Magnus Feldmann
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199206483
- eISBN:
- 9780191709715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206483.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter studies the origins of varieties of capitalism in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe. It develops a theory of network-promotion and network-disruption to explain the emergence of ...
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This chapter studies the origins of varieties of capitalism in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe. It develops a theory of network-promotion and network-disruption to explain the emergence of LME and CME institutions. This theory is examined in the context of two countries in the region, Estonia and Slovenia, which are shown to be very good examples of liberal and coordinated market economies. This chapter focuses on industrial relations and wage bargaining in these two countries. It shows how inherited economic institutions and strategic policy choices in early transition have shaped networks and emerging varieties of capitalism.Less
This chapter studies the origins of varieties of capitalism in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe. It develops a theory of network-promotion and network-disruption to explain the emergence of LME and CME institutions. This theory is examined in the context of two countries in the region, Estonia and Slovenia, which are shown to be very good examples of liberal and coordinated market economies. This chapter focuses on industrial relations and wage bargaining in these two countries. It shows how inherited economic institutions and strategic policy choices in early transition have shaped networks and emerging varieties of capitalism.
Vlad Mykhnenko
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199206483
- eISBN:
- 9780191709715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206483.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter explores and explains: ‘what type of capitalism has emerged in post-communist Europe?’ and, ultimately, ‘does it work?’. It also critically examines the suitability and applicability of ...
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This chapter explores and explains: ‘what type of capitalism has emerged in post-communist Europe?’ and, ultimately, ‘does it work?’. It also critically examines the suitability and applicability of essentially Western neo-institutionalist theories of comparative capitalism for the study of post-communist phenomena. On the basis of empirical evidence and comparative analysis of the two largest neighbouring political economies of eastern Europe (Russia apart), it is argued that notwithstanding the world-wide neo-liberalising pressures, the changeable politics of post-communist transformation, and the unstable nature of eastern European institutions, both Polish and Ukrainian national variants of capitalism can be described as mixed- or ‘weakly’ coordinated market economies. In spite of the prevailing perceptions and popular media praise given to post-communist nations for adopting a deregulated, privatised, liberal type of capitalism, neither Polish nor Ukrainian political economy generally resembles the liberal market-based model. It is contended, however, that despite the apparent system-wise detachment of the eastern European economies of Poland and Ukraine from the ideal types of a coordinated-market economy (CME) and, especially, of a liberal-market economy (LME), the institutional structures of the two post-communist countries are not necessarily of a ‘low-level’, ‘dysfunctional’, or ‘suboptimal equilibrium’ type.Less
This chapter explores and explains: ‘what type of capitalism has emerged in post-communist Europe?’ and, ultimately, ‘does it work?’. It also critically examines the suitability and applicability of essentially Western neo-institutionalist theories of comparative capitalism for the study of post-communist phenomena. On the basis of empirical evidence and comparative analysis of the two largest neighbouring political economies of eastern Europe (Russia apart), it is argued that notwithstanding the world-wide neo-liberalising pressures, the changeable politics of post-communist transformation, and the unstable nature of eastern European institutions, both Polish and Ukrainian national variants of capitalism can be described as mixed- or ‘weakly’ coordinated market economies. In spite of the prevailing perceptions and popular media praise given to post-communist nations for adopting a deregulated, privatised, liberal type of capitalism, neither Polish nor Ukrainian political economy generally resembles the liberal market-based model. It is contended, however, that despite the apparent system-wise detachment of the eastern European economies of Poland and Ukraine from the ideal types of a coordinated-market economy (CME) and, especially, of a liberal-market economy (LME), the institutional structures of the two post-communist countries are not necessarily of a ‘low-level’, ‘dysfunctional’, or ‘suboptimal equilibrium’ type.
Shaun Breslin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641987
- eISBN:
- 9780191741586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641987.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter considers how China responded to the impact of the global crisis, and the subsequent debates over what this response means for the balance of power in the global order. A massive ...
