects that were built as well as those that were only dreamed.
Jan P. Stronk
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474414258
- eISBN:
- 9781474430975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474414258.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
In this chapter, the years 323/2- 318/7 bc are treated. After the death of Alexander III the Great, the empire he ruled became the plaything of several of his generals and trustees. Though all of ...
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In this chapter, the years 323/2- 318/7 bc are treated. After the death of Alexander III the Great, the empire he ruled became the plaything of several of his generals and trustees. Though all of them formally pledged loyalty to the lawful successors, Philip III Arrhidaeus, Alexander’s half-brother, and Alexander IV, the infant son of Alexander the Great by Roxane-both of them supported by Eumenes-, during a conference at Triparadisus, they in fact tried to secure their own positions, like Ptolemy I Soter did in Egypt, neglecting or even undermining the legal heirs’ position.Less
In this chapter, the years 323/2- 318/7 bc are treated. After the death of Alexander III the Great, the empire he ruled became the plaything of several of his generals and trustees. Though all of them formally pledged loyalty to the lawful successors, Philip III Arrhidaeus, Alexander’s half-brother, and Alexander IV, the infant son of Alexander the Great by Roxane-both of them supported by Eumenes-, during a conference at Triparadisus, they in fact tried to secure their own positions, like Ptolemy I Soter did in Egypt, neglecting or even undermining the legal heirs’ position.
Roland John Wiley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195368925
- eISBN:
- 9780199852468
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368925.003.0015
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
No artist is guaranteed a faithful muse, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's, in these years, continued along the fretful course begun in 1878. He was ever less in control of his finances; Kamenka had ...
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No artist is guaranteed a faithful muse, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's, in these years, continued along the fretful course begun in 1878. He was ever less in control of his finances; Kamenka had long since ceased to be a refuge; more and more, he wished for a little piece of earth with a house on it. This wish became insistent in 1884, in painful conflict with his chronic lack of money. Most of his compositions from this time, including music for the coronation of Alexander III, remain obscure. Mazepa, after a desultory gestation, moved into production, Tchaikovsky indiscreetly declaring the eight percent performance royalty to be an affront at a time he could not boast of a single work in the continuing repertoire.Less
No artist is guaranteed a faithful muse, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's, in these years, continued along the fretful course begun in 1878. He was ever less in control of his finances; Kamenka had long since ceased to be a refuge; more and more, he wished for a little piece of earth with a house on it. This wish became insistent in 1884, in painful conflict with his chronic lack of money. Most of his compositions from this time, including music for the coronation of Alexander III, remain obscure. Mazepa, after a desultory gestation, moved into production, Tchaikovsky indiscreetly declaring the eight percent performance royalty to be an affront at a time he could not boast of a single work in the continuing repertoire.
Jan P. Stronk
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474414258
- eISBN:
- 9781474430975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474414258.003.0011
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
The chapter starts with a discussion on the historical characters that may have contributed to Diodorus’ imaginary picture of Semiramis. The chapter also make clear that Diodorus combined different ...
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The chapter starts with a discussion on the historical characters that may have contributed to Diodorus’ imaginary picture of Semiramis. The chapter also make clear that Diodorus combined different elements -or story-lines- in his account. First, the idea of ‘Continuity of empire’, sc. that there was a logical succession of the various empires discussed. Second, and related to the first, the concept of the need of ‘world domination’, if not in fact than at least in claim, present in the empires and houses of (almost) all rulers discussed. Third, Diodorus’ Stoic beliefs, in the Historical Library notably focusing on aretê, commonly translated as ‘virtue’, and, as regards Persian history, on truphē, best translated as ‘luxuriousness’. These qualities, or the lack thereof, can -and in Diodorus’ view did- make or break an empire.Less
The chapter starts with a discussion on the historical characters that may have contributed to Diodorus’ imaginary picture of Semiramis. The chapter also make clear that Diodorus combined different elements -or story-lines- in his account. First, the idea of ‘Continuity of empire’, sc. that there was a logical succession of the various empires discussed. Second, and related to the first, the concept of the need of ‘world domination’, if not in fact than at least in claim, present in the empires and houses of (almost) all rulers discussed. Third, Diodorus’ Stoic beliefs, in the Historical Library notably focusing on aretê, commonly translated as ‘virtue’, and, as regards Persian history, on truphē, best translated as ‘luxuriousness’. These qualities, or the lack thereof, can -and in Diodorus’ view did- make or break an empire.
Matthew Strickland
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300215519
- eISBN:
- 9780300219555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300215519.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter focuses on the outbreak of war between the forces of Henry the Young King and Henry II in 1173. It first examines the aims and strategy of young Henry and his allies for their rebellion ...
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This chapter focuses on the outbreak of war between the forces of Henry the Young King and Henry II in 1173. It first examines the aims and strategy of young Henry and his allies for their rebellion before discussing their initial forays into Pacy and Gournay. It then considers the Young King's diplomatic moves, including a letter to Pope Alexander III in an attempt to win Rome's support for his cause. It also discusses the allies' military campaign in North-East Normandy, Henry II's siege of Leicester, and the invasion of England by William the Lion, king of Scots. The chapter concludes with an analysis of encounters between young Henry and his father at Verneuil and Brittany, the failed peace negotiations between the two camps, the Earl of Leicester's invasion of Walton, and the battle of Fornham.Less
This chapter focuses on the outbreak of war between the forces of Henry the Young King and Henry II in 1173. It first examines the aims and strategy of young Henry and his allies for their rebellion before discussing their initial forays into Pacy and Gournay. It then considers the Young King's diplomatic moves, including a letter to Pope Alexander III in an attempt to win Rome's support for his cause. It also discusses the allies' military campaign in North-East Normandy, Henry II's siege of Leicester, and the invasion of England by William the Lion, king of Scots. The chapter concludes with an analysis of encounters between young Henry and his father at Verneuil and Brittany, the failed peace negotiations between the two camps, the Earl of Leicester's invasion of Walton, and the battle of Fornham.
