Justin Willis
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203209
- eISBN:
- 9780191675782
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203209.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter describes what efforts were made to reshape the town of Mombasa through town planning by the administration. In Mombasa, the authorities sought to remake urban physical space in order to ...
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This chapter describes what efforts were made to reshape the town of Mombasa through town planning by the administration. In Mombasa, the authorities sought to remake urban physical space in order to change the social relationships. Official discourse around the planning of the town invoked an imagery of moral and physical contamination, which emphasized the importance of establishing proper boundaries and preventing the incorporation of even more migrants into the Swahili population. But the implementation of these plans in the town was considerably delayed. While serious planning had begun under Hobley in 1913, the remaking of the town began only in the later 1920s, and came some time after the peak of attempts to enforce the policies of separation in the hinterland.Less
This chapter describes what efforts were made to reshape the town of Mombasa through town planning by the administration. In Mombasa, the authorities sought to remake urban physical space in order to change the social relationships. Official discourse around the planning of the town invoked an imagery of moral and physical contamination, which emphasized the importance of establishing proper boundaries and preventing the incorporation of even more migrants into the Swahili population. But the implementation of these plans in the town was considerably delayed. While serious planning had begun under Hobley in 1913, the remaking of the town began only in the later 1920s, and came some time after the peak of attempts to enforce the policies of separation in the hinterland.
Eduardo Posada-Carbó
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206286
- eISBN:
- 9780191677069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206286.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Rural life in the Colombian Caribbean did not revolve only around crops and livestock. Alongside an overwhelmingly rural picture — where farms were gradually turning into villages and villages into ...
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Rural life in the Colombian Caribbean did not revolve only around crops and livestock. Alongside an overwhelmingly rural picture — where farms were gradually turning into villages and villages into towns — riverports and seaports on the Coast, the main outlets for Colombian trade during the period, began to see major urban developments. These commercial towns were centres of regional integration; some of them also linked the region with the country and the country with the world economy. This chapter explores the extent to which Coastal cities were affected by regional development, focusing on Barranquilla, which from being a tiny village at the time of independence became the most important Colombian port during the second half of the nineteenth century. It examines the regional scope of Barranquilla's commercial and industrial activities by looking at the routes of trade; the origins of Barranquilero merchants, their activities, and their links with the region; and the impact that Barranquilla's development may have had in encouraging Coastal agriculture through a growing demand for both food and raw materials for the industrial sector.Less
Rural life in the Colombian Caribbean did not revolve only around crops and livestock. Alongside an overwhelmingly rural picture — where farms were gradually turning into villages and villages into towns — riverports and seaports on the Coast, the main outlets for Colombian trade during the period, began to see major urban developments. These commercial towns were centres of regional integration; some of them also linked the region with the country and the country with the world economy. This chapter explores the extent to which Coastal cities were affected by regional development, focusing on Barranquilla, which from being a tiny village at the time of independence became the most important Colombian port during the second half of the nineteenth century. It examines the regional scope of Barranquilla's commercial and industrial activities by looking at the routes of trade; the origins of Barranquilero merchants, their activities, and their links with the region; and the impact that Barranquilla's development may have had in encouraging Coastal agriculture through a growing demand for both food and raw materials for the industrial sector.
Alison K. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199978175
- eISBN:
- 9780190215590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199978175.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, World Modern History
This chapter looks at the ways that sosloviia, and particularly the process of gaining or leaving a soslovie, were altered during and after the era of the Great Reforms. During the reign of Alexander ...
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This chapter looks at the ways that sosloviia, and particularly the process of gaining or leaving a soslovie, were altered during and after the era of the Great Reforms. During the reign of Alexander II (1855–1881), many of the reforms influenced thinking about soslovie. Emancipation both created a more unified peasant soslovie and affected options for mobility. Reforms of town administration also dealt with the question of soslovie, in this case downplaying it in terms of administration but retaining it as a means of conceptualizing the population. Reforms of the army and taxes also brought up the question of soslovie, as duties associated with soslovie were radically altered. As a result, soslovie identities were seen as both obsolescent and yet necessary, and maintained their status as a primary way of categorizing the population through to the end of the imperial era.Less
This chapter looks at the ways that sosloviia, and particularly the process of gaining or leaving a soslovie, were altered during and after the era of the Great Reforms. During the reign of Alexander II (1855–1881), many of the reforms influenced thinking about soslovie. Emancipation both created a more unified peasant soslovie and affected options for mobility. Reforms of town administration also dealt with the question of soslovie, in this case downplaying it in terms of administration but retaining it as a means of conceptualizing the population. Reforms of the army and taxes also brought up the question of soslovie, as duties associated with soslovie were radically altered. As a result, soslovie identities were seen as both obsolescent and yet necessary, and maintained their status as a primary way of categorizing the population through to the end of the imperial era.