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This chapter considers how China responded to the impact of the global crisis, and the subsequent debates over what this response means for the balance of power in the global order. A massive injection of funds through both official stimulus packages and an expansion of bank loans helped overcome a sharp drop in exports in the short term, but reignited debates over the structure of economic power in China, and the need to develop a new mode of growth promotion in the long term. Despite some problems related to asset bubbles and increasing bank debt, China’s ability to bounce back quickly from the impact of the crisis has cemented China as a leading actor in attempts to reform global economic governance, and has led many to rethink the efficacy of strong state-led developmental strategies vis-à-vis (neo)liberal alternatives.Less
This chapter considers how China responded to the impact of the global crisis, and the subsequent debates over what this response means for the balance of power in the global order. A massive injection of funds through both official stimulus packages and an expansion of bank loans helped overcome a sharp drop in exports in the short term, but reignited debates over the structure of economic power in China, and the need to develop a new mode of growth promotion in the long term. Despite some problems related to asset bubbles and increasing bank debt, China’s ability to bounce back quickly from the impact of the crisis has cemented China as a leading actor in attempts to reform global economic governance, and has led many to rethink the efficacy of strong state-led developmental strategies vis-à-vis (neo)liberal alternatives.
Gernot Grabher and David Stark (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290209
- eISBN:
- 9780191684791
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290209.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Political Economy
This book is about change in Central and Eastern Europe, and social and economic change more generally. In contrast to the dominant ‘transition framework’ that examines organizational forms in ...
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This book is about change in Central and Eastern Europe, and social and economic change more generally. In contrast to the dominant ‘transition framework’ that examines organizational forms in Eastern Europe according to the degree to which they conform to, or depart from, the blueprints of already existing capitalisms, this book examines the innovative character, born of necessity, in which actors in the post-socialist setting are restructuring organizations and institutions by redefining and recombining resources. Instead of conceiving these recombinations as accidental aberrations, it explores their evolutionary potentials. The starting premise of this book is that the actual unit of entrepreneurship is not the isolated individual personality but the social networks that link firms and the actors within them. Drawing insight from evolutionary economics and from the new methods of network analysis, sociologists, economists, and political scientists present their findings from Hungary, Poland, Eastern Germany, Russia, and the Czech Republic.Less
This book is about change in Central and Eastern Europe, and social and economic change more generally. In contrast to the dominant ‘transition framework’ that examines organizational forms in Eastern Europe according to the degree to which they conform to, or depart from, the blueprints of already existing capitalisms, this book examines the innovative character, born of necessity, in which actors in the post-socialist setting are restructuring organizations and institutions by redefining and recombining resources. Instead of conceiving these recombinations as accidental aberrations, it explores their evolutionary potentials. The starting premise of this book is that the actual unit of entrepreneurship is not the isolated individual personality but the social networks that link firms and the actors within them. Drawing insight from evolutionary economics and from the new methods of network analysis, sociologists, economists, and political scientists present their findings from Hungary, Poland, Eastern Germany, Russia, and the Czech Republic.
Moira Nelson and John D. Stephens
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199657285
- eISBN:
- 9780191745133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657285.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter explores the effect of social policy and labor market regulation on employment of women and in services. The authors—Moira Nelson and John Stephens—argue that in the current economic ...
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This chapter explores the effect of social policy and labor market regulation on employment of women and in services. The authors—Moira Nelson and John Stephens—argue that in the current economic environment, attaining high employment rates and therefore sustainable welfare states depends on expanding women’s employment. Their analysis focuses on the impact of various policies in seventeen OECD countries. They find evidence of the existence of two partisan “paths” to high services and female employment. The first, “social democratic,” path rests in part on high levels of female employment in public service sectors. Of considerable interest, however, is their finding that several features of social democratic welfare states—high short-term unemployment replacement rates, high sickpay, high spending on active labor market policy, low wage dispersion, and moderate to weak employment protection legislation—are also associated with high levels of employment in private services. The alternative “Liberal” route to high service and female employment on the other hand is a more exclusively private sector route and rests on easily recognizable features of Liberal regimes, such as low union density rates and low taxes. Finally, and of significant policy relevance, the authors find that several characteristics of Christian democratic regimes—generous long-term unemployment benefits, high social security taxes, strong employment protection, and low spending on active labor market policies and daycare—hold negative effects for employment in both public and private service sectors, with corresponding negative effects on female employment.Less
This chapter explores the effect of social policy and labor market regulation on employment of women and in services. The authors—Moira Nelson and John Stephens—argue that in the current economic environment, attaining high employment rates and therefore sustainable welfare states depends on expanding women’s employment. Their analysis focuses on the impact of various policies in seventeen OECD countries. They find evidence of the existence of two partisan “paths” to high services and female employment. The first, “social democratic,” path rests in part on high levels of female employment in public service sectors. Of considerable interest, however, is their finding that several features of social democratic welfare states—high short-term unemployment replacement rates, high sickpay, high spending on active labor market policy, low wage dispersion, and moderate to weak employment protection legislation—are also associated with high levels of employment in private services. The alternative “Liberal” route to high service and female employment on the other hand is a more exclusively private sector route and rests on easily recognizable features of Liberal regimes, such as low union density rates and low taxes. Finally, and of significant policy relevance, the authors find that several characteristics of Christian democratic regimes—generous long-term unemployment benefits, high social security taxes, strong employment protection, and low spending on active labor market policies and daycare—hold negative effects for employment in both public and private service sectors, with corresponding negative effects on female employment.
Ben Ansell and Jane Gingrich
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199657285
- eISBN:
- 9780191745133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657285.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
In this chapter, Ansell and Gingrich examine how the politics of higher education shape national responses to the challenge of the service transition. Specifically, they argue that applying Ansell’s ...
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In this chapter, Ansell and Gingrich examine how the politics of higher education shape national responses to the challenge of the service transition. Specifically, they argue that applying Ansell’s (2008) distinction between elite, mass public, and partially private higher education systems helps to explain the different patterns of employment in the service sector. The authors analyze data on higher education enrolment and service sector employment across twenty-three OECD countries. They show that while states with partially private systems (typically liberal political economies like the United States and the United Kingdom) have increased employment in the so-called “FIRE” services (finance, insurance, and real estate), states with mass public systems (the Scandinavian social democratic welfare states) have channeled workers with higher education into publicly provided social services. Meanwhile, in the “elite” higher education systems with restricted enrolment, such as those in Continental European states, labor supply may not be adequate to meet labor demand in highly skilled dynamic sectors (or in social services), thereby restraining the move away from manufacturing. The authors argue that the social democratic and liberal cases represent two distinct equilibria underpinned by the invested interests of highly skilled workers, making significant reforms of higher educational systems (and an associated alteration in service sector development paths) unlikely.Less
In this chapter, Ansell and Gingrich examine how the politics of higher education shape national responses to the challenge of the service transition. Specifically, they argue that applying Ansell’s (2008) distinction between elite, mass public, and partially private higher education systems helps to explain the different patterns of employment in the service sector. The authors analyze data on higher education enrolment and service sector employment across twenty-three OECD countries. They show that while states with partially private systems (typically liberal political economies like the United States and the United Kingdom) have increased employment in the so-called “FIRE” services (finance, insurance, and real estate), states with mass public systems (the Scandinavian social democratic welfare states) have channeled workers with higher education into publicly provided social services. Meanwhile, in the “elite” higher education systems with restricted enrolment, such as those in Continental European states, labor supply may not be adequate to meet labor demand in highly skilled dynamic sectors (or in social services), thereby restraining the move away from manufacturing. The authors argue that the social democratic and liberal cases represent two distinct equilibria underpinned by the invested interests of highly skilled workers, making significant reforms of higher educational systems (and an associated alteration in service sector development paths) unlikely.
Peter Temin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036160
- eISBN:
- 9780262339988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036160.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Education is the way for low-wage workers to move into the FTE sector, as moving to the city was the way to advance in the original Lewis model. Just as slums show the difficulty migrants face in ...
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Education is the way for low-wage workers to move into the FTE sector, as moving to the city was the way to advance in the original Lewis model. Just as slums show the difficulty migrants face in finding good jobs in cities, black and Latino graduates face difficulties finding good jobs in the FTE sector. These difficulties are increased by lack of state support for public universities, leading to increased tuition and the growth of student debt. They are increased further by for-profit colleges that often lead to debt without promising employment.Less
Education is the way for low-wage workers to move into the FTE sector, as moving to the city was the way to advance in the original Lewis model. Just as slums show the difficulty migrants face in finding good jobs in cities, black and Latino graduates face difficulties finding good jobs in the FTE sector. These difficulties are increased by lack of state support for public universities, leading to increased tuition and the growth of student debt. They are increased further by for-profit colleges that often lead to debt without promising employment.
Gordon Redding and Michael A. Witt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575879
- eISBN:
- 9780191702204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575879.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
The changes have gone further in some parts of China than others, so that the sector's significance varies geographically, it being especially important in the industrial coastlands. Thus, this ...