Mark Monmonier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226534657
- eISBN:
- 9780226534640
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226534640.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Brassiere Hills, Alaska. Mollys Nipple, Utah. Outhouse Draw, Nevada. In the early twentieth century, it was common for towns and geographical features to have salacious, bawdy, and even derogatory ...
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Brassiere Hills, Alaska. Mollys Nipple, Utah. Outhouse Draw, Nevada. In the early twentieth century, it was common for towns and geographical features to have salacious, bawdy, and even derogatory names. In the age before political correctness, mapmakers readily accepted any local preference for place names, prizing accurate representation over standards of decorum. Thus, summits such as Squaw Tit—which towered above valleys in Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and California—found their way into the cartographic annals. Later, when sanctions prohibited local use of racially, ethnically, and scatalogically offensive toponyms, town names like Jap Valley, California, were erased from the national and cultural map forever. This book probes this little-known chapter in American cartographic history by considering the intersecting efforts to computerize mapmaking, standardize geographic names, and respond to public concern over ethnically offensive appellations. Interweaving cartographic history with tales of politics and power, the author locates his story within the past and present struggles of mapmakers to create an orderly process for naming that avoids confusion, preserves history, and serves different political aims. Anchored by a diverse selection of naming controversies—in the United States, Canada, Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, and Antarctica; on the ocean floor and the surface of the moon; and in other parts of our solar system—this book richly reveals the map's role as a mediated portrait of the cultural landscape. And unlike other books that consider place names, this is the first to reflect on both the real cartographic and political imbroglios they engender.Less
Brassiere Hills, Alaska. Mollys Nipple, Utah. Outhouse Draw, Nevada. In the early twentieth century, it was common for towns and geographical features to have salacious, bawdy, and even derogatory names. In the age before political correctness, mapmakers readily accepted any local preference for place names, prizing accurate representation over standards of decorum. Thus, summits such as Squaw Tit—which towered above valleys in Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and California—found their way into the cartographic annals. Later, when sanctions prohibited local use of racially, ethnically, and scatalogically offensive toponyms, town names like Jap Valley, California, were erased from the national and cultural map forever. This book probes this little-known chapter in American cartographic history by considering the intersecting efforts to computerize mapmaking, standardize geographic names, and respond to public concern over ethnically offensive appellations. Interweaving cartographic history with tales of politics and power, the author locates his story within the past and present struggles of mapmakers to create an orderly process for naming that avoids confusion, preserves history, and serves different political aims. Anchored by a diverse selection of naming controversies—in the United States, Canada, Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, and Antarctica; on the ocean floor and the surface of the moon; and in other parts of our solar system—this book richly reveals the map's role as a mediated portrait of the cultural landscape. And unlike other books that consider place names, this is the first to reflect on both the real cartographic and political imbroglios they engender.
Susanne M. Klausen
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199844494
- eISBN:
- 9780190258122
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844494.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter examines the methods African women used to procure abortion prior to colonialism and the importation to South Africa of colonial laws prohibiting abortion. It explains why clandestine ...
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This chapter examines the methods African women used to procure abortion prior to colonialism and the importation to South Africa of colonial laws prohibiting abortion. It explains why clandestine abortion, widely practiced but almost invisible, became a political issue in the 1960s. It shows that starting in the 1960s, black and white women with incomplete or botched abortions began streaming in large numbers to emergency departments in urban hospitals in Soweto, Cape Town, and Durban. Turning to hospitals was not always an act of desperation. It was widely known doctors could not perform abortions on request, but they could legally treat woman presenting at hospitals with symptoms of incomplete or septic abortion. Therefore, in order to circumvent the law, women commonly followed a two-step procedure for obtaining safe abortions.Less
This chapter examines the methods African women used to procure abortion prior to colonialism and the importation to South Africa of colonial laws prohibiting abortion. It explains why clandestine abortion, widely practiced but almost invisible, became a political issue in the 1960s. It shows that starting in the 1960s, black and white women with incomplete or botched abortions began streaming in large numbers to emergency departments in urban hospitals in Soweto, Cape Town, and Durban. Turning to hospitals was not always an act of desperation. It was widely known doctors could not perform abortions on request, but they could legally treat woman presenting at hospitals with symptoms of incomplete or septic abortion. Therefore, in order to circumvent the law, women commonly followed a two-step procedure for obtaining safe abortions.