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The changes have gone further in some parts of China than others, so that the sector's significance varies geographically, it being especially important in the industrial coastlands. Thus, this chapter reports the story of this transition, and treats this complex segment of the economy as a discrete business system undergoing radical change. In addition, the history of the collective sector, the local corporate sector as a business system in transition, historical influences and the role of the state are described. The societal institutions surrounding the business system of the local corporate sector is tackled and it begins with those concerned with the sourcing and allocation of capital, followed by human capital, social capital, ownership and networks, and management.Less
The changes have gone further in some parts of China than others, so that the sector's significance varies geographically, it being especially important in the industrial coastlands. Thus, this chapter reports the story of this transition, and treats this complex segment of the economy as a discrete business system undergoing radical change. In addition, the history of the collective sector, the local corporate sector as a business system in transition, historical influences and the role of the state are described. The societal institutions surrounding the business system of the local corporate sector is tackled and it begins with those concerned with the sourcing and allocation of capital, followed by human capital, social capital, ownership and networks, and management.
Frank W. Geels
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198747413
- eISBN:
- 9780191809750
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747413.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter analyses the arduous transition to low-carbon electricity generation. The chapter first assesses global and European developments, addressing not only the expansion of renewable ...
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This chapter analyses the arduous transition to low-carbon electricity generation. The chapter first assesses global and European developments, addressing not only the expansion of renewable electricity capacity (wind, solar-PV, biomass) and city initiatives, but also the ongoing expansion of coal-fired power generation, the shale gas revolution, and nuclear power developments. Using the multi-level perspective (MLP), the chapter concludes that green niche-innovations face uphill struggles against existing regimes that are relatively resilient. Subsequently, the chapter concentrates on the UK to further analyse the resilience of existing electricity generation regimes, focusing on the strategic commitment of utilities and national government to gas, coal, and nuclear power. The chapter ends by discussing wider challenges such as the need to actively manage the decline of fossil fuels and the need to accelerate the speed of low-carbon transitions. Both topics require stronger roles for government and bolder policies.Less
This chapter analyses the arduous transition to low-carbon electricity generation. The chapter first assesses global and European developments, addressing not only the expansion of renewable electricity capacity (wind, solar-PV, biomass) and city initiatives, but also the ongoing expansion of coal-fired power generation, the shale gas revolution, and nuclear power developments. Using the multi-level perspective (MLP), the chapter concludes that green niche-innovations face uphill struggles against existing regimes that are relatively resilient. Subsequently, the chapter concentrates on the UK to further analyse the resilience of existing electricity generation regimes, focusing on the strategic commitment of utilities and national government to gas, coal, and nuclear power. The chapter ends by discussing wider challenges such as the need to actively manage the decline of fossil fuels and the need to accelerate the speed of low-carbon transitions. Both topics require stronger roles for government and bolder policies.
Volkmar Lauber and Staffan Jacobsson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198747413
- eISBN:
- 9780191809750
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747413.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter focuses on the German Energiewende which was designed as a long-term strategy in support of a transition to sustainability in energy supply. It was also a response to the challenge of ...
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This chapter focuses on the German Energiewende which was designed as a long-term strategy in support of a transition to sustainability in energy supply. It was also a response to the challenge of globalization in that it aimed to improve Germany’s competitive position by stimulating the development of new capital goods industries and reducing fossil-fuel imports. Hence, Energiewende is a way to meet the triple challenge in the field of energy. During its first decades, it was successful in enabling the deployment of a range of new technologies, the formation of innovative capital goods industries, and securing public support. Since 2010, however, a reassessment by political elites has led to the slowdown and redesign of Energiewende. Lessons are drawn from the German experience of managing this strategy which demands the kind of long-term thinking, staying power, and public support discussed in this book as a prerequisite for effective governance.Less
This chapter focuses on the German Energiewende which was designed as a long-term strategy in support of a transition to sustainability in energy supply. It was also a response to the challenge of globalization in that it aimed to improve Germany’s competitive position by stimulating the development of new capital goods industries and reducing fossil-fuel imports. Hence, Energiewende is a way to meet the triple challenge in the field of energy. During its first decades, it was successful in enabling the deployment of a range of new technologies, the formation of innovative capital goods industries, and securing public support. Since 2010, however, a reassessment by political elites has led to the slowdown and redesign of Energiewende. Lessons are drawn from the German experience of managing this strategy which demands the kind of long-term thinking, staying power, and public support discussed in this book as a prerequisite for effective governance.
